Minami-Tori-shima - Wikipedia

Minami-Tori-shima (南鳥島, lit. "Southern Bird Island"), also known as Marcus Island, is an isolated Japanese ; It is the easternmost territory ; The island is ... Minami-Tori-shima FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch IsolatedJapanesecoralatollinthePacificOcean Minami-Tori-shimaNativename:南鳥島AerialphotoofMinami-Tori-shimafrom1987GeographyLocationPacificOceanCoordinates24°17′12″N153°58′50″E/24.28667°N153.98056°E/24.28667;153.98056Coordinates:24°17′12″N153°58′50″E/24.28667°N153.98056°E/24.28667;153.98056Totalislands1Area1.51[1] km2(0.58 sq mi)Coastline6,000 m(20000 ft)Highest elevation9 m(30 ft)Administration JapanPrefectureTokyoSubprefectureOgasawaraSubprefectureVillageOgasawaraDemographicsPopulationnopermanentresidentsAdditionalinformationTimezoneJST(UTC+9) Minami-Tori-shima(南鳥島,lit."SouthernBirdIsland"),alsoknownasMarcusIsland,isanisolatedJapanesecoralatollinthenorthwesternPacificOcean,locatedsome1,848kilometers(1,148 mi)southeastofTokyoand1,267 km(787 mi)eastoftheclosestJapaneseisland,SouthIwoJimaoftheOgasawaraIslands,andnearlyonastraightlinebetweenmainlandTokyoandWakeIsland,1,415 km(879 mi)furthertotheeast-southeast.TheclosestislandtoMinami-Tori-shimaisEastIslandintheMarianaIslands,whichis1,015 km(631 mi)tothewest-southwest. ItistheeasternmostterritorybelongingtoJapan,andtheonlyJapaneseterritoryonthePacificPlate,pasttheJapanTrench.Althoughsmall(1.51 km2(1 sq mi))[1]itisofstrategicimportance,asitenablesJapantoclaima428,875squarekilometers(165,589.6 sq mi)exclusiveeconomiczoneinthesurroundingwaters.ItisalsotheeasternmostterritoryofTokyo,beingadministrativelypartofOgasawaravillage.Thereisnopopulationofcivilians,exceptpersonneloftheJapanMeteorologicalAgency,JSDF,andJapanCoastGuardservingtemporarytoursofdutyontheisland.[2] Contents 1Access 2Geographyandgeology 2.1Minami-Tori-Shimaarearareearthdeposits 3Wildlife 4Population 5History 5.1Firstknownsightings 5.2Colonizationandsovereigntycontention 5.3WorldWarII 5.4U.S.occupation 5.5ResumedJapaneseadministration 6Climate 7Seealso 8Footnotes 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks Access[edit] Theislandisoff-limitstocivilians,exceptfromtheJapanMeteorologicalAgency,althoughreporters,documentarymakers,andscientificresearcherscansometimesgetanentrypermit.Therearenocommercialboattoursorflightstotheisland,andciviliansarecurrentlynotallowedaccesstoMinami-Tori-shimafortoursorsightseeing,duetoitsusebytheJapanSelf-DefenseForces(JSDF)asanobservationstation.[2] Becauseofitsisolation,itisofsomeinteresttoamateurradiohobbyists,sincetheislandiscountedasaseparatecountryforamateurradioawardsbasedonstationcontacts.[citationneeded] Geographyandgeology[edit] MapofMinami-Tori-shima Minami-Tori-shimaisveryisolated.Thereisnootherlandforover1,000 km(621 mi)inanydirection. Theislandistriangularinshape,andhasasaucer-likeprofile,witharaisedouterrimofbetween5and9metres(16and30 ft)abovesealevel.Thecentralareaoftheislandis1 m(3 ft)belowsealevel.Minami-Tori-Shimaissurroundedbyfringingreefswhichrangesfrom50 to300 m(164–984 ft)inwidth,enclosingashallowlagoon,whichisconnectedwiththeopenoceanbynarrowpassagesonthesouthernandnortheasternsides. Outsidethereef,theoceandepthsquicklyplungetoover1,000 m(3,300 ft).Theislandhasatotallandareaof1.51 km2(1 sq mi)).[1]Ittakesabout45 minutestowalkaroundtheisland. TheseaisclearintheshallowareaaroundMinami-Tori-Shima.Atnight,thereisnolightpollution,sorarely-noticedstarsareclearlyvisibleinthesky.[2] Theislanddoesnothavesoiladequatetoproducesubstantialcrops,sofoodisbroughtinbysupplyshipsandplanes.Theonlyfoodgrownontheislandispapaya,mustardgreens,andcoconuts,andsaltwaterfisharecaughtoffshore.[2] Minami-Tori-Shimaarearareearthdeposits[edit] AfterChinarestrictedexportsofstrategicrareearthoxides(REO)in2009Japanstartedtoexploreitsseabedsfordeposits.[3] InJanuary2013,adeep-searesearchvesseloftheJapanAgencyforMarine-EarthScienceandTechnologyobtainedsevendeep-seamudcoresamplesfromtheseafloorat5,600to5,800 metersdepth,approximately250kilometers(160 mi)southoftheisland.[4]Theresearchteamfoundamudlayer2to4metres(6.6to13.1 ft)beneaththeseabedthatisextremelyconcentratedinREO.AnalyticalresultsshowedthatthemaximumREOcontentinthemudwasupto0.66%REO.[5][6] In2018ascientificstudyoftheseabedmudresultedinanestimateof16 milliontonsofrareearthmineralisedsedimentswithinthestudiedarea.Thecalculatedrare-earthelementandyttriumcontentfortheresearchareawasmorethan16 milliontons(average=964ppm).[7][8] Wildlife[edit] AmemberofthegeckofamilyGekkonidaecalledPerochirusatelesinhabitstheisland.InJapan,theseareonlyfoundinMinami-Tori-ShimaandSouthIwoJima.TheyarethoughttohavearrivedfromMicronesiaondriftwood.[citationneeded] TherearealsoalargenumberoflandsnailscalledAchatinafulicawithparasiteswhichareharmfultohumans.Therearevariousformsofmarinelifeintheoceanaroundtheisland.Theseincludeseasnakes,tuna,sharks,andsomerarefish.Smallfishareintheshallowareaaroundtheisland.[2] Population[edit] TherearenolocalresidentsonMinami-Tori-shima:Civiliansarenotallowedtoresidethere,andthepersonneloftheJapanMeteorologicalAgency,JapanSelf-DefenseForces,andtheJapanCoastGuard,onlyserveontheislandforalimitedperiodoftime,andinlimitednumbers.[2] History[edit] Japan'sexclusiveeconomiczones.Minami-Tori-shimaisatthecenteroftheisolatedeasternmostcircle.  Japan'sEEZ  JointregimewithRepublicofKorea  EEZclaimedbyJapan,disputedbyothers Firstknownsightings[edit] ThefirstdiscoveryandmentionofanislandinthisareawasmadebyaSpanishManilagalleoncaptain,AndrésdeArriolain1694.[9]ItwaschartedinSpanishmapsasSebastiánLópez,afterSpanishAdmiralSebastiánLópez,victoriousinthebattlesofLaNavaldeManilain1646againsttheDutch.Itsexactlocationwasleftunrecordeduntilfurthersightingsinthe19thcentury. CaptainBournRussell(1794–1880)intheLadyRowenadepartedSydney,NSW,2 November1830onaPacificwhalingvoyage.Onhisreturnon27 June1832,hereportedanisland,notonhischarts,whichhenamed"WilliamtheFourth'sIsland".TheSydneyHeraldreportedRussell'sdescriptionofthesize,shape,andorientationoftheislandanditsreef,butmisspelledhisnameandgavetheislandasouthernhemispherelatitude.[10] Theislandwassightedagainon16December1864byCaptainCharlesGelettoftheHawaiianEvangelicalAssociation'smissionaryshipMorningStar,andwascalled"WeeksIsland"byhim.ItspositionwasrecordedbyaUnitedStatessurveyshipin1874andfirstsightedbyaJapanesenational,KiozaemonSaitoin1879.[11][12][13] Colonizationandsovereigntycontention[edit] On30 June1886,aJapanesemannamedShinrokuMizutaniledagroupof46 colonistsfromHaha-jimaintheOgasawaraIslandstosettleonMarcusIsland.Thesettlementwasnamed"Mizutani"aftertheleaderoftheexpedition.TheEmpireofJapanofficiallyannexedtheisland24 July1898,[14]thepreviousUnitedStatesclaimfrom1889accordingtotheGuanoIslandsActnotbeingofficiallyacknowledged.Theislandwasofficiallynamed"Minami-Tori-Shima"andplacedadministrativelyundertheOgasawaraSubprefectureofTokyo.[citationneeded] SovereigntyovertheislandbeforeWorldWarIwasapparentlydisputedasvarioussourcesfromthetimemovetheislandfromtheAmericantoJapanesedomainwithoutspecificexplanation.In1902,theUnitedStatesdispatchedawarshipfromHawaiitoenforceitsclaimsbutwithdrewonfindingtheislandstillinhabitedbyJapanese,withaJapanesewarshippatrollingnearby.In1914,WilliamD.BoyceincludedMarcusIslandasanobviouslyAmericanislandinhisbook,TheColoniesandDependenciesoftheUnitedStates.In1933,byordersoftheJapanesegovernment,thecivilianinhabitantsofMinami-Tori-Shimawereevacuated.In1935,theImperialJapaneseNavyestablishedameteorologicalstationontheislandandbuiltanairstrip.[citationneeded] WorldWarII[edit] Minami-Tori-shimaunderattackon31August1943 AfterthestartofWorldWarIItheJapanesegarrisonstationedontheislandconsistedofthe742-manMinami-Tori-shimaGuardUnit,underthecommandofRearAdmiralMasataMatsubara,andthe2,005-man12thIndependentMixedRegimentoftheImperialJapaneseArmy,underthecommandofColonelYoshiichiSakata.[15]TheUnitedStatesNavybombeditrepeatedlyin1942[16]andin1943,[17]butneverattemptedtocaptureit(theislandwasfeaturedintheU.S.filmTheFightingLady).Japanwasabletoresupplythegarrisonbysubmarine,usingachannel,stillvisibletoday,cutthroughthereefonthenorthwestsideoftheisland.TheislandwassubjecttorepeatedU.S.airattacksduringWorldWarIIandfinallysurrenderedwhenthedestroyerUSS Bagleyarrivedon31 August1945.[18] U.S.occupation[edit] Minami-Tori-Shimain1975 TheTreatyofSanFranciscotransferredtheislandtoAmericancontrolin1952.[a]TheislandwasreturnedtoJapanesecontrolin1968,buttheAmericansretainedcontroloftheairstripandLORANstation.[citationneeded] In1964,aftersomedelayscausedbystormsthatravagedtheislandduringconstruction,theU.S.CoastGuardopenedaLORAN-CnavigationstationonMinami-Tori-Shima,whosemastwasuntil1985oneofthetalleststructuresinthePacificareaat1,350feet(411 m).BeforereplacingLoranAforgeneralmarinenavigation,LoranCwasusedbysubmarine-launchedPolarismissilesystemsandtheexistenceandlocationofLoran Cstationswasclassified.LORANSTAMarcusIslandwasbilletedfor23 U.S.CoastGuardpersonnel.ThecommissioningcommandingofficerwasU.S.CoastGuardLieutenantCommanderLouis.C.Snell.AdetachmentofSeaBeesremainedontheislandforseveralmonthsmakingrepairstotheisland'sairstrip.[citationneeded] Theislandisextremelyisolated.Coastguardsmenstationedontheislandservedone-yeartoursthatwerelatermodifiedtoallowanR&RvisittomainlandJapanatthesix-monthpoint.Attheendofthisisolatedtourofduty,crewmembersreceivedanadditional30 daysofcompensatoryleave.[citationneeded] WhileunderU.S.administration,aC-130Herculesfromthe345thTacticalAirliftSquadron,YokotaAirBase,Japan,resuppliedtheislandonweeklymissionseveryThursday.Coastguardsmenoftenamusedthemselvesbyjudgingaircraftlandings,raisingplacardspaintedwithlargenumbers.Anunusuallylongfour-hourgroundtimewasscheduledtoallowtechnicianswhoflewintoperformmaintenanceonthetransmitterandtooffloadextrafuelfromtheC-130topowertheisland'sgenerator.Italsoallowedthecoastguardsmentoreadandanswerletterswhileaircrewssnorkeledandcollectedgreenglassfishingbuoysthathadwashedupontheshore.DuringtheVietnamwarera,theweeklylogflightwasaDC-6flightconductedbytheCIA-operated"AirAmerica.”[citationneeded] ResumedJapaneseadministration[edit] TheMarcusIslandstationwastransferredfromtheU.S.CoastGuardtotheJapanMaritimeSelfDefenseForce(JMSDF)on30 September1993andwasclosedon1 December2009.[citationneeded] Theislandiscurrentlyusedforweatherobservationandhasaradiostation,butlittleelse.TheJMSDFgarrisonwassuppliedbyC-130sfromIrumaAirBase,orbyC-130sfromHanedaorAtsugiAirBasewithflightsviaIwoJimaonaweeklybasis.TherunwayofMinamiTorishimaAirportisonly1,300meters(4,300 ft)longandcannothandlelargeaircraft.[citationneeded] Climate[edit] Minami-Tori-shimahasatropicalsavannaclimate(KöppenclimateclassificationAw),withwarmtohottemperaturesthroughouttheyear.ThewettestmonthsareJulyandAugust,whilethedriestmonthsareFebruaryandMarch.IthasthehighestaveragetemperatureinJapanof25 °C(77 °F).[19] ClimatedataforMinami-Torishima(1991−2020normals,extremes1951−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Recordhigh°C(°F) 29.7(85.5) 29.0(84.2) 30.2(86.4) 31.9(89.4) 34.0(93.2) 35.0(95.0) 35.6(96.1) 34.7(94.5) 35.3(95.5) 33.5(92.3) 34.2(93.6) 31.6(88.9) 35.6(96.1) Averagehigh°C(°F) 24.6(76.3) 24.3(75.7) 25.3(77.5) 27.1(80.8) 29.0(84.2) 31.0(87.8) 31.3(88.3) 31.0(87.8) 30.9(87.6) 30.2(86.4) 28.7(83.7) 26.7(80.1) 28.3(82.9) Dailymean°C(°F) 22.4(72.3) 21.8(71.2) 22.5(72.5) 24.3(75.7) 26.1(79.0) 28.0(82.4) 28.5(83.3) 28.4(83.1) 28.5(83.3) 27.9(82.2) 26.5(79.7) 24.5(76.1) 25.8(78.4) Averagelow°C(°F) 20.3(68.5) 19.6(67.3) 20.4(68.7) 22.3(72.1) 24.1(75.4) 25.8(78.4) 26.1(79.0) 26.1(79.0) 26.4(79.5) 25.9(78.6) 24.7(76.5) 22.6(72.7) 23.7(74.7) Recordlow°C(°F) 13.9(57.0) 13.8(56.8) 14.2(57.6) 16.4(61.5) 19.1(66.4) 20.0(68.0) 21.6(70.9) 21.8(71.2) 21.7(71.1) 20.8(69.4) 19.2(66.6) 16.7(62.1) 13.8(56.8) Averageprecipitationmm(inches) 69.7(2.74) 43.4(1.71) 56.0(2.20) 59.6(2.35) 100.6(3.96) 44.3(1.74) 139.8(5.50) 177.1(6.97) 94.8(3.73) 89.6(3.53) 83.0(3.27) 90.8(3.57) 1,052.8(41.45) Averagesnowfallcm(inches) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Averageprecipitationdays(≥0.5mm) 10.9 8.5 8.1 7.8 9.3 7.2 14.8 16.7 14.1 12.7 10.4 11.8 132.7 Averagerelativehumidity(%) 70 70 74 79 79 77 77 79 79 78 76 74 76 Meanmonthlysunshinehours 170.8 179.4 222.3 240.2 275.1 311.2 276.3 248.1 254.6 250.8 211.0 182.3 2,821.7 Source:JapanMeteorologicalAgency[20] Seealso[edit] GeographyofJapan JapaneseArchipelago ListofextremepointsofJapan ImperialJapaneseNavyLandForces Listofreefs Footnotes[edit] ^Article 3oftheTreatyofSanFrancisco:"JapanwillconcurinanyproposaloftheUnitedStatestotheUnitedNationstoplaceunderitstrusteeshipsystem,withtheUnitedStatesasthesoleadministeringauthority,NanseiShotosouthof29° northlatitude(includingtheRyukyuIslandsandtheDaitoIslands),NanpoShotosouthofSofuGan(includingtheBoninIslands,RosarioIslandandtheVolcanoIslands)andPareceVelaandMarcusIsland.Pendingthemakingofsuchaproposalandaffirmativeactionthereon,theUnitedStateswillhavetherighttoexerciseallandanypowersofadministration,legislation,andjurisdictionovertheterritoryandinhabitantsoftheseislands,includingtheirterritorialwaters." References[edit] ^abc国土交通省南鳥島の概要[OverviewofMinami-Tori-Shima.MinistryofLand,Infrastructure,Transport,andTourism](PDF). ^abcdef"MinamitorishimaistheeasternmostpointinJapan.Alargesurveyofthesolitaryislandsofthesea!".Tokyo/OgasawaraIslands.Travelbook.co.jp.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17August2019.Retrieved17August2019. ^Jamasmie,Cecilia(25March2013)."Japan'smassiverareearthdiscoverythreatensChina'ssupremacy".Mining.com.Retrieved16April2018. ^"Seabedoffersbrighterhopeinrare-earthhunt".NikkeiAsianReview.NikkeiInc.25November2014.Retrieved11December2016. ^"DiscoveryofrareearthsaroundMinami-Torishima".UTokyoResearch.UniversityofTokyo.2May2013.Retrieved11December2016. ^ZhiLi,Ling;Yang,Xiaosheng(4September2014).China'srareearthoredepositsandbeneficiationtechniques(PDF).1stEuropeanRareEarthResourcesConference.Milos,Greece:EuropeanCommissionforthe'DevelopmentofasustainableexploitationschemeforEurope'sRareEarthoredeposits'.Retrieved11December2016. ^Takaya,Yutaro;Yasukawa,Kazutaka;Kawasaki,Takehiro;Fujinaga,Koichiro;Ohta,Junichiro;Usui,Yoichi;et al.(2018)."Thetremendouspotentialofdeepseamudasasourceofrare-earthelements".ScientificReports.8(1):5763.Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5763T.doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23948-5.PMC 5893572.PMID 29636486. ^Palin,Megan(18April2018)."'Gamechanger':Discoveryontinyislandcouldalterglobaleconomy".news.com.au.Retrieved16September2019. ^Welsch,Bernhard(2001)."TheAssertedDiscoveryofMinami-Tori-shimain1694".JournalofPacificHistory.36(1):105–115.doi:10.1080/00223340120049479.S2CID 161496300. ^"[notitlecited]".TheSydneyHerald.NSW.16July1832.p. 2B. ^heNauticalMagazineandNavalChroniclefor1868.CambridgeUniversityPress.2013.p. 458.ISBN 9781108054881.Retrieved12May2020. ^Hiraoka,Akitoshi(2012).JapaneseAdvanceintothePacificOcean:TheAlbatrossandtheGreatBirdRush.Singapore:SpringerNature.p. 16.ISBN 9789811051401.Retrieved12May2020. ^Stommel,Henry(21June2017).LostIslands:TheStoryofIslandsThatHaveVanishedfromNauticalCharts.Mineola,NY:DoverPublications.p. 62.ISBN 9780486784670. ^Kuroda(1954)p. 87 ^Takizawa,Akira;Alsleben,Allan(1999–2000)."Japanesegarrisonsontheby-passedPacificIslands1944-1945".ForgottenCampaign:TheDutchEastIndiesCampaign1941-1942.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6January2016. ^"TheRaidsonWakeandMarcusIslands".EarlyRaidsinthePacificOcean.OfficeofNavalIntelligence.USNCombatNarrativeseries.UnitedStatesNavy.1943. ^ParamountBattlesInvolvingEssexClassCarriers.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15May2008. ^"SurrenderatMarcusIsland".30March2015. ^"Japan".climate-charts.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-10-30.Retrieved2009-04-05. ^気象庁/平年値（年・月ごとの値）.JapanMeteorologicalAgency.RetrievedMay19,2021. Furtherreading[edit] Bryan,WilliamA.(1903).AmonographofMarcusIsland.OccasionalPapersoftheBernicePauahiBishopMuseum.Vol. 2. Kuroda,Nagahisa(1954)."ReportonatriptoMarcusIsland,withnotesonthebirds".PacificScience.8(1). L,Klemen(1999–2000)."ForgottenCampaign:TheDutchEastIndiesCampaign1941-1942".Archivedfromtheoriginalon26July2011. Lévesque,Rodrigue(1997)."TheOdysseyofCaptainArriolaandHisDiscoveryofMarcusIslandin1694".JournalofPacificHistory.32(2):229–233.doi:10.1080/00223349708572841. Pub 158Japan.Vol. 1.Bethesda,Maryland:NationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgency.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2007-11-03.Retrieved2006-08-25. Sakagami,ShoichiF.(1961)."AnecologicalperspectiveofMarcusIsland,withspecialreferencetolandanimals".PacificScience.15(1). Welsch,Bernhard(2001)."TheAssertedDiscoveryofMarcusIslandin1694".JournalofPacificHistory.36(1):105–115.doi:10.1080/00223340120049479.S2CID 161496300. Welsch,Bernhard(2004)."WasMarcusIslanddiscoveredbyBernardodelaTorrein1543?".JournalofPacificHistory.39(1):109–122.doi:10.1080/00223340410001684886.S2CID 219627973. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMinamiTorishima. "MinamiTorishimainfoandpictures".geocities.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2009-10-26.[unreliablesource?] "MarcusIsland(MinamiToriShima)–sunrise,sunset,tides". "MapandaerialphotoofMinamiTorishima".GeographicalSurveyInstituteofJapan.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2006-04-11.Retrieved2006-03-29. "TheislandduringthePacificWar(USSShubrickDD639)". vteOgasawara,Tokyo(UnderOgasawaraSubprefecture)WithintheNanpōIslands;onlyChichijimaandHahajimaareinhabitedcurrently.IslandsOgasawaraIslands Chichijima Hahajima VolcanoIslands NorthIwoJima(Kita-Iōtō) IwoJima(Iōtō) SouthIwoJima(Minami-Iōtō) Nishinoshima(West) Other Minami-Tori-shima(West) Okinotorishima(South) Education TokyoMetroBOE OgasawaraHighSchool(Chichijima) Transportation ChichijimaAirfield CentralField(IwoJima) Landmarks MountSuribachi History BattleofIwoJima RaisingtheFlagonIwoJima VillageofIōjima Thislistisincomplete. 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