Tonne - Wikipedia

The tonne (/tʌn/ ( listen) or /tɒn/; symbol: t) is a metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. ... It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it ... Tonne FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Metricunitofmassequivalentto1,000kilograms Thisarticleisaboutthemetricunitofmass.Forothertonunits,seeTon.Forotherusesoftonne,seeTonne(disambiguation).Forotherusesof"megagram",seeMegagram(geometry). "Gigatons"redirectshere.ForthealbumbyPearlJam,seeGigaton. tonneAone-tonne(1,000kilogram)concreteblockGeneralinformationUnitsystemNon-SIunitacceptedforusewithSIUnit ofMassSymboltInSIbaseunits:1t=1,000kg=1Mg Thetonne(/tʌn/(listen)or/tɒn/;symbol: t)isametricunitofmassequalto1,000 kilograms.[1]Itisalsoreferredtoasametrictontodistinguishitfromthenon-metricunitsofshortton(U.S.),andlongton(Imperial).[2][3]Itisequivalenttoapproximately2,204.6pounds,[4]1.102shorttons,and0.984longtons.TheofficialSIunitisthemegagram(symbol:Mg),alesscommonwaytoexpressthesamemass. Contents 1Symbolandabbreviations 2Originandspelling 3Conversions 4Derivedunits 5Alternativeusage 5.1Useofmassasproxyforenergy 5.2Unitofforce 6Seealso 7Notesandreferences 8Externallinks Symbolandabbreviations[edit] TheBIPMsymbolforthetonneist,adoptedatthesametimeastheunitin1879.[5]ItsuseisalsoofficialforthemetrictonintheUnitedStates,havingbeenadoptedbytheUnitedStatesNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST).[6][7]Itisasymbol,notanabbreviation,andshouldnotbefollowedbyaperiod.Useofminusculelettercaseissignificant,anduseofotherlettercombinationscanleadtoambiguity.Forexample,T,MT,mT,MtandmtaretheSIsymbolsforthetesla,megatesla,millitesla,megatonne(oneteragram),andmillitonne(onekilogram)respectively.IfdescribingTNTequivalentunitsofenergy,onemegatonneofTNTisequivalenttoapproximately4.184petajoules. Originandspelling[edit] InEnglish,tonneistheestablishedspellingalternativetometricton.[8]IntheUSandUK,tonneisusuallypronouncedthesameaston(/tʌn/),butthefinal"e"canalsobepronounced,i.e."tunnie"(/ˈtʌni/).[9]InAustralia,thecommonandrecommendedpronunciationis/tɒn/.[10][11]IntheUnitedStates,metrictonisthenameforthisunitusedandrecommendedbyNIST;[6]anunqualifiedmentionofatonalmostinvariablyreferstoashorttonof2,000pounds(907 kg),andtonneisrarelyusedinspeechorwriting.BothtermsareacceptableinCanadianusage. TonandtonnearebothderivedfromaGermanicwordingeneraluseintheNorthSeaareasincetheMiddleAges(cf.OldEnglishandOldFrisiantunne,OldHighGermanandMedievalLatintunna,GermanandFrenchtonne)todesignatealargecask,ortun.[12]Afulltun,standingaboutametrehigh,couldeasilyweighatonne. Thespellingtonnepre-datestheintroductionoftheSIin1960;ithasbeenusedwiththismeaninginFrancesince1842,[13]whentherewerenometricprefixesformultiplesof106andabove,andisnowusedasthestandardspellingforthemetricmassmeasurementinmostEnglish-speakingcountries.[14][15][16][17]IntheUnitedStates,theunitwasoriginallyreferredtousingtheFrenchwordsmillierortonneau,[18]butthesetermsarenowobsolete.[3]TheImperialandUScustomaryunitscomparabletothetonnearebothspelledtoninEnglish,thoughtheydifferinmass. Conversions[edit] Onetonneisequivalentto: Inkilograms:1000 kilograms (kg)bydefinition.[1] Ingrams:1000000 grams (g)or1megagram(Mg).MegagramisthecorrespondingofficialSIunitwiththesamemass.Mgisdistinctfrommg,milligram. Inpounds:Exactly1000/0.453 592 37pounds(lb)bydefinitionofthepound,[19]orapproximately2204.622622 lb. Inshorttons:Exactly1/0.907 184 74 short tons(ST),orapproximately1.102311311 ST. Oneshorttonisexactly0.90718474 t.[20] Inlongtons:Exactly1/1.016 046 9088 long tons(LT),orapproximately0.9842065276 LT. Onelongtonisexactly1.0160469088 t.[20] Atonneisthemassofonecubicmetreofpurewater:at4 °Conethousandlitresofpurewaterhasanabsolutemassofonetonne.[21] Derivedunits[edit] Formultiplesofthetonne,itismoreusualtospeakofthousandsormillionsoftonnes.Kilotonne,megatonne,andgigatonnearemoreusuallyusedfortheenergyofnuclearexplosionsandothereventsinequivalentmassofTNT,oftenlooselyasapproximatefigures.Whenusedinthiscontext,thereislittleneedtodistinguishbetweenmetricandothertons,andtheunitisspelteitherastonortonnewiththerelevantprefixattached.[22] Tonnes Grams Equivalents* Multiple Name Symbol Multiple Name Symbol Tonnes(t) Kilograms(kg) Grams(g) US/shorttons(ST)† Imperial/longtons(LT)† 100 tonne t 106 megagram Mg 1t 1,000 kg 1 milliong 1.1023 ST 0.98421 LT 103 kilotonne ktǂ 109 gigagram Gg 1,000t 1 millionkg 1 billiong 1,102.3 ST 984.21 LT 106 megatonne Mt 1012 teragram Tg 1 milliont 1 billionkg 1trilliong 1.1023 million ST 984,210 LT 109 gigatonne Gt 1015 petagram Pg 1 billiont 1 trillionkg 1 quadrilliong 1.1023 billion ST 984.21 million LT 1012 teratonne Tt 1018 exagram Eg 1 trilliont 1 quadrillionkg 1 quintilliong 1.1023 trillion ST 984.21 billion LT 1015 petatonne Pt 1021 zettagram Zg 1 quadrilliont 1 quintillionkg 1 sextilliong 1.1023 quadrillion ST 984.21 trillion LT 1018 exatonne Et 1024 yottagram Yg 1 quintilliont 1 sextillionkg 1 septilliong 1.1023 quintillion ST 984.21 quadrillion LT 1021 zettatonne Zt 1027 xerogram xg 1sextilliont 1septillionkg 1octilliong 1.1023sextrillionST 984.21quintillionLT 1024 yottatonne Yt 1030 xerinogram Xg 1septilliont 1octillionkg 1nonilliong 1.1023septillionST 984.21sextillionLT *Theequivalentunitscolumnsusetheshortscalelarge-numbernamingsystemcurrentlyusedinmostEnglish-languagecountries,e.g.1 billion=1,000 million=1,000,000,000. †Valuesintheequivalentshortandlongtonscolumnsareroundedtofivesignificantfigures.SeeConversionsforexactvalues. ǂThoughnon-standard,thesymbol"kt"isalsoused(insteadofthestandardsymbol"kn")forknot,aunitofspeedforaircraftandsea-goingvessels,andshouldnotbeconfusedwithkilotonne. Alternativeusage[edit] Ametrictonunit(mtu)canmean10kg(approximately22lb)withinmetal(e.g.tungsten,manganese)trading,particularlywithintheUS.Ittraditionallyreferredtoametrictonoforecontaining1%(i.e.10 kg)ofmetal.[23][24] Thefollowingexcerptfromamininggeologytextbookdescribesitsusageintheparticularcaseoftungsten: "Tungstenconcentratesareusuallytradedinmetrictonneunits(originallydesignatingonetonneoforecontaining1%ofWO3,todayusedtomeasureWO3quantitiesin10kgunits.Onemetrictonneunit(mtu)oftungsten(VI)contains7.93kilogramsoftungsten."(WalterLPohl,EconomicGeology:PrinciplesandPractices,Englishedition,2011,p183.) Inthecaseofuranium,MTUissometimesusedinthesenseofmetrictonofuranium(1,000 kg).[25][26][27][28] Agigatonneisaunitofmassoftenusedbythecoalminingindustrytoassessanddefinetheextentofacoalreserve. Useofmassasproxyforenergy[edit] Mainarticle:TNTequivalent Thetonneoftrinitrotoluene(TNT)isusedasaproxyforenergy,usuallyofexplosions(TNTisacommonhighexplosive).Prefixesareused:kiloton(ne),megaton(ne),gigaton(ne),especiallyforexpressingnuclearweaponyield,basedonaspecificcombustionenergyofTNTofabout4.2 MJ/kg(oronethermochemicalcaloriepermilligram).Hence,1tTNT=approx.4.2 GJ,1ktTNT=approx.4.2 TJ,1 MtTNT=approx.4.2 PJ. TheSIunitofenergyisthejoule.AssumingthataTNTexplosionreleases1,000small(thermochemical)caloriespergram(approx.4.2 kJ/g),onetonneofTNTisapprox.equivalentto4.2gigajoules. Inthepetroleumindustrythetonneofoilequivalent(toe)isaunitofenergy:theamountofenergyreleasedbyburningonetonneofcrudeoil,approx,42 GJ.Thereareseveralslightlydifferentdefinitions.ThisistentimesasmuchasatonneofTNTbecauseatmosphericoxygenisused. Unitofforce[edit] Likethegramandthekilogram,thetonnegaverisetoa(nowobsolete)forceunitofthesamename,thetonne-force,equivalenttoabout9.8kilonewtons:aunitalsooftencalledsimply"tonne"or"metricton"withoutidentifyingitasaunitofforce.Incontrasttothetonneasamassunit,thetonne-forceormetricton-forceisnotacceptableforusewithSI,partlybecauseitisnotanexactmultipleoftheSIunitofforce,thenewton. Seealso[edit] Metre–tonne–secondsystemofunits Ordersofmagnitude(mass) Ton Tonnage Ton(volume) Notesandreferences[edit] ^ab"TheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI),9thedition"(PDF).2019.p. 145.RetrievedDecember31,2019. ^GovernmentofCanada,Innovation."FieldInspectionManual—AutomaticWeighingDevices".www.ic.gc.ca.Retrieved2021-08-05. ^ab"MetricSystemofMeasurement:InterpretationoftheInternationalSystemofUnitsfortheUnitedStates"(PDF).FederalRegister.63(144):40338.July28,1998.63FR40333.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onOctober15,2011. ^UnitedStatesNationalBureauofStandards(1959-06-25)."Notices"Refinementofvaluesfortheyardandthepound""(PDF).Retrieved2006-08-12. ^Table6Archived2009-10-01attheWaybackMachine.BIPM.Retrievedon2011-07-10. ^abMetricSystemofMeasurement:InterpretationoftheInternationalSystemofUnitsfortheUnitedStatesArchived2008-04-09attheWaybackMachine(PDF).SeecorrectionsintheErratasectionof[1]Archived2008-04-18attheWaybackMachine. ^NISTSpecialPublication330,2019editionstates"Thenameoftheunitwithsymboltanddefinedaccordingto1t=103kgiscalled'metricton'ratherthan'tonne.'". ^"tonne,n".OED.Retrieved6August2021. ^TheOxfordEnglishdictionary2nded.listsboth/tʌn/and/ˈtʌni/ ^MacquarieDictionary(fifth ed.).Sydney:MacquarieDictionaryPublishersPtyLtd.2009. ^"HowToPronounceMetricsUnits(advertisementbyAustralianMetricConversionBoard)".TheAge.1972-11-21.p. 14.Retrieved2021-11-01. ^Harper,Douglas."tonne".OnlineEtymologyDictionary. ^"Recherched'unmot".atilf.atilf.fr. ^"GuidanceNoteontheuseofMetricUnitsofMeasurementbythePublicSector"(PDF).NationalMeasurementOffice.2007.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2011-02-07.Retrieved2010-02-13."Tonne"islistedunder"ThePrincipalMetricUnitsofMeasurement"onp.7. ^"NationalMeasurementRegulations1999|".AustralianGovernment.1999.Retrieved2010-02-13."Tonne"islistedunderSchedule1,Part3asanon-SIunitofmeasurementusedwithSIunitsofmeasurement. ^"Appendix4:UnitsofMeasurementandConversionFactors".MAF(MinistryofAgricultureandForestry(NewZealand)).Retrieved2010-02-13. ^"CanadaGazette".GovernmentofCanada.1998–2007.Retrieved2010-02-13.TheCorporationshallpaytoproducerssellinganddeliveringwheatproducedinthedesignatedareatotheCorporationthefollowingsumscertainpertonnebasis... ^ActofJuly28,1866,codifiedin15 U.S.C. § 205 ^Barbrow,L.E.;Judson,L.V.(1976).WeightsandmeasuresstandardsoftheUnitedStates–Abriefhistory.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2008-05-11. ^abNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.Butcher,Tina;Crown,Linda;Harshman,Rick;Williams,Juana,eds.(October2013)."AppendixC–GeneralTablesofUnitsofMeasurement"(PDF).Specifications,Tolerances,andOtherTechnicalRequirementsforWeighingandMeasuringDevices.NISTHandbook.Vol. 44(2014 ed.).Washington,D.C.:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,TechnologyAdministration,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.p. C-13.ISSN 0271-4027.OCLC 58927093.Retrieved10December2013. ^Towithin0.003%. ^TheOxfordEnglishDictionary2nded.givesbothmegatonandmegatonneandadds"Theunitmaybecalculatedineitherimperialormetrictons;theformmegatonnegenerallyimpliesthemetricunit".Theuseforenergyisthefirstdefinition;useformassorweightisthethirddefinition. ^"Platt'sMetalsGuidetoSpecifications–ConversionTables".8September2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8September2008.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:bot:originalURLstatusunknown(link) ^HowMany?ADictionaryofUnitsofMeasurement.Unc.edu.Retrievedon2011-07-10. ^Reference.Pdf.(PDF).Retrievedon2011-07-10. ^"Glossary".(June2000).DispositionofSurplusHanfordSiteUranium,HanfordSite,Richland,Washington.USDepartmentofEnergy. ^"Acronyms".Y-12NationalSecurityComplex. ^NRCCollectionofAbbreviations(NUREG-0544,Rev.4),UnitedStatesNuclearRegulatoryCommission.Nrc.gov(2011-03-13).Retrievedon2011-07-10. Externallinks[edit] NISTSpecialPublication811,GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI) vteSIunitsBaseunits ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derivedunitswithspecialnames becquerel coulomb degreeCelsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Otheracceptedunits astronomicalunit dalton day decibel degreeofarc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minuteandsecondofarc neper tonne Seealso Conversionofunits Metricprefixes 2005–2019definition 2019redefinition Systemsofmeasurement Category Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonne&oldid=1104438449" Categories:Non-SImetricunitsUnitsofmassHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1maint:bot:originalURLstatusunknownArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataArticleswithhAudiomicroformatsPagesincludingrecordedpronunciationsArticlescontainingMedievalLatin-languagetextACwith0elements Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAvañe'ẽAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFryskGaelgGàidhligGalego贛語客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתКъарачай-малкъарქართულიҚазақшаKiswahiliKurdîLatinaLatviešuLietuviųMagyarМакедонскиമലയാളംमराठीმარგალურიBahasaMelayuМонголNederlandsनेपाली日本語NorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanਪੰਜਾਬੀPatoisPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусиньскыйРусскийSicilianuSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaСловѣньскъ/ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்తెలుగుไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệtWinaray吴语ייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks