Trojan Horse - Wikipedia

The Trojan Horse refers to a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks, during the Trojan War, to enter the city of Troy and win the war. TrojanHorse FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch WoodenhorseusedtowintheTrojanWar ThisarticleisaboutthemythologicalTrojanHorse.Forthetypeofmalware,seeTrojanhorse(computing).Forotheruses,seeTrojanhorse(disambiguation). TrojanWarAchillestendingthewoundedPatroclus(Atticred-figurekylix,c.500BC) Thewar Setting:Troy(modernHisarlik,Turkey) Period:BronzeAge Traditionaldating:c.1194–1184BC Moderndating:c.1260–1180BC Outcome:Greekvictory,destructionofTroy Seealso:HistoricityoftheIliad Literarysources Iliad EpicCycle Aeneid,Book2 IphigeniainAulis Philoctetes Ajax TheTrojanWomen Posthomerica Seealso:TrojanWarinliteratureandthearts Episodes JudgementofParis SeductionofHelen TrojanHorse SackofTroy TheReturns WanderingsofOdysseus AeneasandtheFoundingofRome Greeksandallies Agamemnon Achilles Helen Menelaus Nestor Odysseus Ajax Diomedes Patroclus Thersites Achaeans Myrmidons Seealso:CatalogueofShips Trojansandallies Priam Hecuba Hector Paris Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Memnon Troilus PenthesileaandtheAmazons Sarpedon Seealso:TrojanBattleOrder Participantgods Causedthewar: Eris OntheGreekside: Athena Hephaestus Hera Hermes Thetis Poseidon OntheTrojanside: Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Leto Scamander Zeus Relatedtopics HomericQuestion ArchaeologyofTroy Mycenae Mycenaeanwarfare vte TheTrojanHorsereferstoawoodenhorsesaidtohavebeenusedbytheGreeks,duringtheTrojanWar,toenterthecityofTroyandwinthewar.ThereisnoTrojanHorseinHomer'sIliad,withthepoemendingbeforethewarisconcluded.ButintheAeneidbyVirgil,afterafruitless10-yearsiege,theGreeksatthebehestofOdysseusconstructedahugewoodenhorseandhidaselectforceofmeninside,includingOdysseushimself.TheGreekspretendedtosailaway,andtheTrojanspulledthehorseintotheircityasavictorytrophy.ThatnighttheGreekforcecreptoutofthehorseandopenedthegatesfortherestoftheGreekarmy,whichhadsailedbackundercoverofnight.TheGreeksenteredanddestroyedthecityofTroy,endingthewar. Metaphorically,a"Trojanhorse"hascometomeananytrickorstratagemthatcausesatargettoinviteafoeintoasecurelyprotectedbastionorplace.Amaliciouscomputerprogramthattricksusersintowillinglyrunningitisalsocalleda"Trojanhorse"orsimplya"Trojan". ThemainancientsourceforthestorystillextantistheAeneidofVirgil,aLatinepicpoemfromthetimeofAugustus.ThestoryfeaturedheavilyintheLittleIliadandtheSackofTroy,bothpartoftheEpicCycle,butthesehaveonlysurvivedinfragmentsandepitomes.AsOdysseuswasthechiefarchitectoftheTrojanHorse,itisalsoreferredtoinHomer'sOdyssey.[1] IntheGreektradition,thehorseiscalledthe"woodenhorse"(δουράτεοςἵπποςdouráteoshípposinHomeric/IonicGreek(Odyssey8.512);δούρειοςἵππος,doúreioshípposinAtticGreek). Contents 1Meninthehorse 2Literaryaccounts 3Factualexplanations 4Modernmetaphoricaluse 5Artisticrepresentations 6Citations 7Externallinks Meninthehorse[edit] TheMykonosvase(750to650BC),withoneoftheearliestknownrenditionsoftheTrojanHorse,(notethedepictionofthefacesofhiddenwarriorsshownonthehorse'sside) ThirtyoftheAchaeans'bestwarriorshidintheTrojanhorse'swombandtwospiesinitsmouth.Othersourcesgivedifferentnumbers:TheBibliotheca50;[2]Tzetzes23;[3]andQuintusSmyrnaeusgivesthenamesof30,butsaysthereweremore.[4]Inlatetraditionthenumberwasstandardizedat40.Theirnamesfollow: ListofAchaeansintheTrojanHorse Names Sources Quintus Hyginus Tryphiodorus Tzetzes Odysseus(leader) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Acamas ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Agapenor ✓ AjaxtheLesser ✓ ✓ ✓ Amphidamas ✓ ✓ Amphimachus ✓ Anticlus ✓ ✓ ✓ Antimachus ✓ Antiphates ✓ ✓ Calchas ✓ ✓ Cyanippus ✓ ✓ Demophon ✓ ✓ ✓ Diomedes ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Echion Epeius ✓ ✓ ✓ Eumelus ✓ ✓ ✓ Euryalus ✓ Eurydamas ✓ ✓ Eurymachus ✓ Eurypylus ✓ ✓ ✓ Ialmenus ✓ Idomeneus ✓ ✓ ✓ Iphidamas ✓ ✓ Leonteus ✓ ✓ ✓ Machaon ✓ Meges ✓ ✓ ✓ Menelaus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Menestheus ✓ Meriones ✓ Neoptolemus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Peneleos ✓ ✓ Philoctetes ✓ Podalirius ✓ Polypoetes ✓ Sthenelus ✓ ✓ Teucer ✓ ✓ ✓ Thalpius ✓ Thersander ✓ Thoas ✓ ✓ Thrasymedes ✓ ✓ ✓ Number 30 9 23 23 Literaryaccounts[edit] SinonisbroughttoPriam,fromfolio101roftheRomanVergil AccordingtoQuintusSmyrnaeus,Odysseusthoughtofbuildingagreatwoodenhorse(thehorsebeingtheemblemofTroy),hidinganeliteforceinside,andfoolingtheTrojansintowheelingthehorseintothecityasatrophy.UndertheleadershipofEpeius,theGreeksbuiltthewoodenhorseinthreedays.Odysseus'splancalledforonemantoremainoutsidethehorse;hewouldactasthoughtheGreekshadabandonedhim,leavingthehorseasagiftfortheTrojans.Aninscriptionwasengravedonthehorsereading:"Fortheirreturnhome,theGreeksdedicatethisofferingtoAthena".ThentheyburnedtheirtentsandlefttoTenedosbynight.GreeksoldierSinonwas"abandoned"andwastosignaltotheGreeksbylightingabeacon.[5] InVirgil'spoem,Sinon,theonlyvolunteerfortherole,successfullyconvincestheTrojansthathehasbeenleftbehindandthattheGreeksaregone.SinontellstheTrojansthattheHorseisanofferingtothegoddessAthena,meanttoatoneforthepreviousdesecrationofhertempleatTroybytheGreeksandensureasafejourneyhomefortheGreekfleet.SinontellstheTrojansthattheHorsewasbuilttobetoolargeforthemtotakeitintotheircityandgainthefavorofAthenaforthemselves. WhilequestioningSinon,theTrojanpriestLaocoönguessestheplotandwarnstheTrojans,inVirgil'sfamouslineTimeoDanaosetdonaferentes("IfearGreeks,eventhosebearinggifts"),[6]Danai(accDanaos)orDanaans(Homer'snamefortheGreeks)beingtheoneswhohadbuilttheTrojanHorse.However,thegodPoseidonsendstwoseaserpentstostranglehimandhissonsAntiphantesandThymbraeusbeforeanyTrojanheedshiswarning.AccordingtoApollodorusthetwoserpentsweresentbyApollo,whomLaocoönhadinsultedbysleepingwithhiswifeinfrontofthe"divineimage".[7]IntheOdyssey,HomersaysthatHelenofTroyalsoguessestheplotandtriestotrickanduncovertheGreeksoldiersinsidethehorsebyimitatingthevoicesoftheirwives,andAnticlusattemptstoanswer,butOdysseusshutshismouthwithhishand.[8]KingPriam'sdaughterCassandra,thesoothsayerofTroy,insiststhatthehorsewillbethedownfallofthecityanditsroyalfamily.Shetooisignored,hencetheirdoomandlossofthewar.[9] ThisincidentismentionedintheOdyssey: Whatathingwasthis,too,whichthatmightymanwroughtandenduredinthecarvenhorse,whereinallwechiefsoftheArgivesweresitting,bearingtotheTrojansdeathandfate![10] Butcomenow,changethytheme,andsingofthebuildingofthehorseofwood,whichEpeiusmadewithAthena'shelp,thehorsewhichonceOdysseusledupintothecitadelasathingofguile,whenhehadfilleditwiththemenwhosackedIlios.[11] ThemostdetailedandmostfamiliarversionisinVirgil'sAeneid,BookII[12](trans.A.S.Kline). Aftermanyyearshaveslippedby,theleadersoftheGreeks, opposedbytheFates,anddamagedbythewar, buildahorseofmountainoussize,throughPallas'sdivineart, andweaveplanksoffiroveritsribs theypretendit'savotiveoffering:thisrumourspreads. Theysecretlyhideapickedbodyofmen,chosenbylot, there,inthedarkbody,fillingthebellyandthehuge cavernousinsideswitharmedwarriors. [...] ThenLaocoönrushesdowneagerlyfromtheheights ofthecitadel,toconfrontthemall,alargecrowdwithhim, andshoutsfromfaroff:"Ounhappycitizens,whatmadness? Doyouthinktheenemy'ssailedaway?Ordoyouthink anyGreekgift'sfreeoftreachery?IsthatUlysses'sreputation? EitherthereareGreeksinhiding,concealedbythewood, orit'sbeenbuiltasamachinetouseagainstourwalls, orspyonourhomes,orfallonthecityfromabove, orithidessomeothertrick:Trojans,don'ttrustthishorse. Whateveritis,I'mafraidofGreekseventhosebearinggifts." BookIIincludesLaocoönsaying:"Equonecredite,Teucri.Quidquididest,timeoDanaosetdonaferentes."("Donottrustthehorse,Trojans!Whateveritis,IfeartheDanaans[Greeks],eventhosebearinggifts.") WellbeforeVirgil,thestoryisalsoalludedtoinGreekclassicalliterature.InEuripides'playTrojanWomen,writtenin415BC,thegodPoseidonproclaims:"For,fromhishomebeneathParnassus,PhocianEpeus,aidedbythecraftofPallas,framedahorsetobearwithinitswombanarmedhost,andsentitwithinthebattlements,fraughtwithdeath;whenceindaystocomemenshalltellof'thewoodenhorse,'withitshiddenloadofwarriors."[13] Factualexplanations[edit] ThePhoenicianshipcalledhippos,fromtheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,8thcenturyBC TherehasbeenspeculationthattheTrojanHorsemayhavebeenabatteringramorothersortofsiegeengineresembling,tosomeextent,ahorse,andthatthedescriptionoftheuseofthisdevicewasthentransformedintoamythbylateroralhistorianswhowerenotpresentatthebattleandwereunawareofthatmeaningofthename.Assyriansthenusedsiegemachineswithanimalnamesthatwereoftencoveredwithdampenedhorsehidestoprotectagainstflamingarrows;itispossiblethattheTrojanHorsewassuch.[14]Pausanias,wholivedinthe2ndcenturyAD,wroteinhisbookDescriptionofGreece,"ThattheworkofEpeiuswasacontrivancetomakeabreachintheTrojanwallisknowntoeverybodywhodoesnotattributeuttersillinesstothePhrygians";[15]bythePhrygians,hemeanttheTrojans. Someauthorshavesuggestedthatthegiftmightalsohavebeenaship,withwarriorshiddeninside.[16]IthasbeennotedthatthetermsusedtoputmeninthehorsearethoseusedbyancientGreekauthorstodescribetheembarkationofmenonashipandthatthereareanalogiesbetweenthebuildingofshipsbyParisatthebeginningoftheTrojansagaandthebuildingofthehorseattheend;[17]shipsarecalled"sea-horses"onceintheOdyssey.[18]Thisviewhasrecentlygainedsupportfromnavalarchaeology:[19][20]ancienttextandimagesshowthataPhoenicianmerchantshiptypedecoratedwithahorsehead,calledhippos('horse')byGreeks,becameverydiffuseintheLevantareaaroundthebeginningofthe1stmillenniumBCandwasusedtotradepreciousmetalsandsometimestopaytributeaftertheendofawar.[20]ThathascausedthesuggestionthattheoriginalstoryviewedtheGreeksoldiershidinginsidethehullofsuchavessel,possiblydisguisedasatribute,andthatthetermwaslatermisunderstoodintheoraltransmissionofthestory,theorigintotheTrojanhorsemyth. Shipswithahorseheaddecoration,perhapscultships,arealsorepresentedinartifactsoftheMinoan/Mycenaeanera;[21][22]theimage[23]onasealfoundinthepalaceofKnossos,datedaround1200BC,whichdepictsashipwithoarsmenandasuperimposedhorsefigure,originallyinterpretedasarepresentationofhorsetransportbysea,[24]mayinfactberelatedtothiskindofvessels,andevenbeconsideredasthefirst(pre-literary)representationoftheTrojanHorseepisode.[25] Amorespeculativetheory,originallyproposedbyFritzSchachermeyr,statesthattheTrojanHorseisametaphorforadestructiveearthquakethatdamagedthewallsofTroyandallowedtheGreeksinside.[26]Inhistheory,thehorserepresentsPoseidon,whoaswellasbeinggodoftheseawasalsogodofhorsesandearthquakes.ThetheoryissupportedbythefactthatarchaeologicaldigshavefoundthatTroyVIwasheavilydamagedinanearthquake[26]butishardtosquarewiththemythologicalclaimthatPoseidonhimselfbuiltthewallsofTroyinthefirstplace.[27] Modernmetaphoricaluse[edit] Theterm"Trojanhorse"isusedmetaphoricallytomeananytrickorstrategythatcausesatargettoinviteafoeintoasecurelyprotectedplace;ortodeceivebyappearance,hidingmalevolentintentinanoutwardlybenignexterior;tosubvertfromwithinusingdeceptivemeans.[28][29][30] Artisticrepresentations[edit] PictorialrepresentationsoftheTrojanHorseearlierthan,orcontemporaryto,thefirstliteraryappearancesoftheepisodecanhelpclarifywhatwasthemeaningofthestoryasperceivedbyitscontemporaryaudience.Therearefewancient(before480BC)depictionsoftheTrojanHorsesurviving.[31][32]TheearliestisonaBoeotianfibuladatingfromabout700BC.[33][34]OtherearlydepictionsarefoundontworeliefpithoifromtheGreekislandsMykonosandTinos,bothgenerallydatedbetween675and650BC.TheonefromMykonos(seefigure)isknownastheMykonosvase.[31][35]HistorianMichaelWooddatestheMykonosvasetotheeighthcenturyBC,beforethewrittenaccountsattributedbytraditiontoHomer,andpositsthisasevidencethatthestoryoftheTrojanHorseexistedbeforethoseaccountswerewritten.[36]OtherarchaicrepresentationsoftheTrojanhorsearefoundonaCorinthianaryballosdatingbackto560BC[31](seefigure),onavasefragmentto540BC(seefigure),andonanEtruscancarnelianscarab.[37] TheearliestknowndepictionoftheTrojanHorse,[31]onabronzefibula(ca.700BC),notethewheelsandthesquareopeningsonthehorse'sside DepictionoftheTrojanHorseonaCorinthianaryballos(ca.560BC)foundinCerveteri(Italy) WarriorsleavingtheTrojanHorse,fragmentofanatticblack-figurekraterfromOrbetello(Italy),ca.540BC TrojanhorseasdepictedintheHistoiredesjouets(1902) DetailfromTheProcessionoftheTrojanHorseinTroybyDomenicoTiepolo(1773),inspiredbyVirgil'sAeneid TheTrojanhorsethatappearedinthe2004filmTroy,nowondisplayinÇanakkale,Turkey Citations[edit] ^Broeniman,Clifford(1996)."Demodocus,Odysseus,andtheTrojanWarin"Odyssey"8".TheClassicalWorld.90(1):3–13.doi:10.2307/4351895.JSTOR 4351895. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus,Epitome5.14 ^Tzetzes,Posthomerica641–650 ^QuintusSmyrnaeus,TheFallofTroyxii.314–335 ^Bibliotheca,Epitome,e.5.15 ^"Virgil:AeneidII".Poetryintranslation.com.Retrieved10August2012. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus,Bibliotheca,Epitome,Epit.E.5.18 ^Homer,Odyssey,4.274–289. ^Virgil.TheAeneid.Trans.RobertFitzgerald.NewYork:Everyman'sLibrary,1992.Print. ^"Homer,TheOdyssey,Scroll4,line21".www.perseus.tufts.edu.Retrieved13April2020. ^"Homer,Odyssey,Book8,line469".www.perseus.tufts.edu.Retrieved13April2020. ^"Virgil".poetryintranslation.com. ^"TheTrojanWomen,Euripides".Classics.mit.edu.Retrieved10August2012. ^MichaelWood,inhisbook"InsearchoftheTrojanwar"ISBN 978-0-520-21599-3(whichwasshownonBBCTVasaseries) ^"Pausanias,DescriptionofGreece1,XXIII,8".Perseus.tufts.edu.Retrieved10August2012. ^Fields,Nic(2004).Troyc.1700–1250BC.Spedaliere,DonatoandSpedaliere,SarahSulemsohn(illustrators).Oxford:Osprey.pp. 51–52.ISBN 1841767034.OCLC 56321915. ^Seepages22–26inThefallofTroyinearlyGreekpoetryandart,MichaelJohnAnderson,OxfordUniversityPress,1997 ^deArbuloBayona,JoaquinRuiz(2009)."LOSNAVEGANTESYLOSAGRADO.ELBARCODETROYA.NUEVOSARGUMENTOSPARAUNAEXPLICACIONNAUTICADELCABALLODEMADERA"(PDF).ArqueologíaNáuticaMediterránea,MonografiesdelCASC.Girona.8:535–551. ^Tiboni,Francesco."TheDourateosHipposfromallegorytoArchaeology:aPhoenicianShiptobreaktheWall."Archaeologiamaritimamediterranea13.13(2016):91–104 ^abTiboni,Francesco(5December2017)."LamarineriafenicianelMediterraneonellaprimaEtàdelferro:iltiponavaleHippos".InMorozzodellaRocca,MariaCarola;Tiboni,Francesco(eds.).Attidel2°convegnonazionale.Culturanavaleemarittimatransiremare22–23settembre2016(inItalian).goWare.ISBN 9788867979042. ^Salimbeti,A."TheGreekAgeofBronze-Ships".Retrieved23August2020. ^Wachsmann,Shelley(2008).SeagoingShipsandSeamanshipintheBronzeAgeLevant.ISBN 978-1603440806. ^"Minoantransportvesselwithfigureofhorsesuperimposed". ^Evans,Arthur(1935).ThePalaceofMinos:acomparativeaccountofthesuccessivestagesoftheearlyCretancivilizationasillustratedbythediscoveriesatKnossos.Vol. 4.p. 827. ^Chondros,ThomasG(2015)."TheTrojanHorsereconstruction".MechanismandMachineTheory.90:261–282.doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2015.03.015. ^abEricH.Cline(2013).TheTrojanWar:AVeryShortIntroduction.ISBN 978-0199333820. ^StephenKershaw(2010).ABriefGuidetoClassicalCivilization.ISBN 978-1849018005. ^"Trojanhorse".CollinsEnglishDictionary.Retrieved9October2019. ^"aTrojanhorse".TheFreeDictionary.Retrieved9October2019. ^"Trojanhorse".MerriamWebster.Retrieved9October2019. ^abcdSparkes,B.A.(1971)."TheTrojanHorseinClassicalArt1".Greece&Rome.18(1):54–70.doi:10.1017/S001738350001768X.ISSN 1477-4550. ^Sadurska,Anna(1986)."EquusTrojanus".LexiconIconographicumMythologiaeClassicae.Zürich.3,1:813–817. ^BritishMuseum.Dept.ofGreekandRomanAntiquities;Walters,HenryBeauchamp(1899).Catalogueofthebronzes,Greek,Roman,andEtruscan,intheDepartmentofGreekandRomanAntiquities,BritishMuseum.WellesleyCollegeLibrary.London,PrintedbyorderoftheTrustees.p. 374. ^"Bronzebowfibula(brooch)withaglimpseoftheTrojanHorsewithwheelsunderfeet–ImagesforMaryBeard'sCulturalExchange–FrontRow'sCulturalExchange–BBCRadio4".BBC.Retrieved3November2017. ^Caskey,MiriamErvin(Winter1976)."NotesonReliefPithoioftheTenian-BoiotianGroup".AmericanJournalofArchaeology.80(1):19–41.doi:10.2307/502935.JSTOR 502935. ^Wood,Michael(1985).InSearchoftheTrojanWar.London:BBCbooks.pp. 80,251.ISBN 978-0-563-20161-8. ^"Carnelianscarab|Etruscan,Populonia|LateArchaic|TheMet".TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,i.e.TheMetMuseum.Retrieved27November2017. Externallinks[edit] Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:TrojanHorse WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoTrojanhorse. LookupTrojanhorse#EnglishinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. 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