Extreme poverty - Wikipedia

Extreme poverty is defined by the international community as living below $1.90 a day, as measured in 2011 international prices (equivalent to $2.12 in 2018). Extremepoverty FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Conditioncharacterizedbyseveredeprivationofbasichumanneeds Numberofpeoplelivinginextremepoverty–since1820.Green=Non-Povertypopulation;Red=Povertypopulation.[1] Totalpopulationlivinginextremepoverty,byworldregion1987to2013[2] Thenumberofpeoplelivingonlessthan$1.90,$3.20,$5.50,and$10globally Forbroadercoverageofthistopic,seePovertythreshold. Extremepoverty,deeppoverty,abjectpoverty,absolutepoverty,destitution,orpenury,isthemostseveretypeofpoverty,definedbytheUnitedNations(UN)as"aconditioncharacterizedbyseveredeprivationofbasichumanneeds,includingfood,safedrinkingwater,sanitationfacilities,health,shelter,educationandinformation.Itdependsnotonlyonincomebutalsoonaccesstoservices"(UN1995reportoftheWorldSummitforSocialDevelopment).[3]Historically,otherdefinitionshavebeenproposedwithintheUnitedNations. In2018,extremepovertymainlyreferstoanincomebelowtheinternationalpovertylineof$1.90perday(in2011prices,equivalentto$2.19in2020),setbytheWorldBank.InOctober2017,theWorldBankupdatedtheinternationalpovertyline,aglobalabsoluteminimum,to$1.90aday.[4]Thisistheequivalentof$1.00adayin1996USprices,hencethewidelyusedexpression"livingonlessthanadollaraday".[5]ThevastmajorityofthoseinextremepovertyresideinSouthAsiaandSub-SaharanAfrica.Asof2018,itisestimatedthatthecountrywiththemostpeoplelivinginextremepovertyisNigeria,at86million.[6][7][8] Inthepast,thevastmajorityoftheworldpopulationlivedinconditionsofextremepoverty.[9][10] Thepercentageoftheglobalpopulationlivinginabsolutepovertyfellfromover80%in1800tounder20%by2015.[11]AccordingtoUNestimates,in2015[update]roughly734millionpeopleor10%remainedunderthoseconditions.[12]Thenumberhadpreviouslybeenmeasuredas1.9billionin1990,and1.2billionin2008.Despitethesignificantnumberofindividualsstillbelowtheinternationalpovertyline,thesefiguresrepresentsignificantprogressfortheinternationalcommunity,astheyreflectadecreaseofmorethanonebillionpeopleover15years.[12] Inpublicopinionsurveysaroundtheglobe,peoplesurveyedtendtothinkthatextremepovertyhasnotdecreased.[13][14] ThereductionofextremepovertyandhungerwasthefirstMillenniumDevelopmentGoal(MDG1),assetbytheUnitedNationsin2000.Specifically,thetargetwastoreducetheextremepovertyratebyhalfby2015,agoalthatwasmetfiveyearsaheadofschedule.[15]IntheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,whichsucceededtheMDGs,thegoalistoendextremepovertyinallitsformseverywhere.Withthisdeclarationtheinternationalcommunity,includingtheUNandtheWorldBankhaveadoptedthetargetofendingextremepovertyby2030. Contents 1Definition 1.1Previousdefinitions 1.2Consumption-baseddefinition 1.3Alternativedefinitions 2Shareofthepopulationlivinginextremepoverty 3Currenttrends 3.1Gettingtozero 3.2Exacerbatingfactors 4Internationalinitiatives 4.1MillenniumSummitandMillenniumDevelopmentGoals 4.1.12005WorldSummit 4.2SustainableDevelopmentGoals 4.3Leastdevelopedcountryconferences 5Organizationsworkingtoendextremepoverty 5.1Internationalorganizations 5.1.1WorldBank 5.1.2UnitedNations 5.2Bilateralorganizations 5.2.1USAID 5.2.2DfID 5.3Non-GovernmentalOrganizations 5.3.1Campaigns 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks Definition[edit] Previousdefinitions[edit] InJuly1993,LeandroDespouy,thethenUNSpecialRapporteuronextremepovertyandhumanrightsmadeuseofadefinitionheadaptedfroma1987reporttotheFrenchEconomicandSocialCouncil[16]byFr.JosephWresinski,founderoftheInternationalMovementATDFourthWorld,distinguishing"lackofbasicsecurity"(poverty)and"chronicpoverty"(extremepoverty),linkingtheeradicationofextremepovertybyallowingpeoplecurrentlyexperiencingitarealopportunitytoexercisealltheirhumanrights: "Thelackofbasicsecurityconnotestheabsenceofoneormorefactorsenablingindividualsandfamiliestoassumebasicresponsibilitiesandtoenjoyfundamentalrights.Thesituationmaybecomewidespreadandresultinmoreseriousandpermanentconsequences.Thelackofbasicsecurityleadstochronicpovertywhenitsimultaneouslyaffectsseveralaspectsofpeople’slives,whenitisprolongedandwhenitseverelycompromisespeople’schancesofregainingtheirrightsandofreassumingtheirresponsibilitiesintheforeseeablefuture."[17] Thisdefinitionwasmentionedpreviously,inJune1989,inthepreliminaryreportontherealizationofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsbytheUNSpecialRapporteurDaniloTürk.[18]Itisstillinusetoday,amongothers,inthecurrentUNGuidingPrinciplesonExtremePovertyandHumanRights[19]adoptedbytheUNHumanRightsCouncilinSeptember2012[20] Consumption-baseddefinition[edit] Povertyheadcountratioat$1.90aday(2011PPP)(%ofpopulation).BasedonWorldBankdatarangingfrom1998to2018.[21] Extremepovertyisdefinedbytheinternationalcommunityaslivingbelow$1.90aday,asmeasuredin2011internationalprices(equivalentto$2.12in2018).Thisnumber,alsoknownastheinternationalpovertyline,isperiodicallyupdatedtoaccountforinflationanddifferencesinthecostofliving;[22]itwasoriginallydefinedat$1.00adayin1996.Theupdatesaremadeaccordingtonewpricedatatoportraythecostsofbasicfood,healthservices,clothing,andshelteraroundtheworldasaccuratelyaspossible.Thelatestrevisionwasmadein2015whentheWorldBankincreasedthelinetointernational-$1.90. Becausemanyoftheworld'spoorestpeopledonothaveamonetaryincome,thepovertymeasurementisbasedonthemonetaryvalueofaperson'sconsumption.Otherwisethepovertymeasurementwouldbemissingthehomeproductionofsubsistencefarmersthatconsumelargelytheirownproduction. Alternativedefinitions[edit] Shareofpopulationlivinginmultidimensionalpovertyin2014 The$1.90/dayextremepovertylineremainsthemostwidelyusedmetricasithighlightstherealityofthoseinthemostsevereconditions.[23]Althoughwidelyusedbymostinternationalorganizations,ithascomeunderscrutinyduetoavarietyoffactors.Forexample,itdoesnotaccountforhowfarbelowthelinepeopleare,referredtoasthedepthofpoverty.Forthispurpose,thesameinstitutionspublishdataonthepovertygap. Theinternationalpovertylineisdesignedtostayconstantovertime,toallowcomparisonsbetweendifferentyears.Itisthereforeameasureofabsolutepovertyandisnotmeasuringrelativepoverty.Itisalsonotdesignedtocapturehowpeopleviewtheirownfinancialsituation(knownasthesociallysubjectivepovertyline).[24]Moreover,thecalculationofthepovertylinereliesoninformationaboutconsumerpricestocalculatepurchasingpowerparity,whichareveryhardtomeasureandarenecessarilydebatable.Aswithallothermetrics,theremayalsobemissingdatafromthepoorestandmostfragilecountries. Severalalternativeinstrumentsformeasuringextremepovertyhavebeensuggestedwhichincorporateotherfactorssuchasmalnutritionandlackofaccesstoabasiceducation.TheMultidimensionalPovertyIndex(MPI),basedontheAlkire-FosterMethod,ispublishedbytheOxfordPoverty&HumanDevelopmentInitiative(OPHI):itmeasuresdeprivationinbasicneedsandcanbebrokendowntoreflectboththeincidenceandtheintensityofpoverty.Forexample,underconventionalmeasures,inbothEthiopiaandUzbekistanabout40%ofthepopulationisconsideredextremelypoor,butbasedontheMPI,90%ofEthiopiansbutonly2%ofUzbeksareinmultidimensionalpoverty.[25] TheMPIisusefulfordevelopmentofficialstodeterminethemostlikelycausesofpovertywithinaregion,usingtheM0measureofthemethod(whichiscalculatedbymultiplyingthefractionofpeopleinpovertybythefractionofdimensionstheyaredeprivedin).[26]Forexample,intheGazaStripofPalestine,usingtheM0measureoftheAlkire-Fostermethodrevealsthatpovertyintheregionisprimarilycausedbyalackofaccesstoelectricity,lackofaccesstodrinkingwater,andwidespreadovercrowding.Incontrast,datafromtheChhukhaDistrictofBhutanrevealsthatincomeisamuchlargercontributortopovertyasopposedtootherdimensionswithintheregion.[27]However,theMPIonlypresentsdatafrom105countries,soitcannotbeusedforglobalmeasurements.[28] Shareofthepopulationlivinginextremepoverty[edit] Percentofextremebyregion(2017)[29]   Sub-SaharanAfrica(62.1%)  SouthAsia(24.85%)  EastAsia&Pacific(4.19%)  MiddleEast&NorthAfrica(3.47%)  LatinAmerica&Caribbean(3.4%)  DevelopedCountries(1.07%)  Europe&CentralAsia(0.19%) Shareofthepopulationlivinginextremepovertyinselectedpartsoftheworld Numberofpeoplepushedbelowthe$1.90($2011PPP)povertyline(inmillions)[30] Region 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017 DevelopedCountries 4.06 4.99 4.7 5.48 5.28 7.91 7.45 LatinAmerica&Caribbean 66.61 64.75 65.77 54.04 35.3 22.95 23.73 MiddleEast&NorthAfrica 14.8 16.49 9.95 9.6 6.86 15.74 24.16 SouthAsia 557.05 550.44 564.92 533.28 425.32 230.51 173.1 EastAsia&Pacific 977.29 766.14 632.26 347.99 212.12 42.08 29.15 Europe&CentralAsia 11.51 32 34.28 22.04 11.27 7.35 6.37 Sub-SaharanAfrica 280.95 352.76 388.27 393.57 412.49 417.6 432.5 Total 1,910 1,790 1,700 1,370 1,110 744.14 696.45 Currenttrends[edit] Gettingtozero[edit] Variousprojectionsfortheprospectofendingextremepovertyby2030.They-axisrepresentsthepercentageofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyworldwide. ExtremePovertyprojectionbytheWorldBankto2030 UsingtheWorldBankdefinitionof$1.90/day,asof2021[update],roughly710millionpeopleremainedinextremepoverty(orroughly1in10peopleworldwide).[31]NearlyhalfofthemliveinIndiaandChina,withmorethan85%livinginjust20countries.Sincethemid-1990s,therehasbeenasteadydeclineinboththeworldwidepovertyrateandthetotalnumberofextremepoor.In1990,thepercentageoftheglobalpopulationlivinginextremepovertywas43%,butin2011,thatpercentagehaddroppeddownto21%.[23]ThishalvingoftheextremepovertyratefallsinlinewiththefirstMillenniumDevelopmentGoal(MDG1)proposedbyformerUNSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnan,whocalledontheinternationalcommunityattheturnofthecenturytoreducethepercentageofpeopleinextremepovertybyhalfby2015.[32] ThisreductioninextremepovertytookplacemostnotablyinChina,Indonesia,India,PakistanandVietnam.Thesefivecountriesaccountedforthealleviationof715millionpeopleoutofextremepovertybetween1990and2010 –morethantheglobalnettotalofroughly700million.ThisstatisticalodditycanbeexplainedbythefactthatthenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyinSub-SaharanAfricarosefrom290millionto414millionoverthesameperiod.[33]However,therehavebeenmanypositivesignsforextensive,globalpovertyreductionaswell.Since1999,thetotalnumberofextremepoorhasdeclinedbyanaverageof50millionperyear.Moreover,in2005,forthefirsttimeinrecordedhistory,povertyratesbegantofallineveryregionoftheworld,includingAfrica.[34] Asaforementioned,thenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyhasreducedfrom1.9billionto766millionoverthespanofthelastdecades.Ifweremainonourcurrenttrajectory,manyeconomistspredictwecouldreachglobalzeroby2030–2035,thusendingextremepoverty.Globalzeroentailsaworldinwhichfewerthan3%oftheglobalpopulationlivesinextremepoverty(projectedundermostoptimisticscenariostobefewerthan200millionpeople).Thiszerofigureissetat3%inrecognitionofthefactthatsomeamountoffrictional(temporary)povertywillcontinuetoexist,whetheritiscausedbypoliticalconflictorunexpectedeconomicfluctuations,atleastfortheforeseeablefuture.[35]However,theBrookingsInstitutionnotesthatanyprojectionaboutpovertymorethanafewyearsintothefuturerunstheriskofbeinghighlyuncertain.Thisisbecausechangesinconsumptionanddistributionthroughoutthedevelopingworldoverthenexttwodecadescouldresultinmonumentalshiftsinglobalpoverty,forbetterorworse.[36] Othersaremorepessimisticaboutthispossibility,predictingarangeof193millionto660millionpeoplestilllivinginextremepovertyby2035.Additionally,somebelievetherateofpovertyreductionwillslowdowninthedevelopingworld,especiallyinAfrica,andassuchitwilltakeclosertofivedecadestoreachglobalzero.[37]Despitethesereservations,severalprominentinternationalandnationalorganizations,includingtheUN,theWorldBankandtheUnitedStatesFederalGovernment(viaUSAID),havesetatargetofreachingglobalzerobytheendof2030. Exacerbatingfactors[edit] Thereareavarietyoffactorsthatmayreinforceorinstigatetheexistenceofextremepoverty,suchasweakinstitutions,cyclesofviolenceandalowlevelofgrowth.RecentWorldBankresearchshowsthatsomecountriescangetcaughtina"fragilitytrap",inwhichself-reinforcingfactorspreventthepoorestnationsfromemergingfromlow-levelequilibriuminthelongrun.[38]Moreover,mostofthereductioninextremepovertyoverthepasttwentyyearshastakenplaceincountriesthathavenotexperiencedacivilconflictorhavehadgoverninginstitutionswithastrongcapacitytoactuallygovern.Thus,toendextremepoverty,itisalsoimportanttofocusontheinterrelatedproblemsoffragilityandconflict. USAIDdefinesfragilityasagovernment'slackofbothlegitimacy(theperceptionthegovernmentisadequateatdoingitsjob)andeffectiveness(howgoodthegovernmentisatmaintaininglawandorder,inanequitablemanner).Asfragilenationsareunabletoequitablyandeffectivelyperformthefunctionsofastate,thesecountriesaremuchmorepronetoviolentunrestandmassinequality.Additionally,incountrieswithhighlevelsofinequality(acommonproblemincountrieswithinadequategoverninginstitutions),muchhighergrowthratesareneededtoreducetherateofpovertywhencomparedwithothernations.Additionally,ifChinaandIndiaareremovedfromtheequation,upto70%oftheworld'spoorliveinfragilestatesbysomedefinitionsoffragility.Someanalystsprojectthatextremepovertywillbeincreasinglyconcentratedinfragile,low-incomestateslikeHaiti,YemenandtheCentralAfricanRepublic.[39]However,someacademics,suchasAndySumner,saythatextremepovertywillbeincreasinglyconcentratedinmiddle-incomecountries,creatingaparadoxwheretheworld'spoordonotactuallyliveinthepoorestcountries.[40] Tohelplow-incomeearners,fragilestatesmakethetransitiontowardspeaceandprosperity,theNewDealforEngagementinFragileStates,endorsedbyroughlyfortycountriesandmultilateralinstitutions,wascreatedin2011.Thisrepresentsanimportantsteptowardsredressingtheproblemoffragilityasitwasoriginallyarticulatedbyself-identifiedfragilestateswhocalledontheinternationalcommunitytonotonly"dothingsdifferently",buttoalso"dodifferentthings".[41] Civilconflictalsoremainsaprimecausefortheperpetuationofpovertythroughoutthedevelopingworld.Armedconflictcanhavesevereeffectsoneconomicgrowthformanyreasonssuchasthedestructionofassets,destructionoflivelihoods,creationofunwantedmassmigration,anddiversionofpublicresourcestowardswar.[41]Significantly,acountrythatexperiencedmajorviolenceduring1981–2005hadextremepovertyrates21percentagepointshigherthanacountrywithnoviolence.Onaverage,eachcivilconflictwillcostacountryroughly30yearsofGDPgrowth.[38]Therefore,arenewedcommitmentfromtheinternationalcommunitytoaddressthedeterioratingsituationinhighlyfragilestatesisnecessarytobothpreventthemasslossoflife,buttoalsopreventtheviciouscycleofextremepoverty. Populationtrendsanddynamics(e.g.populationgrowth)canalsohavealargeimpactonprospectsforpovertyreduction.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,"inadditiontoimprovinggeneralhealthandwell-being,analysisshowsthatmeetingthereproductivehealthandcontraceptiveneedsofallwomeninthedevelopingworldmorethanpaysforitself").[42] In2013,aprevalentfindinginareportbytheWorldBankwasthatextremepovertyismostprevalentinlow-incomecountries.Inthesecountries,theWorldBankfoundthatprogressinpovertyreductionistheslowest,thepoorliveundertheworstconditions,andthemostaffectedpersonsarechildrenage12andunder.[43] Internationalinitiatives[edit] MillenniumSummitandMillenniumDevelopmentGoals[edit] InSeptember2000,worldleadersgatheredattheMillenniumSummitheldinNewYork,launchingtheUnitedNationsMillenniumProjectsuggestedbythenUNSecretary-GeneralKofiAnnan.Priortothelaunchoftheconference,theofficeofSecretary-GeneralAnnanreleasedareportentitled"WeThePeoples:TheRoleoftheUnitedNationsinthe21stCentury".Inthisdocument,nowwidelyknownastheMillenniumReport,KofiAnnancalledontheinternationalcommunitytoreducetheproportionofpeopleinextremepovertybyhalfby2015,atargetthatwouldaffectover1billionpeople.Citingtheclosecorrelationbetweeneconomicgrowthandthereductionofpovertyinpoorcountries,Annanurgedinternationalleaderstoindiscriminatelytargettheproblemofextremepovertyacrosseveryregion.[32]InchargeofmanagingtheprojectwasJeffreySachs,anoteddevelopmenteconomist,whoin2005releasedaplanforactioncalled"InvestinginDevelopment:APracticalPlantoAchievetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals".[44]ThomasPoggecriticizedthe2000MillenniumDeclarationforbeinglessambitiousthanapreviousdeclarationfromtheWorldFoodSummitduetousing1990asthebenchmarkratherthan1996.[45] Overall,therehasbeensignificantprogresstowardsreducingextremepoverty,withtheMDG1targetofreducingextremepovertyratesbyhalfbeingmetfiveyearsearly,representing700millionpeoplebeingliftedoutofextremepovertyfrom1990to2010,with1.2billionpeoplestillremainingunderthoseconditions.[15]ThenotableexceptiontothistrendwasinSub-SaharanAfrica,theonlyregionwherethenumberofpeoplelivinginextremepovertyrosefrom290millionin1990to414millionin2010,comprisingmorethanathirdofthoselivinginextremepovertyworldwide.[33] 2005WorldSummit[edit] The2005WorldSummit,heldinSeptemberwhichwasorganizedtomeasureinternationalprogresstowardsfulfillingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs).Notably,theconferencebroughttogethermorethan170HeadsofState.Whileworldleadersatthesummitwereencouragedbythereductionofpovertyinsomenations,theywereconcernedbytheunevendeclineofpovertywithinandamongdifferentregionsoftheglobe.However,attheendofthesummit,theconferenceattendeesreaffirmedtheUN'scommitmenttoachievetheMDGsby2015andurgedallsupranational,nationalandnon-governmentalorganizationstofollowsuit. SustainableDevelopmentGoals[edit] SustainableDevelopmentGoals AstheexpirationoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsapproachedin2015,theUNconvenedapaneltoadviseonaPost-2015DevelopmentAgenda,whichledtoanewsetof17goalsfor2030titledtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Thefirstgoal(SDG1)isto"Endpovertyinallitsformseverywhere."[46] TheHLPreport,entitledANewGlobalPartnership:EradicatePovertyandTransformEconomiesThroughSustainableDevelopment,waspublishedinMay2013.Inthereport,theHLPwrotethat: Endingextremepovertyisjustthebeginning,nottheend.Itisvital,butourvisionmustbebroader:tostartcountriesonthepathofsustainabledevelopment –buildingonthefoundationsestablishedbythe2012UNConferenceonSustainableDevelopmentinRiodeJaneiro,andmeetingachallengethatnocountry,developedordeveloping,hasmetsofar.WerecommendtotheSecretary-Generalthatdeliberationsonanewdevelopmentagendamustbeguidedbythevisionoferadicatingextremepovertyonceandforall,inthecontextofsustainabledevelopment. Therefore,thereportdeterminedthatacentralgoalofthePost-MillenniumDevelopmentagendaistoeradicateextremepovertyby2030.However,thereportalsoemphasizedthattheMDGswerenotenoughontheirown,astheydidnot"focusonthedevastatingeffectsofconflictandviolenceondevelopment ...theimportancetodevelopmentofgoodgovernanceandinstitution ...northeneedforinclusivegrowth..."Consequently,therenowexistssynergybetweenthepolicypositionpapersputforwardbytheUnitedStates(throughUSAID),theWorldBankandtheUNitselfintermsofviewingfragilityandalackofgoodgovernanceasexacerbatingextremepoverty.However,inadeparturefromtheviewsofotherorganizations,thecommissionalsoproposedthattheUNfocusnotonlyonextremepoverty(alinedrawnat$1.25),butalsoonahighertarget,suchas$2.Thereportnotesthischangecouldbemadetoreflectthefactthatescapingextremepovertyisonlyafirststep.[47] InadditiontotheUN,ahostofothersupranationalandnationalactorssuchastheEuropeanUnionandtheAfricanUnionhavepublishedtheirownpositionsorrecommendationsonwhatshouldbeincorporatedinthePost-2015agenda.TheEuropeanCommission'scommunication,publishedinAdecentLifeforall:fromvisiontocollectiveaction,affirmedtheUN'scommitmentto"eradicateextremepovertyinourlifetimeandputtheworldonasustainablepathtoensureadecentlifeforallby2030".Auniquevisionofthereportwasthecommission'senvironmentalfocus(inadditiontoaplethoraofothergoalssuchascombatinghungerandgenderinequality).Specifically,theCommissionargued,"long-termpovertyreduction ...requiresinclusiveandsustainablegrowth.Growthshouldcreatedecentjobs,takeplacewithresourceefficiencyandwithinplanetaryboundaries,andshouldsupporteffortstomitigateclimatechange."[48]TheAfricanUnion'sreport,entitledCommonAfricanPosition(CAP)onthePost-2015DevelopmentAgenda,likewiseencouragedtheinternationalcommunitytofocusoneradicatingthetwinproblemsofpovertyandexclusioninourlifetime.Moreover,theCAPpledgedthat"noperson –regardlessofethnicity,gender,geography,disability,raceorotherstatus –isdenieduniversalhumanrightsandbasiceconomicopportunities".[49] Leastdevelopedcountryconferences[edit] UNOConference2011,onleastdevelopedcountries TheUNleastdevelopedcountry(LDC)conferenceswereaseriesofsummitsorganizedbytheUNtopromotethesubstantialandevendevelopmentoftheworld'sleastdevelopedcountries. ThefirstUNLDCConferencewasheldbetween1and14September1981,inParis,thefirstUNLDCConferencewasorganizedtofinalizetheUN's"SubstantialNewProgrammeofAction"forthe1980sinLeastDevelopedCountries.Thisprogram,whichwasunanimouslyadoptedbytheconferenceattendees,arguedforinternalreformsinLDCs(meanttoencourageeconomicgrowth)tobecomplementedbystronginternationalmeasures.However,despitethemajoreconomicandpolicyreformsinitiatedmanyoftheseLDCs,inadditiontostronginternationalaid,theeconomicsituationofthesecountriesworsenedasawholeinthe1980s.Thispromptedtheorganizationofa2ndUNLDCconferencealmostadecadelater. ThesecondUNLDCConferencewasheldbetween3and14September1990,onceagaininParis,thesecondUNLDCConferencewasconvenedtomeasuretheprogressmadebytheLDCstowardsfulfillingtheirdevelopmentgoalsduringthe1980s.RecognizingtheproblemsthatplaguedtheLDCsoverthepastdecade,theconferenceformulatedanewsetofnationalandinternationalpoliciestoacceleratethegrowthratesofthepoorestnations.Thesenewprincipleswereembodiedinthe"ParisDeclarationandProgrammeofActionfortheLeastDevelopedCountriesforthe1990s".[50] ThefourthUNLDCConferencewasthemostrecentconference.ItwasheldinMay2011inIstanbul,recognizedthatthenatureofdevelopmenthadfundamentallychangedsincethe1stconferenceheldalmost30yearsearlier.Inthe21stcentury,thecapitalflowintoemergingeconomieshasincreasinglybecomedominatedbyforeigndirectinvestmentandremittances,asopposedtobilateralandmultilateralassistance.Moreover,sincethe1980s,significantstructuralchangeshavetakenplaceontheinternationalstage.WiththecreationoftheG-20conferenceofthelargesteconomicpowers,includingmanynationsintheGlobalSouth,formerlyundevelopednationsarenowabletohaveamuchlargersayininternationalrelations.Furthermore,theconferencerecognizedthatinthemidstofadeepglobalrecession,coupledwithmultiplecrises(energy,climate,food,etc.),theinternationalcommunitywouldhavefewerresourcestoaidtheLDCs.Thus,theUNconsideredtheparticipationofawiderangeofstakeholders(notleasttheLDCsthemselves),crucialtotheformulationoftheconference. Organizationsworkingtoendextremepoverty[edit] Internationalorganizations[edit] WorldBank[edit] NationsoftheWorldBankGroup(WBG) WorldBanklogo In2013,theBoardofGovernorsoftheWorldBankGroup(WBG)settwooverridinggoalsfortheWBGtocommititselftointhefuture.First,toendextremepovertyby2030,anobjectivethatechoesthesentimentsoftheUNandtheObamaadministration.Additionally,theWBGsetaninterimtargetofreducingextremepovertytobelow9%by2020.Second,tofocusongrowthamongthebottom40%ofpeople,asopposedtostandardGDPgrowth.Thiscommitmentensuresthatthegrowthofthedevelopingworldliftspeopleoutofpoverty,ratherthanexacerbatinginequality.[35] AstheWorldBank'sprimaryfocusisondeliveringeconomicgrowthtoenableequitableprosperity,itsdevelopmentsprogramsareprimarilycommercial-basedinnature,asopposedtotheUN.SincetheWorldBankrecognizesbetterjobswillresultinhigherincome,andthuslesspoverty,theWBGseekstosupportemploymenttraininginitiatives,smallbusinessdevelopmentprogramsandstronglaborprotectionlaws.However,sincemuchofthegrowthinthedevelopingworldhasbeeninequitable,theWorldBankhasalsobegunteamingwithclientstatestomapouttrendsininequalityandtoproposepublicpolicychangesthatcanleveltheplayingfield.[51] Moreover,theWorldBankengagesinavarietyofnutritional,transferpaymentsandtransport-basedinitiatives.Childrenwhoexperienceunder-nutritionfromconceptiontotwoyearsofagehaveamuchhigherriskofphysicalandmentaldisability.Thus,theyareoftentrappedinpovertyandareunabletomakeafullcontributiontothesocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheircommunitiesasadults.TheWBGestimatesthatasmuchas3%ofGDPcanbelostasaresultofunder-nutritionamongthepoorestnations.Tocombatundernutrition,theWBGhaspartneredwithUNICEFandtheWHOtoensureallsmallchildrenarefullyfed.TheWBGalsooffersconditionalcashtransferstopoorhouseholdswhomeetcertainrequirementssuchasmaintainingchildren'shealthcareorensuringschoolattendance.Finally,theWBGunderstandsinvestmentinpublictransportationandbetterroadsiskeytobreakingruralisolation,improvingaccesstohealthcareandprovidingbetterjobopportunitiesfortheWorld'spoor.[52] UnitedNations[edit] UnitedNationsHeadquarters,Geneva UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsLogo TheUNOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs(OCHA)workstosynchronizethedisparateinternational,nationalandnon-governmentaleffortstocontestpoverty.OCHAseekstoprevent"confusion"inreliefoperationsandtoensurethatthehumanitarianresponsetodisastersituationshasgreateraccountabilityandpredictability.Todoso,OCHAhasbegundeployingHumanitarianCoordinatorsandCountryTeamstoprovideasolidarchitecturefortheinternationalcommunitytoworkthrough.[53] TheUnitedNation'sChildren'sFund(UNICEF)wascreatedbytheUNtoprovidefood,clothingandhealthcaretoEuropeanchildrenfacingfamineanddiseaseintheimmediateaftermathofWorldWarII.AftertheUNGeneralAssemblyextendedUNICEF'smandateindefinitelyin1953,itactivelyworkedtohelpchildreninextremepovertyinmorethan190countriesandterritoriestoovercometheobstaclesthatpoverty,violence,diseaseanddiscriminationplaceinachild'spath.Itscurrentfocusareasare1)Childsurvival&development2)Basiceducation&genderequality3)ChildrenandHIV/AIDSand4)Childprotection.[54] TheUNRefugeeAgency(UNHCR)ismandatedtoleadandcoordinateinternationalactiontoprotectrefugeesworldwide.Itsprimarypurposeistosafeguardtherightsofrefugeesbyensuringanyonecanexercisetherighttoseekasyluminanotherstate,withtheoptiontoreturnhomevoluntarily,integratelocallyorresettleinathirdcountry.TheUNHCRoperatesinover125countries,helpingapproximately33.9millionpersons.[55] TheWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)isthelargestagencydedicatedtofightinghungerworldwide.Onaverage,theWFPbringsfoodassistancetomorethan90millionpeoplein75countries.TheWFPnotonlystrivestopreventhungerinthepresent,butalsointhefuturebydevelopingstrongercommunitieswhichwillmakefoodevenmoresecureontheirown.TheWFPhasarangeofexpertisefromFoodSecurityAnalysis,Nutrition,FoodProcurementandLogistics.[56] TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)isresponsibleforprovidingleadershiponglobalhealthmatters,shapingthehealthresearchagenda,articulatingevidence-basedpolicydecisionsandcombatingdiseasesthatareinducedfrompoverty,suchasHIV/AIDS,malariaandtuberculosis.Moreover,theWHOdealswithpressingissuesrangingfrommanagingwatersafety,todealingwithmaternalandnewbornhealth.[57] Bilateralorganizations[edit] USAID[edit] USAIDlogo USAIDUrbanSearchandRescueteamFairfaxCountyperformssearchandrescueoperationsinHaiti,17January2010. TheUSAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)istheleadUSgovernmentagencydedicatedtoendingextremepoverty.Currentlythelargestbilateraldonorintheworld,theUnitedStateschannelsthemajorityofitsdevelopmentassistancethroughUSAIDandtheUSDepartmentofState.InPresidentObama's2013StateoftheUnionaddress,hedeclared,"SotheUnitedStateswilljoinwithouralliestoeradicatesuchextremepovertyinthenexttwodecades ...whichiswithinourreach."InresponsetoObama'scalltoaction,USAIDhasmadeendingextremepovertycentraltoitsmissionstatement.[58]UnderitsNewModelofDevelopment,USAIDseekstoeradicateextremepovertythroughtheuseofinnovationinscienceandtechnology,byputtingagreateremphasisonevidencebaseddecision-making,andthroughleveragingtheingenuityoftheprivatesectorandglobalcitizens.[59] AmajorinitiativeoftheObamaAdministrationisPowerAfrica,whichaimstobringenergyto20millionpeopleinSub-SaharanAfrica.Byreachingouttoitsinternationalpartners,whethercommercialorpublic,theUShasleveragedover$14billioninoutsidecommitmentsafterinvestingonlyUS$7billionofitsown.ToensurethatPowerAfricareachestheregion'spoorest,theinitiativeengagesinatransactionbasedapproachtocreatesystematicchange.Thisincludesexpandingaccesstoelectricitytomorethan20,000additionalhouseholdswhichalreadylivewithoutpower.[60] Intermsofspecificprogramming,USAIDworksinavarietyoffieldsfrompreventinghunger,reducingHIV/AIDS,providinggeneralhealthassistanceanddemocracyassistance,aswellasdealingwithgenderissues.Todealwithfoodsecurity,whichaffectsroughly842millionpeople(whogotobedhungryeachnight),[61]USAIDcoordinatestheFeedtheFutureInitiative(FtF).FtFaimstoreducepovertyandunder-nutritioneachby20%overfiveyears.BecauseofthePresident'sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief(PEPFAR)andavarietyofcongruentactors,theincidenceofAIDSandHIV,whichusedtoravageAfrica,reducedinscopeandintensity.ThroughPEPFAR,theUnitedStateshasensuredoverfivemillionpeoplehavereceivedlife-savingantiviraldrugs,asignificantproportionoftheeightmillionpeoplereceivingtreatmentinrelativelypoornations.[62] Intermsofgeneralhealthassistance,USAIDhasworkedtoreducematernalmortalityby30%,under-fivechildmortalityby35%,andhasaccomplishedahostofothergoals.[63]USAIDalsosupportsthegamutofdemocraticinitiatives,frompromotinghumanrightsandaccountable,fairgovernance,tosupportingfreeandfairelectionsandtheruleoflaw.Inpursuitofthesegoals,USAIDhasincreasedglobalpoliticalparticipationbytrainingmorethan9,800domesticelectionobserversandprovidingciviceducationtomorethan6.5millionpeople.[64]Since2012,theAgencyhasbegunintegratingcriticalgenderperspectivesacrossallaspectsofitsprogrammingtoensureallUSAIDinitiativesworktoeliminategenderdisparities.Todoso,USAIDseekstoincreasethecapabilityofwomenandgirlstorealizetheirrightsanddeterminetheirownlifeoutcomes.Moreover,USAIDsupportsadditionalprogramstoimprovewomen'saccesstocapitalandmarkets,buildstheirsskillsinagriculture,andsupportswomen'sdesiretoownbusinesses.[65] DfID[edit] DfIDplanecarryingOxfamsuppliesarrivinginJuba,24January2014 TheDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DfID)istheUK'sleadagencyforeradicatingextremepoverty.Todoso,DfIDfocusesonthecreationofjobs,empoweringwomen,andrapidlyrespondingtohumanitarianemergencies. SomespecificexamplesofDfIDprojectsincludegovernanceassistance,educationalinitiatives,andfundingcutting-edgeresearch.In2014alone,DfIDwillhelptoensurefreeandfairelectionsin13countries.DfIDwillalsohelpprovide10millionwomenwithaccesstojusticethroughstrengthenedjudicialsystemsandwillhelp40millionpeoplemaketheirauthoritiesmoreaccountable.By2015,DfIDwillhavehelped9millionchildrenattendprimaryschool,atleasthalfofwhichwillbegirls.[66]Furthermore,throughtheResearch4Development(R4D)project,DfIDhasfundedover35,000projectsinthenameofcreatingnewtechnologiestohelptheworld'spoorest.Thesetechnologiesinclude:vaccinesfordiseasesofAfricancattle,betterdiagnosticmethodsfortuberculosis,newdrugsforcombatingmalaria,anddevelopingflood-resistantrice.Inadditiontotechnologicalresearch,theR4Disalsousedtofundprojectsthatseektounderstandwhat,specifically,aboutgovernancestructurescanbechangedtohelptheworld'spoorest.[67] Non-GovernmentalOrganizations[edit] Amultitudeofnon-governmentalorganizationsoperateinthefieldofextremepoverty,activelyworkingtoalleviatethepoorestofthepooroftheirdeprivation.Tonamebutafewnotableorganizations:SavetheChildren,theOverseasDevelopmentInstitute,ConcernWorldwide,ONE,TrickleUpandOxfamhavealldoneaconsiderableamountofworkinextremepoverty. SavetheChildrenistheleadinginternationalorganizationdedicatedtohelpingtheworld'sindigentchildren.In2013,SavetheChildrenreachedover143millionchildrenthroughtheirwork,includingover52millionchildrendirectly.[68]SavetheChildrenalsorecentlyreleasedtheirownreporttitled"GettingtoZero",[69]inwhichtheyarguedtheinternationalcommunitycouldfeasiblydomorethanlifttheworld'spoorabove$1.25/day. TheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI)isaUKbasedthinktankoninternationaldevelopmentandhumanitarianissues.ODIisdedicatedtoalleviatingthesufferingoftheworld'spoorbyprovidinghigh-qualityresearchandpracticalpolicyadvicetotheWorld'sdevelopmentofficials.[70]ODIalsorecentlyreleasedapaperentitled,"TheChronicPovertyReport2014–2015:Theroadtozeroextremepoverty",[71]inwhichitsauthorsassertthatthoughtheinternationalcommunities'goalofendingextremepovertyby2030islaudable,muchmoretargetedresourceswillbenecessarytoreachsaidtarget.Thereportstatesthat"Toeradicateextremepoverty,massiveglobalinvestmentisrequiredinsocialassistance,educationandpro-pooresteconomicgrowth".[72] ConcernWorldwideisaninternationalhumanitarianorganizationwhosemissionistoendextremepovertybyinfluencingdecisionmakersatalllevelsofgovernment(fromlocaltointernational).[73]ConcernhasalsoproducedareportonextremepovertyinwhichtheyexplaintheirownconceptionofextremepovertyfromaNGO'sstandpoint.Inthispaper,named"HowConcernUnderstandsExtremePoverty",[74]thereport'screatorswritethatextremepovertyentailsmorethanjustlivingunder$1.25/day,italsoincludeshavingasmallnumberofassetsandbeingvulnerabletoseverenegativeshocks(whethernaturalormanmade). ONE,theorganizationco-foundedbyBono,isanon-profitorganizationfundedalmostentirelybyfoundations,individualphilanthropistsandcorporations.ONE'sgoalsincluderaisingpublicawarenessandworkingwithpoliticalleaderstofightpreventablediseases,increasegovernmentaccountabilityandincreaseinvestmentinnutrition.[75]Finally,trickleUpisamicro-enterprisedevelopmentprogramtargetedatthoselivingonunder$1.25/day,whichprovidestheindigentwithresourcestobuildasustainablelivelihoodthroughbothdirectfinancingandconsiderabletrainingefforts.[76] Oxfamisanon-governmentalorganizationthatworksprominentlyinAfrica;theirmissionistoimprovelocalcommunityorganizationsanditworkstoreduceimpedimentstothedevelopmentofthecountry.Oxfamhelpsfamiliessufferingfrompovertyreceivefoodandhealthcaretosurvive.TherearemanychildreninAfricaexperiencinggrowthstunting,andthisisoneexampleofanissuethatOxfamtargetsandaimstoresolve.[77] Campaigns[edit] GivingWhatWeCan GlobalPovertyProject LiveBelowtheLine MakePovertyHistory Seealso[edit] Listofcountriesbypercentageofpopulationlivinginpoverty Incomeinequalitymetrics Leastdevelopedcountries Povertythreshold Povertyreduction MillenniumDevelopmentGoals(2015) SustainableDevelopmentGoals(2030) References[edit] ^Roser,Max;Ortiz-Ospina,Esteban(25May2013)."GlobalExtremePoverty".OurWorldinData.Retrieved5March2020. ^"Totalpopulationlivinginextremepoverty,byworldregion".OurWorldinData.Retrieved7March2020. ^UnitedNations."ReportoftheWorldSummitforSocialDevelopment",6–12March1995.(archivedfromtheoriginalon4July2019) ^"PrinciplesandPracticeinMeasuringGlobalPoverty".TheWorldBank.13January2016.Retrieved17June2019. ^"Overview".WorldBank.Retrieved17December2019. ^LaurenceChandyandHomiKharas(2014),WhatDoNewPriceDataMeanfortheGoalofEndingExtremePoverty?,BrookingsInstitution,Washington,DC.ArticlewasreviewedinTheFinancialTimes:ShawnDonnan(9May2014),WorldBankeyesbiggestglobalpovertylineincreaseindecades ^"Indianolongerhometothelargestnumberofpoor:Study".TimeofIndia.27June2018.Retrieved21July2018. ^"Thestartofanewpovertynarrative".19June2018.Retrieved21July2018. ^"Aboutthebook".Economics&Poverty.1December2015.Retrieved10March2019. ^Zanden,JanLuitenvan;Baten,Joerg;Foldvari,Peter;Leeuwen,Basvan(July2011)."TheChangingShapeofGlobalInequality–exploringanewdataset".{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Beauchamp,Zach(14December2014)."Theworld'svictoryoverextremepoverty,inonechart".Vox.Retrieved17June2019. ^ab"PovcalNet".iresearch.worldbank.org.Retrieved10March2019. ^HumanProgress,"What19in20AmericansDon'tKnowAboutWorldPoverty,"30April2018 ^Rosling,Hans;Rönnlund,AnnaRosling;Rosling,Ola(3April2018).Factfulness:TenReasonsWe'reWrongAbouttheWorld–andWhyThingsAreBetterThanYouThink.FlatironBooks.p. 7.ISBN 9781250123817. ^abUnitedNations."Goal1:EradicateExtremePoverty&Hunger",2014. ^JosephWresinski."Grandepauvretéetprecaritééconomiqueetsociale",10–11February1987. ^LeandroDespouy."Preliminaryreportonhumanrightsandextremepoverty",2July1993. ^DaniloTürk."Preliminaryreportonthenewinternationaleconomicorderandthepromotionofhumanrights",28June1989. ^MagdalenaSepúlvedaCarmona"Finaldraftoftheguidingprinciplesonextremepovertyandhumanrights",18July2012. ^[UNHumanRightsCouncil.Resolution21/11dated27September2012.] ^"Povertyheadcountratioat$1.90aday(2011PPP)(%ofpopulation)|Data".data.worldbank.org.Retrieved23July2020. ^Page370inSala-i-Martin,Xavier."Theworlddistributionofincome:fallingpovertyandconvergenceperiod."TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics121.2(2006):351-397. ^ab"GettingtoZero:USAIDDiscussionPaper",21November2013. ^MartinRavallion(February2012)."Poor,orJustFeelingPoor?"(PDF).TheWorldBankOpenKnowledgeRepository. ^DanMorrell."WhoIsPoor?",HarvardMagazine.January–February2011. ^OPHI."Alkire-FosterMethod",2014. ^SabinaAlkireandJamesFoster."CountingandMultidimensionalPoverty",InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute. ^"GlobalMPI2018".ophi.org.uk.Retrieved10March2019. ^"Totalpopulationlivinginextremepovertybyworldregion". ^"Totalpopulationlivinginextremepovertybyworldregion".OurWorldinData.Retrieved1September2021. ^"WorldPovertyClock".worldpoverty.io.Retrieved1September2021. ^abKofiA.Annan(2000).WeThePeoples:theRoleoftheUnitedNationsinthe21stCentury(PDF).UnitedNations.ISBN 92-1-100844-1. ^abUnitedNations."TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsReport",2013. ^RajivShah."RemarksbyAdministratorRajivShahattheBrookingsInstitution:EndingExtremePoverty"Archived6July2014attheWaybackMachine,USAID.21November2013. ^abWorldBank."ProsperityforAll:EndingExtremePoverty",Spring2014. ^LaurenceChandyetal."TheFinalCountdown:ProspectsforEndingExtremePoverty"Archived28February2015attheWaybackMachine,BrookingsInstitution.April2013. ^AlexThier."AGlobalEfforttoEndExtremePoverty",USAID.22November2013. ^abWorldBank."StopConflict,ReduceFragilityandEndPoverty:DoingThingsDifferentlyinFragileandConflict-affectedSituations",2013. ^NancyLindborg."ToEndExtremePoverty,TackleFragility",USAID.13February2014. ^AndySummer."WhereWilltheWorld'sPoorLive?AnUpdateonGlobalPovertyandtheNewBottomBillion",CenterforGlobalDevelopment.September2012. ^abUSAID."EndingExtremePovertyinfragilecontexts",28January2014. ^"Populationandpoverty".www.unfpa.org.Retrieved8February2019. ^Olinto,Pedro,etal."TheStateofthePoor:WhereAreThePoor,WhereIsExtremePovertyHardertoEnd,andWhatIstheCurrentProfileoftheWorld’sPoor?."Archived19June2018attheWaybackMachineEconomicPremise125.2(2013). ^JeffreySachs."InvestinginDevelopment:APracticalPlantoAchievetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals",UnitedNations.2005. ^ThomasPogge."PovertyandHumanRights"(PDF).UnitedNationsHumanRights.Retrieved6April2015. ^"Goal1:Nopoverty".UNDP.Retrieved13April2017. ^HighLevelPanelofEminentPersons."ANewGlobalPartnership:EradicatePovertyandTransformEconomiesThroughSustainableDevelopment",UnitedNations.2013. ^"ADecentLifeforAll:FromVisiontoCollectiveAction"(PDF).EuropeanCommission.6February2014.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on29June2014. ^AfricanUnion."CommonAfricanPosition(CAP)onthePost-2015DevelopmentAgenda",2014. ^UnitedNations."ParisDeclarationandProgrammeofActionfortheLeastDevelopedCountriesforthe1900s"Archived23September2015attheWaybackMachine,1992. ^WorldBank."PovertyOverview",2014. ^WorldBank."PovertyReductioninPractice:HowandWhereWeWork",19February2013. ^"CoordinationSavesLives".OCHA.Retrieved14June2015. ^"Children'sRights&EmergencyReliefOrganization".UNICEF.Retrieved14June2015. ^"UNHCRWelcome".Retrieved14June2015. ^"FightingHungerWorldwide".UnitedNationsWorldFoodProgramme(WFP).Retrieved14June2015. ^"WorldHealthOrganization".WHO.Retrieved14June2015. ^USAID."MissionStatement",2014. ^USAID."AnnualLetter",2014. ^USAID."PowerAfrica",2014. ^FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations."TheStateofFoodInsecurityintheWorld",2013. ^USAID."EndExtremePoverty",2014. ^USAID."WhatWeDo:GlobalHealth",2014. ^USAID."WhatWeDo:Democracy,HumanRights,andGovernance"Archived14July2014attheWaybackMachine,2014. ^USAID."WhatWeDo:FosteringWomen'sLeadership",2014. ^"About–DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment".GOV.UK.Retrieved14June2015. ^DfID."ResearchatDfID" ^"SavetheChildren".SavetheChildrenInternational.Retrieved14June2015. ^"GettingtoZero"(PDF).SavetheChildren.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on24August2015.Retrieved18April2015. ^"AboutODI".Retrieved14June2015. ^TheChronicPovertyReport2014–2015:Theroadtozeroextremepoverty ^AndrewShepherd;LucyScott;ChiaraMariotti;FloraKessy;RaghavGaiha;LuciadaCorta;KatharinaHanifnia;Nidhiaicker;AmandaLenhardt;CharlesLwanga-Ntale;BinayakSen;BanditaSijapati;TimStrawson;GaneshThapa;HelenUnderhill;LeniWild(2015).ChronicPovertyReport2014–15:TheRoadtoZeroExtremePoverty.OverseasDevelopmentInstitute. ^"AboutConcern".ConcernWorldwide.Retrieved14June2015. ^"HowConcernUnderstandsExtremePoverty"(PDF). ^OneInternational."About" ^TrickleUp."OurApproach"Archived3July2014attheWaybackMachine ^"SouthAfrica-OxfamInternational".www.oxfam.org. 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