Vector tiles - Wikipedia

Protocol buffers (Mapbox) Vectortiles FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Packetsoflocalizedgeographicdatainvectorformat Vectortiles,tiledvectorsorvectiles[1]arepacketsofgeographicdata,packagedintopre-definedroughly-squareshaped"tiles"fortransferovertheweb.Thisisanemergingmethodfordeliveringstyledwebmaps,combiningcertainbenefitsofpre-renderedrastermaptileswithvectormapdata.Aswiththewidelyusedrastertiledwebmaps,mapdataisrequestedbyaclientasasetof"tiles"correspondingtosquareareasoflandofapre-definedsizeandlocation.Unlikerastertiledwebmaps,however,theserverreturnsvectormapdata,whichhasbeenclippedtotheboundariesofeachtile,insteadofapre-renderedmapimage. Thereareseveralmajoradvantagesofthishybridapproach.Comparedtoanun-tiledvectormap,thedatatransferisreduced,[2]becauseonlydatawithinthecurrentviewport,andatthecurrentzoomlevelneedstobetransferred.TheGISclippingoperationscanallbeperformedinadvance,asthetileboundariesarepre-defined.Thisinturnmeansthattiledvectordatacanbepackagedupanddistributed,withoutneedinganykindofGISsystemavailabletoservedata. Comparedtoatiledrastermap,datatransferisalsogreatlyreduced,asvectordataistypicallymuchsmallerthanarenderedbitmap.Also,stylingcanbeappliedlaterintheprocess,oreveninthebrowseritself,allowingmuchgreaterflexibilityinhowdataispresented.Itisalsoeasytoprovideinteractivitywithmapfeatures,astheirvectorrepresentationalreadyexistswithintheclient.[2]Yetanotherbenefitisthatlesscentralisedserverprocessingpowerisrequired,sincerasterisationcanbeperformeddirectlyintheclient.Thishasbeendescribedasmaking"rendering...alast-mileproblem,withfast,high-qualityGPU[s]ineveryone’spocket".[3] Contents 1History 2Standardsandapproaches 2.1Protocolbuffers(Mapbox) 2.2MapnikVectorTile 2.3Otherformats 3Support 3.1Servicesandapplications 3.2Servers 3.3Clientlibraries 4Externallinks 5References History[edit] ThereisalonghistoryoftheuseofvectortileschemesinGIS.AveryearlyGIS(circa1966),theCanadaGeographicInformationSystem(CGIS),usedavectortilestorageschemethatallowedlimitedresourcecomputerstoefficientlyaccessandprocessvectormapdata.[4]CGISusedtheterm"frame"insteadofvectortiles. In1975,theUSWildlifeServiceinitiatedanationalprogramtomapanddigitizeallthewetlandsintheUS.In1976theyawardedacontracttoAutometrictodevelopasoftwareapplicationthatallowedstereoimagerytobedigitizedusingananalyticalstereoplotter.Latersupportfor2ddigitizationfromsinglephotos(akasinglephotoresection)onadigitizingtablewasadded.ThesoftwarewascalledWAMS(WetlandsAnalyticalMappingSystem).TheWAMSdatastoreusedatiledvectorstructure.Eachtilewascalleda“geounit”.AgeounitcorrespondedtooneoftheUSGSquadranglescales,typically1:24000.Asthedataweredigitized,theywereimmediatelystoredinthetileddatastoreandtopologicallystructured.Linescrossinggeounitboundarieswereautomaticallysplit.ThestorageCoordinateReferenceSystem(CRS)wasWGS72lat/long.WAMSisdescribedindetailin“Thewetlandsanalyticalmappingsystem:WAMS"[PywellandNiedzwiadek,1980] BuildingontheoperationalexperiencegainedinimplementingandusingWAMSaswellasfromtheMapOverlayandStatisticalSystem(MOSS),[5]in1986AutometricreleasedaUNIXbasedcommercialGISthatimplementedanenhancedtiledandindexedstorageandaccessstructure:DeltaMap(laterGenaMap).Thetiledstructurecapabilitiesandindexingschemeisdescribedin"DeltaMap:NotjustanotherGIS".[6]WhereWAMSimplementedafixedtilesystembasedonlatitude/longitude1:24000quadrangles,DeltaMapallowedtheusertodefineanysizetileinanycoordinatereferencesystem(CRS).Inthisway,sparsedatarequiredonlyafewtileswhereasdensedatacouldusemuchsmallertiles.R-treeswereusedastheindexingschemeforthevectortiles.Further,unlikeearliertilingimplementations,DeltaMap/GenaMapusedthesametilingandindexingschemeforanygeospatialdatatypeincluding2dand2.5dvectorandfeaturedata,satelliteimagery,3DgridssuchasDEMs,andannotation.Inthelate1980s,GenasysfurtherenhancedGenaMaptoallow"Continuous,seamless"processingofthetiledlayers.Basically,fromtheenduserperspective,thetilesbecameinvisible.Thiscapabilitywastrueregardlessofwhethertheuserwereediting,visualizing,querying,oranalyzingthedata. Standardsandapproaches[edit] Asofearly2015,thereisnodominantstandardforvectortiles.ApproachescandifferintheirURLformat,dataserialisationformat,packagingofstylinginformation,andsupportforprojectionsotherthanWebMercator. Protocolbuffers(Mapbox)[edit] Mapboxhasdefinedanopenstandardforvectormaptilescalled"vector-tile-spec"whichusesGoogleprotocolbuffersforspace-efficientdataserialisation.WebMercatoristheprojectionofreference,butvectortilesmaybeusedtorepresentdatawithanyprojectionandtileextentscheme.[7]ItisalsotiedtotheMapnikrenderingengine,usinga"serializedversionoftheinternaldatathatMapnikuses".[8] InMarch2015,Esri,thedominantgeospatialsoftwaremaker,announcedthattheywouldbesupportingMapbox'svectortilesstandardinbothserverandclientplatforms.[9] MapnikVectorTile[edit] ThiswasanearlyformatdevelopedfortheMapnikrenderer1.[10] Otherformats[edit] TheapproachfollowedbyTileStacheistoallowmultipledataserialisationformats;asofearly2015,itsupportsGeoJSON,ArcJSON,GeoBSON,ArcGeoServicesBSON,GeoAMFandArcGeoServicesBSON.TherequestedformatisgivenintheURL(e.g.,http://example.com/tiles/mylayer/2/1/3.json) Support[edit] Servicesandapplications[edit] VectortileshavebeenusedbytheGoogleMapsAndroidclientsinceDecember2010[11]andonthedesktopclientsince2013.[12] VectortilesforrenderingOpenStreetMapdatawerefirstproposedinMarch2013[1]andaresupportedbyMapnik,[13]themostwidelyusedrendererofOpenStreetMapdata.Mapbox,acommercialproviderofcustomcartographytoolsandhosting,hasfocuseditscartographytool,MapboxStudio,aroundvectortiles.[14] Thepopular,andverypowerful,AndroidclientforOpenStreetMapdata,osmAndsupportsvectortiles,whichitcalls"vectormaps".[15] Servers[edit] ThetileserverpipelineTileStachesupportsseveralflavoursofJSONnatively.[16]ThereisalsoapluginvectortileprovidercalledVecTiles[17]whichconvertsPostGISdataintovectortilesinMapnikVectorTileformat(incompatiblewiththeMapboxspecification[18])orTopoJSON. PGRestAPI(alsoknownasChubbsSpatialServer)isastandaloneNodeJSserverwhichcanalsogeneratevectortilesontheflyfromaPostGISdatasource,aswellasservingpre-generatedvectortilesfromsourcessuchasMapboxStudio.[19] pg_tileservisanopensourcePostGIS-onlytileserverwritteninGolangthattakesinHTTPtilerequestsandformandexecutesSQL.[20] ESRIArcGISServer10.4[21]andArcGISPro1.2[22]releasedinFebruary2016addedsupportforvectortiles. Clientlibraries[edit] TheLeafletJavaScriptlibrarydoesnotdirectlysupportvectortiles,buttherearethird-partypluginforvectortiles,Leaflet.MapboxVectorTileforLeaflet0.7.x[23]andLeaflet.VectorGridforLeaflet1.0.x.[24] Mapbox'sownJavaScriptlibrary,MapboxGLJS,canbeused.[25] OpenLayerssupportsvectortilesthroughtheol.source.VectorTileobject,[26]asofversion3. Externallinks[edit] Vectortiles(OpenStreetMapwiki) MapboxVectorTileSpecification OpenMapTilesproject References[edit] ^ab"thelibertyofpostgreslessness:tiledvectorsinmapnik(tecznotes)".mike.teczno.com.Retrieved2014-08-24. ^ab"AboutTiledVectors".research.microsoft.com.Retrieved2014-08-24. ^Migurski,Michal(2013-04-01)."GeomeetupSlides2013-04"(PDF). ^"IntroductoryReadingsInGeographicInformationSystems".CRCPress.Retrieved2016-04-26. ^Moss:AHistoricalPerspectivehttps://www.scribd.com/document/4606038/2004-Article-by-Carl-Reed-MOSS-A-Historical-perspective ^ReedCN(1986)DELTAMAP:NotjustanothernewGIS-Proceedingsofthe3rdInternationalSymposiumonSpatialDataHandling.IGUCommissiononGeographicalDataSensingandProcessing,WilliamsvilleNY,pp.375-83 ^"vector-tile-spec/2.1atmaster·mapbox/vector-tile-spec·GitHub".github.com.Retrieved2016-05-24. ^"VectorTilesOverview".Mapbox. ^"MapboxVectorTileSpecificationadoptedbyEsri".Mapboxblog.2015-03-17. ^"Python:moduleTileStache.Goodies.VecTiles.mvt".tilestache.org.Retrieved2015-11-20. ^"UnderthehoodofGoogleMaps5.0forAndroid-OfficialGoogleMobileBlog".googlemobile.blogspot.com.au.Retrieved2014-08-24. ^"RedesignedGoogleMapshands-on:vector-based,morepersonalandcomingsoontomobile".engadget.com.Retrieved2014-08-24. ^"mapbox/mapnik-vector-tile·GitHub".github.com.Retrieved2014-08-24. ^"VectorTilesforMapBoxStreets|Mapbox".mapbox.com.Retrieved2014-08-24. ^"HowToVectorTileData-osmand-Thisarticledescribeshowtousekeyfeatures-GlobalMobileMapViewing&NavigationforOfflineandOnlineOSMMaps-GoogleProjectHosting".Retrieved2014-08-24. ^"TileStache.Vector". ^"TileStache.Goodies.VecTiles.server". ^"Protobuf.skipunimplementedtypes·Issue#15·SpatialServer/Leaflet.MapboxVectorTile".GitHub.Retrieved2015-11-20. ^"PGRestAPI(akaChubbsSpatialServer)".2015-02-25. ^"pg_tileservforPostGIS". ^"ArcGIS10.4ishere!".18February2016. ^"What'snewinArcGISPro1.2—ArcGISPro|Documentation". ^"Leaflet.MapboxVectorTile".GitHub.2015-02-12. ^"Leaflet.VectorGrid".GitHub.2017-02-16. ^"APIDocumentation".Mapbox. ^"OpenLayers3documentation". Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vector_tiles&oldid=1052858944" Categories:WebmappingGoogleMapsOpenStreetMapHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages Addlinks