Gutter oil - Wikipedia

Gutter oil or sewer oil is a general term for oil that has been recycled. It can be used to describe the practice of restaurants re-using cooking oil that ... Gutteroil FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Gutteroilorseweroil(Chinese:地沟油/地溝油;pinyin:dìgōuyóu,or餿水油;sōushuǐyóu)isageneraltermforoilthathasbeenrecycled.Itcanbeusedtodescribethepracticeofrestaurantsre-usingcookingoilthathasalreadybeenfriedbefore.Itcanalsobeusedtodescribetheprocessingofwasteoilcollectedfromsourcessuchasrestaurantfryers,greasetraps,slaughterhousewaste,andfatbergs.[1] Entireillicitsupplychainsdedicatedtocollecting,processing,andre-sellinggutteroilhavebeendiscoveredbyregulatorsinChina.[2]Multiplelow-endrestaurantsinChinahavebeenfoundtocookwithillicitly-recycledgutteroil.[3][4][5]Additionally,in2012,theChinesegovernmentaccusedaChinesepharmaceuticalcompanyofusinggutteroilasaprecursorforthemanufacturingofcephalosporinantibiotics.[6]InChina,gutteroilhasalsobeenusedasarawmaterialtocreateproductslikesoap,rubber,bio-fuel,plastics,rooftops,andcosmetics.[7][8][9][10][11][12]InthecityofShanghai,itwasreportedthatover2,000busesranonbiodieselthatwasmadefromgutteroil,[8]andmanygasstationsinShanghaiofferedgasolinethatwasproducedinpartfromgutteroil.[13]DuetoChina'svastindustryoffactoriesinvolvedwithgutteroilprocessingtoproduceproductslikesoaps,fuels,plastics,rubbers,etc.,therehavebeenreportsandrumorsaboutunscrupulouspeoplesellinggutteroilforcookingandfrying.[14]However,itremainsdifficulttoproveandprosecutesuchunscrupulousindividuals.[14]FoodsafetyarticlesfundedbyPRCprovincialsciencegrantsattributecontinueddifficultiesinregulatoryenforcementtothedecentralizednatureofthelogisticschain,lackofwidespreaddedicateddisposal/recyclingoptions,andfrequentinnovationsinvisuallyandchemicallydisguisinggutteroil.[15] GutteroilhasalsobeenusedoutsideofChinaaswell.Forexample,inEngland,fatbergsthatweredugoutofsewersincitieslikeLondonandLiverpoolwerelaterreportedtobeprocessedtoproducebiofuel.[16][17] Reprocessingofusedcookingoilisoftenveryrudimentary;techniquesincludefiltration,boiling,refining,andtheremovalofsomeadulterants.[18]Itisthenpackagedandresoldasacheaperalternativetonormalcookingoil.[19] Usedkitchenoilcanbepurchasedforbetween$859and$937perton,whilethecleanedandrefinedproductcansellfor$1,560perton.[12]Thusthereisgreateconomicincentivetoproduceandsellgutteroil. Anotherversionofgutteroilusesdiscardedanimalparts,animalfatandskins,internalorgans,andexpiredorotherwiselow-qualitymeat,whichisthencookedinlargevatstoextracttheoil.[citationneeded] Itwasestimatedin2011thataboutone-tenthoftheoilusedbyrestaurantsinChinawasrecycledoil.[20]AsFengPingoftheChinaMeatResearchCenterhassaid:"Theillegaloilshowsnodifferenceinappearanceandindicatorsafterrefiningandpurification,becausethelawbreakersareskillfulatcopingwiththeestablishedstandards."[21] SomestreetvendorsandrestaurantsinChinaarereportedtohaveillegallyusedrecycledoilunfitforhumanconsumptiontocookfood,leadingtoacrackdownagainstsuchestablishmentsbytheChinesegovernment.[22][23][24][25] Contents 1History 2Productionanddistribution 3Healtheffects 4Regulationsandlawenforcement 5Productionofbiofuelandvalueaddition 6Seealso 7References History[edit] ThefirstdocumentedcaseofgutteroilinTaiwanwasreportedin1985.Inasubsequentinvestigation,22peoplewerearrestedforinvolvementinarecyclingoilringover10yearsbasedinTaipei.Theworstoffenderwassentencedto7yearsinprison.[26] ThefirstdocumentedcaseofgutteroilinmainlandChinawasreportedin2000,whenastreetvendorwasfoundtobesellingoilobtainedfromrestaurantgarbagedisposals.[27] InSeptember2012,anongoinginvestigationintothesuspecteduseofgutteroilasarawmaterialintheChinesepharmaceuticalindustrywasrevealed.[28]Ascandalinvolving240tonsofgutteroilinTaiwanaffectinghundredsofcompaniesandthousandsofeateries,someofwhichmayhavebeenexportedoverseas,brokeinSeptember2014.[29] Productionanddistribution[edit] Thecollectedwasteoilissoldtolocalworkshopsorsmallfactoriesforcleaningandpackaging.Whensoldtoworkshopsitisoftentransportedbybicyclemountedcollectors;afterwards,theoilisheldin200-literbarrelsattheworkshopsuntilitisprocessed.[30]Onotheroccasionstheoilgoestoindustrialcookingoilrefineriesforfurtherprocessingbeforeitfinallyreachesitsendpurpose.Theindustrialoilrefineriesareusuallylegitimateproducersthatselltheprocessedoilforuseinthechemicalorenergyindustries.Gutteroilisacceptableasarawingredientforproducingsoap,rubber,bio-fuel,andcosmetics.[12]However,therefinerscanalsohaveotherintentionsasthepricesattainedbysellingitascookingoilaremuchhigherthanifitissoldtothechemicalorenergyindustries. Somelower-marketrestaurantshavelong-termpurchaseagreementswithoilrecyclersforsellingtheirusedoil.[31][32] Low-endrestaurantsandstreetvendorsarethebiggestendusersofgutteroil,astheyoperatewithlowerprofitmarginsthanbiggerrestaurants.Oilisalargekitchensupplycostforrestaurants,[citationneeded]soobtainingcheaperoilcanallowamarginalrestauranttoreduceitsoverallexpenses.Chinesefoodisgenerallyheavilydependentonoilduetomostfoodsbeingfried,socheapermealpricesformanyprice-sensitiveconsumersarepossibleifgutteroilisusedinsteadofvirginoil.[33]Thesituationbecomesmoreseriousbecauseitishardtodistinguishreprocessedgutteroilfromlegitimateoil.Bleachisusedtotransformgutteroil'sdarkcolorintoamorenatural-lookingone,andalkaliadditivesareusedtoneutralizetheabnormalpHcausedbyhighconcentrationsofanimalfats.[27] Healtheffects[edit] Gutteroilisanacceptablerawingredientforproductsthatarenotforhumanconsumption,suchassoap,rubber,bio-fuel,andcosmetics.[12] Gutteroilhasbeenshowntobetoxiccausingdiarrheaandabdominalpain.Therearealsoreportsthatlong-termconsumptionoftheoilcanleadtostomachandlivercancer.[33][34]Testingofsomesamplesofgutteroilhasrevealedtracesofpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH):dangerousorganicpollutantscapableofcausingcancerwithlong-termconsumption.Thereisalsopotentialforgutteroiltocontainaflatoxins,highlycarcinogeniccompoundsproducedbycertainmolds.[30]ZengJingoftheGuangdongArmedPoliceHospitalsaidofgutteroil:"Animalandvegetablefatinrefinedwasteoilwillundergorancidity,oxidationanddecompositionaftercontamination.Itwillcauseindigestion,insomnia,liverdiscomfortandothersymptoms."[12] DuetorumoursandthefearofChinesecustomersofrestaurantsusinggutteroilintheircooking,ithasbeenreportedthatsomepeopleinChinahaveresortedtobringingtheirowncookingoilwiththemfromhomeintorestaurantsandinstructingchefstousetheirhome-broughtoilintheirkitchenwhenpreparingtheirfoodinsteadoftherestaurant'sowncookingoil.[35] Regulationsandlawenforcement[edit] Chineselawstatesthatindustrialanimalfatisnotallowedforuseinfoodproductsbecauseitdoesnotmeetbasichygienestandardsandcontainshighlevelsofpotentiallytoxiccontaminants.[36]Thenationalandlocalgovernmentsareresearchingwaystotestandidentifygutteroilbutasof2012[update]therewerenonationwidestandardsinplacetohelpwiththisprocess.Thegovernmentislookingintomethodsthatrelyontechnicalequipmentaswellason-siteinstantteststoscreensuspectoil.Therearefiveproposedtestsforgutteroilbuteachhasfailedtoaccuratelydetectit. InAugustandSeptember2011,theBeijingcitygovernmentpassedtwonewsetsofregulations.Thefirstwas"OnAcceleratingtheCity'sFoodWasteandWasteOilRecyclingProgram".Itsgoalsaretoincreasedailyfoodwasteprocessingto2,200tonsby2012andto2,900tonsby2015.Additionally,theintentoftheregulationsistocreateasystemthat"shouldbeaunified,standardized,andorderlyprocessingofwasteoilcollectionandimprovementofthetransportationsystem".[22]ThesecondsetofregulationsbythecityofBeijing,calledthe"BeijingMunicipalSolidWasteRegulations",waspassedinSeptember2011.Theregulationsspecificallytargetthetwosourcesofgutteroil:foodwasteandusedoil.Thecentralgovernmentintendsforthesetwosetsofregulationstoserveasnationalexamples,yetwantseverymunicipalitynationallytofindtheirownsolutionstothefoodwasteandgutteroilproblem.[25] AnationwidecampaignwassetinmotioninAugust2011tocrackdownonthewidespreadproductionandsellingofgutteroil.Thelawenforcementcampaignuncovered100gutteroilmanufacturersandarrestedmorethan800peopleallegedlyinvolvedintheproductionandsaleofgutteroil.InApril2012anothercrackdownoccurredwithanadditional100arrestsmadeand13illegalworkshopscloseddownacrossfourprovinces.[24]AccordingtoanoticereleasedjointlybytheSupremePeople'sCourt,theSupremePeople'sProcuratorateandtheMinistryofPublicSecurity,thedeathpenaltywillnowbeanoptionwhenprosecutingmoreseriouscasesofgutteroilmanufacturinginthecountry.Moreseverepunishmentswillalsobegivenouttogovernmentandpublicofficialswhofailtoproperlyaddressmattersrelatedtogutteroil.TheStateCouncilsaidinspectorswouldtargetedibleoiltradefairsandwholesalemarketsandcalledforinspectionsofoilbeingusedatrestaurants,schoolcafeterias,workcanteensandkitchensatconstructionsites.TheStateCouncilalsostatedthatbusinessesthatuserecycledoilwouldbeforcedtoclosetemporarilyorlosetheirbusinesslicensewhilepeddlerswhoselltheoilcouldbecriminallyprosecuted.[30][34][37][38]InOctober2013,amanfromeasternChina'sJiangsuProvincewassentencedtolifeimprisonmentforprofitingheavilyfrommakingandsellinggutteroil.[23] Productionofbiofuelandvalueaddition[edit] Recentlyresearchersareworkingonidentifyingdifferentcomponentsingutteroilusing1HNMR(protonnuclearmagneticresonance),MALDI-MS(matrix-assistedlaserdesorption/ionization-massspectrometry)andHPLC(high-performanceliquidchromatography).Inaddition,sustainableutilizationofgutteroilforbiofuelproductionisbeingexploredusingdifferentchemicalandenzymaticmethods.[39] Seealso[edit] FoodsafetyincidentsinChina FoodsafetyincidentsinTaiwan References[edit] ^AlexaOlesen"GutterOil:ChinaSoundsAlarmOverFilthyCookingOil"Archived5July2020attheWaybackMachine.20July2010 ^Lu,Fangqi(13January2014)."Chinafoodsafetyhitsthe"gutter""(PDF).FoodSafety. ^"Chinatorampupcrack-downon'gutteroil'|Reuters".Reuters.24April2017. ^"China'sFrightening,UnpleasantCooking-OilScandal-TheAtlantic".TheAtlantic.30October2013. ^"Chineserestaurantstaffjailedforcookingwith'gutteroil'|SouthChinaMorningPost".27April2017. ^"Chinesedrugmakersaccusedofusing'gutteroil'|News|ChemistryWorld". ^thebeijinger(24April2014)."Ecology:SqueakyCleanGutterOil?".www.thebeijinger.com.Retrieved10September2020. ^ab"Over2,000Shanghaibusestorunonbiodieselmadefromgutteroil-Xinhua|English.news.cn".www.xinhuanet.com.Retrieved10September2020. ^hermesauto(24August2018)."Start-upinChinaturnsgutteroilintogreenfuels,tacklingproblemofreusebyeateries".TheStraitsTimes.Retrieved10September2020. ^"MotionEcolaunchesChineseprojecttoturngutteroilintobiofuel".Oils&FatsInternational.Retrieved10September2020. ^Karmee,SanjibKumar(27September2016)."Fuelnotfood—towardssustainableutilizationofgutteroil".Biofuels.8(3):339–346.doi:10.1080/17597269.2016.1231952.ISSN 1759-7269.S2CID 113998189. ^abcdeLiLiIntheTank,NotontheTableTheBeijingReview17November2011 ^"Gutteroiltargettobemetasgassalesgrow".SHINE.Retrieved10September2020. ^abLu,Fangqi(13January2014)."Chinafoodsafetyhitsthe"gutter""(PDF).FoodControl.41:134–138.doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.019.Theindustrialchainofgutteroilhasmultiplelinks,soconvictingpeopleinthedifferentlinksisdifficult.Merelymodifyingtherawgutteroilisillicit.However,deep-processinggutteroilmaynotconstituteanoffencebecauseitcanbeusedtoproducerubber,soapandbio-fuel.Thesaleofgutteroilascookingoilmayconstituteacrime,butthislinkisunderground.Therefore,inChina,therearemanyrumoursaboutgutteroilprocessing,butcasesareinfrequentlyprosecuted. ^Lu,Fangqi(13January2014)."Chinafoodsafetyhitsthe"gutter""(PDF).FoodSafety. ^September2017,MindyWeisberger19(19September2017)."London's143-Ton'Fatberg'GetsSecondChanceAsBiofuel".livescience.com.Retrieved10September2020. ^"90-tonnefatberginLiverpooltobeconvertedintobiofuels|BiofuelsInternationalMagazine".biofuels-news.com.Retrieved10September2020. ^QianYe,XiaofangPeiMethodsfordifferentiatingrecycledcookingoilneededinChinaAOCS ^FangqiLu,XuliWu[1]AOCS ^"Inthegutter".TheEconomist.29October2011. ^AndrewShen"China'sMinistryofHealthJustInadvertentlyGreenLightedTheGutterOilIndustry"Archived11May2013attheWaybackMachine.BusinessInsider18October2011 ^abTianPeng,SunLichao"CookingOil'sFinalDestination".TheEconomicObserver14November2011 ^ab"Chinesegutteroilproducerjailedforlife".Xinhau.9October2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13January2015.Retrieved21May2015. ^abMarkAstleyChineseofficialsarrestmorethan100inrottenmeat-based'gutteroil'crackdownFoodQualityNews,5April2012 ^ab'Proposalspouringinfortestinggutteroil',ChinaDaily,24May2012. ^"29年前台灣餿水油最高判7年"[29yearsago,Taiwangutteroilsentencedtouptosevenyears].UDN(inChinese).4September2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8October2014. ^abHeJiangyongandLiuZiqian,"SickSlick"Archived8September2014attheWaybackMachine,NewsChinaMagazine,December2011. ^"Chinaprobes'gutteroilinmedicine'claims".BBCNews.3September2012.Retrieved7October2013. ^"Taiwan'sPremierBansSale235FoodCompaniesProductsGutterOilScandal".SouthChinaMorningPost ^abcAlexaOlesen"GutterOil:ChinaSoundsAlarmOverFilthyCookingOil".HuffingtonPost,20July2010 ^DavidBarbozaRecycledCookingOilFoundtoBeLatestHazardinChinaTheNewYorkTimes,31March2010 ^CaoYinandLuoWangshu,"Rottingmeatusedtomakeillegaloil",ChinaDaily,4April2012. ^abXinhuaNewsAgency,Ourkitchensmustbefreedfromgutteroil,14September2011. ^abAustinRamzy,ChinaCracksDownon"GutterOil,"aSubstanceEvenWorseThanitsName,Time,13September2011. ^"下水から作る「再生食用油」を根絶せよ！：日経ビジネスオンライン".6April2015.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6April2015.Retrieved10September2020. ^AnkushChibber"EdibleoilorindustrialoilinChina".FoodNavigatorAsia,25May2012 ^XinhuaNewsAgencyDeathpenaltiesconsideredfor'gutteroil'crimes24February2012 ^LaurieBurkitt,ChineseGutterOilAttainsNewLevelofGross,TheWallStreetJournal,ChinaRealTimeReport,3April2012. ^Karmee,SanjibKumar(2017)."Fuelnotfood—towardssustainableutilizationofgutteroil".Biofuels.8(3):339–346.doi:10.1080/17597269.2016.1231952.S2CID 113998189. 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