Capital punishment - Wikipedia

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a state-sanctioned practice of killing a person as a punishment for a crime. The sentence ordering ... Capitalpunishment FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch State-sanctionedpracticeofkillingahumanbeingaspunishmentforacrime NottobeconfusedwithCorporalpunishment. Severaltermsredirecthere.Forotheruses,seeDeathpenalty(disambiguation),Deathsentence(disambiguation),Execution(disambiguation)andCapitalpunishment(disambiguation). Criminalprocedure Criminaltrialsandconvictions Rightsoftheaccused Fairtrial Pre-trial Speedytrial Jurytrial Counsel Presumptionofinnocence Exclusionaryrule1 Self-incrimination Doublejeopardy2 Bail Verdict Conviction Acquittal Notproven3 Directedverdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Periodic Discharge Guidelines Totality5, 6 Dangerousoffender4, 5 Capitalpunishment Executionwarrant Cruelandunusualpunishment Imprisonment Lifeimprisonment Indefiniteimprisonment Three-strikeslaw Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff 6 Lifelicence6 Miscarriageofjustice Exoneration Pardon Recidivism Habitualoffender Sexoffenderregistry Sexuallyviolentpredatorlaws1 Relatedareasoflaw Criminaldefenses Criminallaw Evidence Civilprocedure Portals  Lawportal 1 UScourts 2 NotinEnglish/Welshcourts 3 Scottishcourts 4 English/Welshcourts 5 Canadiancourts 6 UKcourts vte Capitalpunishment,alsoknownasthedeathpenalty,isastate-sanctionedpracticeofkillingapersonasapunishmentforacrime.Thesentenceorderingthatanoffenderistobepunishedinsuchamannerisknownasadeathsentence,andtheactofcarryingoutthesentenceisknownasanexecution.Aprisonerwhohasbeensentencedtodeathandawaitsexecutioniscondemnedandiscommonlyreferredtoasbeing"ondeathrow". Crimesthatarepunishablebydeathareknownascapitalcrimes,capitaloffences,orcapitalfelonies,andvarydependingonthejurisdiction,butcommonlyincludeseriouscrimesagainstthepersonsuchasmurder,massmurder,aggravatedcasesofrape(oftenincludingchildsexualabuse),terrorism,aircrafthijacking,warcrimes,crimesagainsthumanity,andgenocide,alongwithcrimesagainstthestatesuchasattemptingtooverthrowgovernment,treason,espionage,sedition,andpiracy,amongothercrimes.Also,insomecases,actsofrecidivism,aggravatedrobbery,andkidnapping,inadditiontodrugtrafficking,drugdealing,anddrugpossession,arecapitalcrimesorenhancements. Etymologically,thetermcapital(lit."ofthehead",derivedviatheLatincapitalisfromcaput,"head")referstoexecutionbybeheading,[1]butexecutionsarecarriedoutbymanymethodsincludinghanging,shooting,lethalinjection,stoning,electrocution,andgassing. Fifty-fourcountriesretaincapitalpunishment,107countrieshavecompletelyabolisheditdejureforallcrimes,sevenhaveabolisheditforordinarycrimes(whilemaintainingitforspecialcircumstancessuchaswarcrimes),and27areabolitionistinpractice.[2][3]Althoughmostnationshaveabolishedcapitalpunishment,over60%oftheworld'spopulationliveincountrieswherethedeathpenaltyisretained,suchasChina,India,partsoftheUnitedStates,Indonesia,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Nigeria,Egypt,SaudiArabia,Iran,Japan,andTaiwan.[4][5][6][7][8] Capitalpunishmentiscontroversialinseveralcountriesandstates,andpositionscanvarywithinasinglepoliticalideologyorculturalregion.IntheEuropeanUnion(EU),Article2oftheCharterofFundamentalRightsoftheEuropeanUnionprohibitstheuseofcapitalpunishment.[9]TheCouncilofEurope,whichhas47memberstates,hassoughttoabolishtheuseofthedeathpenaltybyitsmembersabsolutely,throughProtocol13oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.However,thisonlyaffectsthosememberstateswhichhavesignedandratifiedit,andtheydonotincludeArmenia,Russia,andAzerbaijan.TheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyhasadopted,throughouttheyearsfrom2007to2020,[10]eightnon-bindingresolutionscallingforaglobalmoratoriumonexecutions,withaviewtoeventualabolition.[11] Contents 1History 1.1Ancienthistory 1.2AncientGreece 1.3AncientRome 1.4China 1.5MiddleAges 1.6Enlightenmentphilosophy 1.7Modernera 1.820thcentury 1.9Contemporaryera 2Historyofabolition 3Contemporaryuse 3.1Bycountry 3.2Modern-daypublicopinion 3.3Juvenileoffenders 3.4Methods 3.5Publicexecution 4Capitalcrime 4.1Crimesagainsthumanity 4.2Murder 4.3Drugtrafficking 4.4Otheroffences 5Controversyanddebate 5.1Retribution 5.2Humanrights 5.3Non-painfulexecution 5.4Wrongfulexecution 5.5Volunteers 5.6Racial,ethnicandsocialclassbias 5.7Internationalviews 5.8Religiousviews 6Seealso 7Notesandreferences 7.1Notes 7.1.1Explanatorynotes 7.1.2References 7.2Bibliography 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks 9.1Infavour 9.2Opposing 9.3Religiousviews History AnarchistAugusteVaillantabouttobeguillotinedinFrancein1894 ExecutionofcriminalsanddissidentshasbeenusedbynearlyallsocietiessincethebeginningofcivilizationsonEarth.[12]Untilthenineteenthcentury,withoutdevelopedprisonsystems,therewasfrequentlynoworkablealternativetoensuredeterrenceandincapacitationofcriminals.[13]Inpre-moderntimestheexecutionsthemselvesofteninvolvedtorturewithcruelandpainfulmethods,suchasthebreakingwheel,keelhauling,sawing,hanging,drawing,andquartering,burningatthestake,flaying,slowslicing,boilingalive,impalement,mazzatello,blowingfromagun,schwedentrunk,andscaphism.Othermethodswhichappearonlyinlegendincludethebloodeagleandbrazenbull. Theuseofformalexecutionextendstothebeginningofrecordedhistory.Mosthistoricalrecordsandvariousprimitivetribalpracticesindicatethatthedeathpenaltywasapartoftheirjusticesystem.Communalpunishmentsforwrongdoinggenerallyincludedbloodmoneycompensationbythewrongdoer,corporalpunishment,shunning,banishmentandexecution.Intribalsocieties,compensationandshunningwereoftenconsideredenoughasaformofjustice.[14]Theresponsetocrimescommittedbyneighbouringtribes,clansorcommunitiesincludedaformalapology,compensation,bloodfeuds,andtribalwarfare. Abloodfeudorvendettaoccurswhenarbitrationbetweenfamiliesortribesfailsoranarbitrationsystemisnon-existent.Thisformofjusticewascommonbeforetheemergenceofanarbitrationsystembasedonstateororganizedreligion.Itmayresultfromcrime,landdisputesoracodeofhonour."Actsofretaliationunderscoretheabilityofthesocialcollectivetodefenditselfanddemonstratetoenemies(aswellaspotentialallies)thatinjurytoproperty,rights,orthepersonwillnotgounpunished."[15] Inmostcountriesthatpractisecapitalpunishment,itisnowreservedformurder,terrorism,warcrimes,espionage,treason,oraspartofmilitaryjustice.Insomecountriessexualcrimes,suchasrape,fornication,adultery,incest,sodomy,andbestialitycarrythedeathpenalty,asdoreligiouscrimessuchasHudud,Zina,andQisascrimes,suchasapostasy(formalrenunciationofthestatereligion),blasphemy,moharebeh,hirabah,Fasad,Mofsed-e-filarzandwitchcraft.Inmanycountriesthatusethedeathpenalty,drugtraffickingandoftendrugpossessionisalsoacapitaloffence.InChina,humantraffickingandseriouscasesofcorruptionandfinancialcrimesarepunishedbythedeathpenalty.Inmilitariesaroundtheworldcourts-martialhaveimposeddeathsentencesforoffencessuchascowardice,desertion,insubordination,andmutiny.[16] Ancienthistory TheChristianMartyrs'LastPrayer,byJean-LéonGérôme(1883).RomanCircusMaximus. Elaborationsoftribalarbitrationoffeudsincludedpeacesettlementsoftendoneinareligiouscontextandcompensationsystem.Compensationwasbasedontheprincipleofsubstitutionwhichmightincludematerial(forexample,cattle,slaves,land)compensation,exchangeofbridesorgrooms,orpaymentoftheblooddebt.Settlementrulescouldallowforanimalbloodtoreplacehumanblood,ortransfersofpropertyorbloodmoneyorinsomecaseanofferofapersonforexecution.Thepersonofferedforexecutiondidnothavetobeanoriginalperpetratorofthecrimebecausethesocialsystemwasbasedontribesandclans,notindividuals.Bloodfeudscouldberegulatedatmeetings,suchastheNorsementhings.[17]Systemsderivingfrombloodfeudsmaysurvivealongsidemoreadvancedlegalsystemsorbegivenrecognitionbycourts(forexample,trialbycombatorbloodmoney).Oneofthemoremodernrefinementsofthebloodfeudistheduel. BeheadingofJohntheBaptist,woodcutbyJuliusSchnorrvonKarolsfeld,1860 Incertainpartsoftheworld,nationsintheformofancientrepublics,monarchiesortribaloligarchiesemerged.Thesenationswereoftenunitedbycommonlinguistic,religiousorfamilyties.Moreover,expansionofthesenationsoftenoccurredbyconquestofneighbouringtribesornations.Consequently,variousclassesofroyalty,nobility,variouscommonersandslavesemerged.Accordingly,thesystemsoftribalarbitrationweresubmergedintoamoreunifiedsystemofjusticewhichformalizedtherelationbetweenthedifferent"socialclasses"ratherthan"tribes".TheearliestandmostfamousexampleisCodeofHammurabiwhichsetthedifferentpunishmentandcompensation,accordingtothedifferentclass/groupofvictimsandperpetrators.TheTorah/OldTestamentlaysdownthedeathpenaltyformurder,[18]kidnapping,practicingmagic,violationoftheSabbath,blasphemy,andawiderangeofsexualcrimes,althoughevidencesuggeststhatactualexecutionswereexceedinglyrare.[19] AfurtherexamplecomesfromAncientGreece,wheretheAthenianlegalsystemreplacingcustomaryorallawwasfirstwrittendownbyDracoinabout621BC:thedeathpenaltywasappliedforaparticularlywiderangeofcrimes,thoughSolonlaterrepealedDraco'scodeandpublishednewlaws,retainingcapitalpunishmentonlyforintentionalhomicide,andonlywithvictim'sfamilypermission.[20]TheworddraconianderivesfromDraco'slaws.TheRomansalsousedthedeathpenaltyforawiderangeofoffences.[21] AncientGreece TheDeathofSocrates(1787),intheMetropolitanMuseumofArtinNewYorkCity. Protagoras(whosethoughtisreportedbyPlato)criticizestheprincipleofrevenge,becauseoncethedamageisdoneitcannotbecanceledbyanyaction.So,ifthedeathpenaltyistobeimposedbysociety,itisonlytoprotectthelatteragainstthecriminalorforadissuasivepurpose.[22]"TheonlyrightthatProtagorasknowsisthereforehumanright,which,establishedandsanctionedbyasovereigncollectivity,identifiesitselfwithpositiveorthelawinforceofthecity.Infact,itfindsitsguaranteeinthedeathpenaltywhichthreatensallthosewhodonotrespectit."[23][24] Plato,forhispart,sawthedeathpenaltyasameansofpurification,becausecrimesarea"defilement".ThusintheLaws,heconsiderednecessarytheexecutionoftheanimalorthedestructionoftheobjectwhichcausedthedeathofaManbyaccident.Forthemurderers,heconsideredthattheactofhomicideisnotnaturalandisnotfullyconsentedbythecriminal.Homicideisthusadiseaseofthesoul,whichmustbereeducatedasmuchaspossible,and,asalastresort,sentencetodeathifnorehabilitationispossible.[25] AccordingtoAristotle,forwhomfreewillispropertoman,thecitizenisresponsibleforhisacts.Iftherewasacrime,ajudgemustdefinethepenaltyallowingthecrimetobeannulledbycompensatingit.Thisishowpecuniarycompensationappearedforcriminalstheleastrecalcitrantandwhoserehabilitationisdeemedpossible.Butforothers,thedeathpenaltyisnecessaryaccordingtoAristotle.[26] Thisphilosophyaimsontheonehandtoprotectsocietyandontheotherhandtocompensatetocanceltheconsequencesofthecrimecommitted.ItinspiredWesterncriminallawuntilthe17thcentury,atimewhenthefirstreflectionsontheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyappeared.[27] AncientRome InancientRome,theapplicationofthedeathpenaltyagainstRomancitizenswasunusualandconsideredexceptional.Theypreferredalternativesentencesranging,dependingonthecrimeandthecriminal,fromprivateorpublicreprimandtoexile,includingtheconfiscationofhisproperty,ortorture,orevenprison,andasalastresort,death.Ahistoricdebate,followedbyavote,tookplaceintheRomanSenatetodecidethefateofCatiline'sallieswhenhetriedtotakepowerinDecember−63.thenRomanconsul,arguedinfavorofthekillingofconspiratorswithoutjudgmentbydecisionoftheSenate(Senatusconsultumultimum)andwasfollowedbythemajorityofsenators;amongtheminorityvoicesopposedtotheexecution,wemainlycountthatofJuliusCaesar.[28]ItwasquitedifferentforforeignerswhowereconsideredinferiortoRomancitizenshipandespeciallyforslaves,whowereconsideredasmovableproperty. China AlthoughmanyareexecutedinthePeople'sRepublicofChinaeachyearinthepresentday,[29]therewasatimeintheTangdynasty(618–907)whenthedeathpenaltywasabolished.[30]Thiswasintheyear747,enactedbyEmperorXuanzongofTang(r.712–756).WhenabolishingthedeathpenaltyXuanzongorderedhisofficialstorefertothenearestregulationbyanalogywhensentencingthosefoundguiltyofcrimesforwhichtheprescribedpunishmentwasexecution.ThusdependingontheseverityofthecrimeapunishmentofseverescourgingwiththethickrodorofexiletotheremoteLingnanregionmighttaketheplaceofcapitalpunishment.However,thedeathpenaltywasrestoredonly12yearslaterin759inresponsetotheAnLushanRebellion.[31]AtthistimeintheTangdynastyonlytheemperorhadtheauthoritytosentencecriminalstoexecution.UnderXuanzongcapitalpunishmentwasrelativelyinfrequent,withonly24executionsintheyear730and58executionsintheyear736.[30] ThetwomostcommonformsofexecutionintheTangdynastywerestrangulationanddecapitation,whichweretheprescribedmethodsofexecutionfor144and89offencesrespectively.Strangulationwastheprescribedsentenceforlodginganaccusationagainstone'sparentsorgrandparentswithamagistrate,schemingtokidnapapersonandsellthemintoslavery,andopeningacoffinwhiledesecratingatomb.Decapitationwasthemethodofexecutionprescribedformoreseriouscrimessuchastreasonandsedition.Despitethegreatdiscomfortinvolved,mostoftheTangChinesepreferredstrangulationtodecapitation,asaresultofthetraditionalTangChinesebeliefthatthebodyisagiftfromtheparentsandthatitis,therefore,disrespectfultoone'sancestorstodiewithoutreturningone'sbodytothegraveintact. SomefurtherformsofcapitalpunishmentwerepractisedintheTangdynasty,ofwhichthefirsttwothatfollowatleastwereextralegal.[clarificationneeded]Thefirstofthesewasscourgingtodeathwiththethickrod[clarificationneeded]whichwascommonthroughouttheTangdynastyespeciallyincasesofgrosscorruption.Thesecondwastruncation,inwhichtheconvictedpersonwascutintwoatthewaistwithafodderknifeandthenlefttobleedtodeath.[32]AfurtherformofexecutioncalledLingChi(slowslicing),ordeathby/ofathousandcuts,wasusedfromthecloseoftheTangdynasty(around900)toitsabolitionin1905. Whenaministerofthefifthgradeorabovereceivedadeathsentencetheemperormightgranthimaspecialdispensationallowinghimtocommitsuicideinlieuofexecution.Evenwhenthisprivilegewasnotgranted,thelawrequiredthatthecondemnedministerbeprovidedwithfoodandalebyhiskeepersandtransportedtotheexecutiongroundinacartratherthanhavingtowalkthere. NearlyallexecutionsundertheTangdynastytookplaceinpublicasawarningtothepopulation.Theheadsoftheexecutedweredisplayedonpolesorspears.Whenlocalauthoritiesdecapitatedaconvictedcriminal,theheadwasboxedandsenttothecapitalasproofofidentityandthattheexecutionhadtakenplace.[32] MiddleAges ThebreakingwheelwasusedduringtheMiddleAgesandwasstillinuseintothe19thcentury. InmedievalandearlymodernEurope,beforethedevelopmentofmodernprisonsystems,thedeathpenaltywasalsousedasageneralizedformofpunishmentforevenminoroffences.DuringthereignofKingHenryVIIIofEngland,asmanyas72,000peopleareestimatedtohavebeenexecutedinthecountry.[33] InearlymodernEurope,amassivemoralpanicregardingwitchcraftsweptacrossEuropeandlatertheEuropeancoloniesinNorthAmerica.Duringthisperiod,therewerewidespreadclaimsthatmalevolentSatanicwitcheswereoperatingasanorganizedthreattoChristendom.Asaresult,tensofthousandsofwomenwereprosecutedforwitchcraftandexecutedthroughthewitchtrialsoftheearlymodernperiod(betweenthe15thand18thcenturies). TheburningofJakobRohrbach,aleaderofthepeasantsduringtheGermanPeasants'War. Thedeathpenaltyalsotargetedsexualoffencessuchassodomy.IntheearlyhistoryofIslam(7th-11thcenturies),thereisanumberof"purported(butmutuallyinconsistent)reports"(athar)regardingthepunishmentsofsodomyorderedbysomeoftheearlycaliphs.[34][35]AbuBakr,thefirstcaliphoftheRashidunCaliphate,apparentlyrecommendedtopplingawallontheculprit,orelseburninghimalive,[35]whileAliibnAbiTalibissaidtohaveordereddeathbystoningforonesodomiteandhadanotherthrownhead-firstfromthetopofthehighestbuildinginthetown;accordingtoIbnAbbas,thelatterpunishmentmustbefollowedbystoning.[35][36]OthermedievalMuslimleaders,suchastheAbbasidcaliphsinBaghdad(mostnotablyal-Mu'tadid),wereoftencruelintheirpunishments.[37][page needed]InearlymodernEngland,theBuggeryAct1533stipulatedhangingaspunishmentfor"buggery".JamesPrattandJohnSmithwerethelasttwoEnglishmentobeexecutedforsodomyin1835.[38] HistoriansrecognizethatduringtheEarlyMiddleAges,theChristianpopulationslivinginthelandsinvadedbytheArabMuslimarmiesbetweenthe7thand10thcenturiessufferedreligiousdiscrimination,religiouspersecution,religiousviolence,andmartyrdommultipletimesatthehandsofArabMuslimofficialsandrulers.[39][40]AsPeopleoftheBook,ChristiansunderMuslimruleweresubjectedtodhimmistatus(alongwithJews,Samaritans,Gnostics,Mandeans,andZoroastrians),whichwasinferiortothestatusofMuslims.[40][41][42]Christiansandotherreligiousminoritiesthusfacedreligiousdiscriminationandreligiouspersecutioninthattheywerebannedfromproselytising(forChristians,itwasforbiddentoevangelizeorspreadChristianity)inthelandsinvadedbytheArabMuslimsonpainofdeath,theywerebannedfrombearingarms,undertakingcertainprofessions,andwereobligatedtodressdifferentlyinordertodistinguishthemselvesfromArabs.[41]Undersharia,Non-Muslimswereobligatedtopayjizyaandkharajtaxes,[40][41][42]togetherwithperiodicheavyransomlevieduponChristiancommunitiesbyMuslimrulersinordertofundmilitarycampaigns,allofwhichcontributedasignificantproportionofincometotheIslamicstateswhileconverselyreducingmanyChristianstopoverty,andthesefinancialandsocialhardshipsforcedmanyChristianstoconverttoIslam.[41]ChristiansunabletopaythesetaxeswereforcedtosurrendertheirchildrentotheMuslimrulersaspaymentwhowouldsellthemasslavestoMuslimhouseholdswheretheywereforcedtoconverttoIslam.[41]ManyChristianmartyrswereexecutedundertheIslamicdeathpenaltyfordefendingtheirChristianfaiththroughdramaticactsofresistancesuchasrefusingtoconverttoIslam,repudiationoftheIslamicreligionandsubsequentreconversiontoChristianity,andblasphemytowardsMuslimbeliefs.[39] Despitethewideuseofthedeathpenalty,callsforreformwerenotunknown.The12th-centuryJewishlegalscholarMosesMaimonideswrote:"Itisbetterandmoresatisfactorytoacquitathousandguiltypersonsthantoputasingleinnocentmantodeath."Hearguedthatexecutinganaccusedcriminalonanythinglessthanabsolutecertaintywouldleadtoaslipperyslopeofdecreasingburdensofproof,untilwewouldbeconvictingmerely"accordingtothejudge'scaprice".Maimonides'sconcernwasmaintainingpopularrespectforlaw,andhesawerrorsofcommissionasmuchmorethreateningthanerrorsofomission.[43] Enlightenmentphilosophy WhileduringtheMiddleAgestheexpiatoryaspectofthedeathpenaltywastakenintoaccount,thisisnolongerthecaseundertheLumières.Thesedefinetheplaceofmanwithinsocietynolongeraccordingtoadivinerule,butasacontractestablishedatbirthbetweenthecitizenandthesociety,itisthesocialcontract.Fromthatmomenton,capitalpunishmentshouldbeseenasusefultosocietythroughitsdissuasiveeffect,butalsoasameansofprotectionofthelattervis-à-viscriminals.[citationneeded] Modernera AntiportaofDeidelittiedellepene(OnCrimesandPunishments),1766ed. Inthelastseveralcenturies,withtheemergenceofmodernnationstates,justicecametobeincreasinglyassociatedwiththeconceptofnaturalandlegalrights.Theperiodsawanincreaseinstandingpoliceforcesandpermanentpenitentialinstitutions.Rationalchoicetheory,autilitarianapproachtocriminologywhichjustifiespunishmentasaformofdeterrenceasopposedtoretribution,canbetracedbacktoCesareBeccaria,whoseinfluentialtreatiseOnCrimesandPunishments(1764)wasthefirstdetailedanalysisofcapitalpunishmenttodemandtheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.[44]InEnglandJeremyBentham(1748–1832),thefounderofmodernutilitarianism,calledfortheabolitionofthedeathpenalty.[45]Beccaria,andlaterCharlesDickensandKarlMarxnotedtheincidenceofincreasedviolentcriminalityatthetimesandplacesofexecutions.Officialrecognitionofthisphenomenonledtoexecutionsbeingcarriedoutinsideprisons,awayfrompublicview. InEnglandinthe18thcentury,whentherewasnopoliceforce,Parliamentdrasticallyincreasedthenumberofcapitaloffencestomorethan200.Theseweremainlypropertyoffences,forexamplecuttingdownacherrytreeinanorchard.[46]In1820,therewere160,includingcrimessuchasshoplifting,pettytheftorstealingcattle.[47]Theseverityoftheso-calledBloodyCodewasoftentemperedbyjurieswhorefusedtoconvict,orjudges,inthecaseofpettytheft,whoarbitrarilysetthevaluestolenatbelowthestatutorylevelforacapitalcrime.[48] 20thcentury Mexicanexecutionbyfiringsquad,1916 InNaziGermanytherewerethreetypesofcapitalpunishment;hanging,decapitationanddeathbyshooting.[49]Also,modernmilitaryorganisationsemployedcapitalpunishmentasameansofmaintainingmilitarydiscipline.Inthepast,cowardice,absencewithoutleave,desertion,insubordination,shirkingunderenemyfireanddisobeyingorderswereoftencrimespunishablebydeath(seedecimationandrunningthegauntlet).Onemethodofexecution,sincefirearmscameintocommonuse,hasalsobeenfiringsquad,althoughsomecountriesuseexecutionwithasingleshottotheheadorneck. 50PolestriedandsentencedtodeathbyaStandgerichtinretaliationfortheassassinationof1GermanpolicemaninNazi-occupiedPoland,1944 Variousauthoritarianstates—forexamplethosewithFascistorCommunistgovernments—employedthedeathpenaltyasapotentmeansofpoliticaloppression.[citationneeded]AccordingtoRobertConquest,theleadingexpertonJosephStalin'spurges,morethanonemillionSovietcitizenswereexecutedduringtheGreatPurgeof1937–38,almostallbyabullettothebackofthehead.[50][better source needed]MaoZedongpubliclystatedthat"800,000"peoplehadbeenexecutedinChinaduringtheCulturalRevolution(1966–1976).Partlyasaresponsetosuchexcesses,civilrightsorganizationsstartedtoplaceincreasingemphasisontheconceptofhumanrightsandanabolitionofthedeathpenalty.[citationneeded] Contemporaryera Bycontinent,allEuropeanstatesbutonehaveabolishedcapitalpunishment;[note1]manyOceanianstateshaveabolishedit;[note2]moststatesintheAmericashaveabolisheditsuse,[note3]whileafewactivelyretainit;[note4]lessthanhalfofcountriesinAfricaretainit;[note5]andthemajorityofcountriesinAsiaretainit.[note6] Abolitionwasoftenadoptedduetopoliticalchange,aswhencountriesshiftedfromauthoritarianismtodemocracy,orwhenitbecameanentryconditionfortheEU.TheUnitedStatesisanotableexception:somestateshavehadbansoncapitalpunishmentfordecades,theearliestbeingMichiganwhereitwasabolishedin1846,whileotherstatesstillactivelyuseittoday.ThedeathpenaltyintheUnitedStatesremainsacontentiousissuewhichishotlydebated. Inretentionistcountries,thedebateissometimesrevivedwhenamiscarriageofjusticehasoccurredthoughthistendstocauselegislativeeffortstoimprovethejudicialprocessratherthantoabolishthedeathpenalty.Inabolitionistcountries,thedebateissometimesrevivedbyparticularlybrutalmurdersthoughfewcountrieshavebroughtitbackafterabolishingit.However,aspikeinserious,violentcrimes,suchasmurdersorterroristattacks,haspromptedsomecountriestoeffectivelyendthemoratoriumonthedeathpenalty.OnenotableexampleisPakistanwhichinDecember2014liftedasix-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsafterthePeshawarschoolmassacreduringwhich132studentsand9membersofstaffoftheArmyPublicSchoolandDegreeCollegePeshawarwerekilledbyTalibanterrorists.Sincethen,Pakistanhasexecutedover400convicts.[51] In2017twomajorcountries,TurkeyandthePhilippines,sawtheirexecutivesmakingmovestoreinstatethedeathpenalty.[52]Inthesameyear,passageofthelawinthePhilippinesfailedtoobtaintheSenate'sapproval.[53] OnDecember29,2021,aftera20-yearmoratorium,theKazakhstangovernmentenactedthe'OnAmendmentsandAdditionstoCertainLegislativeActsoftheRepublicofKazakhstanontheAbolitionoftheDeathPenalty'signedbyPresidentKassym-JomartTokayevaspartofseriesofOmnibusreformationsoftheKazaklegalsystem'ListeningState'initiative.[54] Historyofabolition Seealso:Useofcapitalpunishmentbycountry§ Abolitionchronology EmperorShomubannedthedeathpenaltyinJapanin724. In724inJapan,thedeathpenaltywasbannedduringthereignofEmperorShōmubuttheabolitiononlylastedafewyears.[55]In818,EmperorSagaabolishedthedeathpenaltyundertheinfluenceofShintoanditlasteduntil1156.[56]InChina,thedeathpenaltywasbannedbyEmperorXuanzongofTangin747,replacingitwithexileorscourging.However,thebanonlylasted12years.[55] InEngland,apublicstatementofoppositionwasincludedinTheTwelveConclusionsoftheLollards,writtenin1395.SirThomasMore'sUtopia,publishedin1516,debatedthebenefitsofthedeathpenaltyindialogueform,comingtonofirmconclusion.Morewashimselfexecutedfortreasonin1535. PeterLeopoldIIabolishedthedeathpenaltythroughoutTuscanyin1786,makingitthefirstnationinmodernhistorytodoso. MorerecentoppositiontothedeathpenaltystemmedfromthebookoftheItalianCesareBeccariaDeiDelittieDellePene("OnCrimesandPunishments"),publishedin1764.Inthisbook,Beccariaaimedtodemonstratenotonlytheinjustice,buteventhefutilityfromthepointofviewofsocialwelfare,oftortureandthedeathpenalty.Influencedbythebook,GrandDukeLeopoldIIofHabsburg,thefutureEmperorofAustria,abolishedthedeathpenaltyinthethen-independentGrandDuchyofTuscany,thefirstpermanentabolitioninmoderntimes.On30November1786,afterhavingdefactoblockedexecutions(thelastwasin1769),Leopoldpromulgatedthereformofthepenalcodethatabolishedthedeathpenaltyandorderedthedestructionofalltheinstrumentsforcapitalexecutioninhisland.In2000,Tuscany'sregionalauthoritiesinstitutedanannualholidayon30Novembertocommemoratetheevent.Theeventiscommemoratedonthisdayby300citiesaroundtheworldcelebratingCitiesforLifeDay.IntheUnitedKingdom,itwasabolishedformurder(leavingonlytreason,piracywithviolence,arsoninroyaldockyardsandanumberofwartimemilitaryoffencesascapitalcrimes)forafive-yearexperimentin1965andpermanentlyin1969,thelastexecutionhavingtakenplacein1964.Itwasabolishedforallpeacetimeoffencesin1998.[57] Inthepost-classicalRepublicofPoljicalifewasensuredasabasicrightinitsPoljicaStatuteof1440.Theshort-livedrevolutionaryRomanRepublicbannedcapitalpunishmentin1849.Venezuelafollowedsuitandabolishedthedeathpenaltyin1863[58]andSanMarinodidsoin1865.ThelastexecutioninSanMarinohadtakenplacein1468.InPortugal,afterlegislativeproposalsin1852and1863,thedeathpenaltywasabolishedin1867.ThelastexecutioninBrazilwas1876;fromthenonallthecondemnationswerecommutedbytheEmperorPedroIIuntilitsabolitionforciviloffencesandmilitaryoffencesinpeacetimein1891.Thepenaltyforcrimescommittedinpeacetimewasthenreinstatedandabolishedagaintwice(1938–1953and1969–1978),butonthoseoccasionsitwasrestrictedtoactsofterrorismorsubversionconsidered"internalwarfare"andallsentenceswerecommutedandnotcarriedout. AbolitionoccurredinCanadain1976(exceptforsomemilitaryoffences,withcompleteabolitionin1998);inFrancein1981;andinAustraliain1973(althoughthestateofWesternAustraliaretainedthepenaltyuntil1984).InSouthAustralia,underthepremiershipofthen-PremierDunstan,theCriminalLawConsolidationAct1935(SA)wasmodifiedsothatthedeathsentencewaschangedtolifeimprisonmentin1976. In1977,theUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyaffirmedinaformalresolutionthatthroughouttheworld,itisdesirableto"progressivelyrestrictthenumberofoffencesforwhichthedeathpenaltymightbeimposed,withaviewtothedesirabilityofabolishingthispunishment".[59] IntheUnitedStates,Michiganwasthefirststatetobanthedeathpenalty,on18May1846.[60]Thedeathpenaltywasdeclaredunconstitutionalbetween1972and1976basedontheFurmanv.Georgiacase,butthe1976Greggv.Georgiacaseonceagainpermittedthedeathpenaltyundercertaincircumstances.FurtherlimitationswereplacedonthedeathpenaltyinAtkinsv.Virginia(2002;deathpenaltyunconstitutionalforpeoplewithanintellectualdisability)andRoperv.Simmons(2005;deathpenaltyunconstitutionalifdefendantwasunderage18atthetimethecrimewascommitted).IntheUnitedStates,23statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabancapitalpunishment. Manycountrieshaveabolishedcapitalpunishmenteitherinlaworinpractice.SinceWorldWarIItherehasbeenatrendtowardabolishingcapitalpunishment.Capitalpunishmenthasbeencompletelyabolishedby108countries,afurthersevenhavedonesoforalloffencesexceptunderspecialcircumstancesand26morehaveabolisheditinpracticebecausetheyhavenotuseditforatleast10yearsandarebelievedtohaveapolicyorestablishedpracticeagainstcarryingoutexecutions.[61] Contemporaryuse Bycountry Mainarticle:Capitalpunishmentbycountry Mostcountries,includingalmostallFirstWorldnations,haveabolishedcapitalpunishmenteitherinlaworinpractice;notableexceptionsaretheUnitedStates,Japan,Taiwan,andSingapore.Additionally,capitalpunishmentisalsocarriedoutinChina,India,andmostIslamicstates.[62][63][64][65][66][67] SinceWorldWarII,therehasbeenatrendtowardabolishingthedeathpenalty.54countriesretainthedeathpenaltyinactiveuse,108countrieshaveabolishedcapitalpunishmentaltogether,7havedonesoforalloffencesexceptunderspecialcircumstances,and26morehaveabolisheditinpracticebecausetheyhavenotuseditforatleast10yearsandarebelievedtohaveapolicyorestablishedpracticeagainstcarryingoutexecutions.[2] AccordingtoAmnestyInternational,18countriesareknowntohaveperformedexecutionsin2020.[3]Therearecountrieswhichdonotpublishinformationontheuseofcapitalpunishment,mostsignificantlyChinaandNorthKorea.AccordingtoAmnestyInternational,around1,000prisonerswereexecutedin2017.[68]   Abolitionistcountries:108   Abolitionist-in-practicecountries(haveexecutednobodyduringthelast14ormoreyears),andabolitionist-in-lawforallcrimesexceptthosecommittedunderexceptionalcircumstances(suchascrimescommittedinwartime):7   Abolitionist-in-practicecountries(havenotexecutedanyoneduringthepast10yearsormoreandarebelievedtohaveapolicyorestablishedpracticeofnotcarryingoutexecutions):26  Retentionistcountries:54 Numberofabolitionistandretentionistcountriesbyyear  Numberofretentionistcountries  Numberofabolitionistcountries Country Totalexecuted(2021)[69]  Iran 353  Egypt 82  SaudiArabia 64  Syria 37  Somalia 22  Iraq 21  Yemen 17  UnitedStates 11  China 6+  Bangladesh 3  Botswana 3  Japan 3  SouthSudan 1  Vietnam Unknown  NorthKorea Unknown AmapshowingU.S.stateswherethedeathpenaltyisauthorizedforcertaincrimes,evenifnotrecentlyused.Thedeathpenaltyisalsoauthorizedforcertainfederalandmilitarycrimes.  Stateswithavaliddeathpenaltystatute  Stateswithoutthedeathpenalty TheuseofthedeathpenaltyisbecomingincreasinglyrestrainedinsomeretentionistcountriesincludingTaiwanandSingapore.[70]IndonesiacarriedoutnoexecutionsbetweenNovember2008andMarch2013.[71]Singapore,JapanandtheUnitedStatesaretheonlydevelopedcountriesthatareclassifiedbyAmnestyInternationalas'retentionist'(SouthKoreaisclassifiedas'abolitionistinpractice').[72][73]NearlyallretentionistcountriesaresituatedinAsia,AfricaandtheCaribbean.[72]TheonlyretentionistcountryinEuropeisBelarus.Thedeathpenaltywasoverwhelminglypractisedinpoorandauthoritarianstates,whichoftenemployedthedeathpenaltyasatoolofpoliticaloppression.[citationneeded]Duringthe1980s,thedemocratisationofLatinAmericaswelledtheranksofabolitionistcountries.[citationneeded] ThiswassoonfollowedbythefallofCommunisminEurope.ManyofthecountrieswhichrestoreddemocracyaspiredtoentertheEU.TheEUandtheCouncilofEuropebothstrictlyrequirememberstatesnottopractisethedeathpenalty(seeCapitalpunishmentinEurope).PublicsupportforthedeathpenaltyintheEUvaries.[74]Thelastexecutioninamemberstateofthepresent-dayCouncilofEuropetookplacein1997inUkraine.[75][76]Incontrast,therapidindustrialisationinAsiahasseenanincreaseinthenumberofdevelopedcountrieswhicharealsoretentionist.Inthesecountries,thedeathpenaltyretainsstrongpublicsupport,andthematterreceiveslittleattentionfromthegovernmentorthemedia;inChinathereisasmallbutsignificantandgrowingmovementtoabolishthedeathpenaltyaltogether.[77]ThistrendhasbeenfollowedbysomeAfricanandMiddleEasterncountrieswheresupportforthedeathpenaltyremainshigh. Somecountrieshaveresumedpractisingthedeathpenaltyafterhavingpreviouslysuspendedthepracticeforlongperiods.TheUnitedStatessuspendedexecutionsin1972butresumedthemin1976;therewasnoexecutioninIndiabetween1995and2004;andSriLankadeclaredanendtoitsmoratoriumonthedeathpenaltyon20November2004,[78]althoughithasnotyetperformedanyfurtherexecutions.ThePhilippinesre-introducedthedeathpenaltyin1993afterabolishingitin1987,butagainabolisheditin2006.[79] TheUnitedStatesandJapanaretheonlydevelopedcountriestohaverecentlycarriedoutexecutions.TheU.S.federalgovernment,theU.S.military,and27stateshaveavaliddeathpenaltystatute,andover1,400executionshavebeencarriedintheUnitedStatessinceitreinstatedthedeathpenaltyin1976.Japanhas107inmateswithfinalizeddeathsentencesasofDecember 21,2021[update],afterexecutingthreeinmatesincludingYasutakaFujishiro,whowaschargedwithkillingsevenofhisrelativesinKakogawa,Hyōgoprefecture,in2004.[80] ThemostrecentcountrytoabolishthedeathpenaltywasKazakhstanon2January2021afteramoratoriumdatingback2decades.[81][82] AccordingtoanAmnestyInternationalreportreleasedinApril2020,Egyptrankedregionallythirdandgloballyfifthamongthecountriesthatcarriedoutmostexecutionsin2019.Thecountryincreasinglybecameignorantofinternationalhumanrightsconcernsandcriticism.InMarch2021,Egyptexecuted11prisonersinajail,whowereconvictedincasesof"murder,theft,andshooting".[83] AccordingtoAmnestyInternational's2021report,atleast483peoplewereexecutedin2020despitetheCOVID-19pandemic.Thefigureexcludedthecountriesthatclassifydeathpenaltydataasstatesecret.Thetopfiveexecutionersfor2020wereChina,Iran,Egypt,IraqandSaudiArabia.[84] Modern-daypublicopinion Thepublicopiniononthedeathpenaltyvariesconsiderablybycountryandbythecrimeinquestion.CountrieswhereamajorityofpeopleareagainstexecutionincludeNorway,whereonly25%areinfavour.[85]MostFrench,Finns,andItaliansalsoopposethedeathpenalty.[86]A2020Galluppollshowsthat55%ofAmericanssupportthedeathpenaltyforanindividualconvictedofmurder,downfrom60%in2016,64%in2010,65%in2006,and68%in2001.[87][88][89][90]In2020,43%ofItaliansexpressedsupportforthedeathpenalty.[91][92][93] InTaiwan,pollsandresearchhaveconsistentlyshownstrongsupportforthedeathpenaltyat80%.ThisincludesasurveyconductedbytheNationalDevelopmentCouncilofTaiwanin2016,showingthat88%ofTaiwanesepeopledisagreewithabolishingthedeathpenalty.[94][95][96]Itscontinuationofthepracticedrewcriticismfromlocalrightsgroups.[97] ThesupportandsentencingofcapitalpunishmenthasbeengrowinginIndiainthe2010s[98]duetoangeroverseveralrecentbrutalcasesofrape,eventhoughactualexecutionsarecomparativelyrare.[98]WhilesupportforthedeathpenaltyformurderisstillhighinChina,executionshavedroppedprecipitously,with3,000executedin2012versus12,000in2002.[99]ApollinSouthAfrica,wherecapitalpunishmentisabolished,foundthat76%ofmillennialSouthAfricanssupportre-introductionofthedeathpenaltyduetoincreasingincidentsofrapeandmurder.[100][101] A2017pollfoundyoungerMexicansaremorelikelytosupportcapitalpunishmentthanolderones.[102]57%ofBrazilianssupportthedeathpenalty.Theagegroupthatshowsthegreatestsupportforexecutionofthosecondemnedisthe25to34-year-oldcategory,inwhich61%saytheyareinfavor.[103] Juvenileoffenders Seealso:Category:Executedjuvenileoffenders Thedeathpenaltyforjuvenileoffenders(criminalsagedunder18yearsatthetimeoftheircrimealthoughthelegaloraccepteddefinitionofjuvenileoffendermayvaryfromonejurisdictiontoanother)hasbecomeincreasinglyrare.ConsideringtheAgeofMajorityisstillnot18insomecountriesorhasnotbeenclearlydefinedinlaw,since1990tencountrieshaveexecutedoffenderswhowereconsideredjuvenilesatthetimeoftheircrimes:ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC),Bangladesh,DemocraticRepublicofCongo,Iran,Iraq,Japan,Nigeria,Pakistan,SaudiArabia,Sudan,theUnitedStates,andYemen.[104]China,Pakistan,theUnitedStates,YemenandSaudiArabiahavesinceraisedtheminimumageto18.[105][106]AmnestyInternationalhasrecorded61verifiedexecutionssincethen,inseveralcountries,ofbothjuvenilesandadultswhohadbeenconvictedofcommittingtheiroffencesasjuveniles.[107]ThePRCdoesnotallowfortheexecutionofthoseunder18,butchildexecutionshavereportedlytakenplace.[108] MotherCatherineCauchés(center)andhertwodaughtersGuillemineGilbert(left)andPerotineMassey(right)withherinfantsonburningforheresy OneoftheyoungestchildrenevertobeexecutedwastheinfantsonofPerotineMasseyonoraround18July1556.HismotherwasoneoftheGuernseyMartyrswhowasexecutedforheresy,andhisfatherhadpreviouslyfledtheisland.Atlessthanonedayold,hewasorderedtobeburnedbyBailiffHellierGosselin,withtheadviceofpriestsnearbywhosaidtheboyshouldburnduetohavinginheritedmoralstainfromhismother,whohadgivenbirthduringherexecution.[109] Startingfrom1642inColonialAmericauntilthepresentdayintheUnitedStates,anestimated365[110]juvenileoffenderswereexecutedbyvariouscolonialauthoritiesand(aftertheAmericanRevolution)thefederalgovernment.[111]TheU.S.SupremeCourtabolishedcapitalpunishmentforoffendersundertheageof16inThompsonv.Oklahoma(1988),andforalljuvenilesinRoperv.Simmons(2005). InPrussia,childrenundertheageof14wereexemptedfromthedeathpenaltyin1794.[112]CapitalpunishmentwascancelledbytheElectorateofBavariain1751forchildrenundertheageof11[113]andbytheKingdomofBavariain1813forchildrenandyouthunder16years.[114]InPrussia,theexemptionwasextendedtoyouthundertheageof16in1851.[115]Forthefirsttime,alljuvenileswereexcludedforthedeathpenaltybytheNorthGermanConfederationin1871,[116]whichwascontinuedbytheGermanEmpirein1872.[117]InNaziGermany,capitalpunishmentwasreinstatedforjuvenilesbetween16and17yearsin1939.[118]Thiswasbroadenedtochildrenandyouthfromage12to17in1943.[119]ThedeathpenaltyforjuvenileswasabolishedbyWestGermany,alsogenerally,in1949andbyEastGermanyin1952. IntheHereditaryLands,AustrianSilesia,BohemiaandMoraviawithintheHabsburgMonarchy,capitalpunishmentforchildrenundertheageof11wasnolongerforeseenby1770.[120]Thedeathpenaltywas,alsoforjuveniles,nearlyabolishedin1787exceptforemergencyormilitarylaw,whichisunclearinregardofthose.Itwasreintroducedforjuvenilesabove14yearsby1803,[121]andwasraisedbygeneralcriminallawto20yearsin1852[122]andthisexemption[123]andthealikeoneofmilitarylawin1855,[124]whichmayhavebeenupto14yearsinwartime,[125]werealsointroducedintoalloftheAustrianEmpire. IntheHelveticRepublic,thedeathpenaltyforchildrenandyouthundertheageof16wasabolishedin1799[126]yetthecountrywasalreadydissolvedin1803whereasthelawcouldremaininforceifitwasnotreplacedoncantonallevel.InthecantonofBern,alljuvenileswereexemptedfromthedeathpenaltyatleastin1866.[127]InFribourg,capitalpunishmentwasgenerally,includingforjuveniles,abolishedby1849.InTicino,itwasabolishedforyouthandyoungadultsundertheageof20in1816.[128]InZurich,theexclusionfromthedeathpenaltywasextendedforjuvenilesandyoungadultsupto19yearsofageby1835.[129]In1942,thedeathpenaltywasalmostdeletedincriminallaw,aswellforjuveniles,butsince1928persistedinmilitarylawduringwartimeforyouthabove14years.[130]Ifnoearlierchangewasmadeinthegivensubject,by1979juvenilescouldnolongerbesubjecttothedeathpenaltyinmilitarylawduringwartime.[131] Between2005andMay2008,Iran,Pakistan,SaudiArabia,SudanandYemenwerereportedtohaveexecutedchildoffenders,thelargestnumberoccurringinIran.[132] DuringHassanRouhani'stenureaspresidentofIranfrom2013till2021,atleast3,602deathsentenceshavebeencarriedout.Thisincludestheexecutionsof34juvenileoffenders.[133][134] TheUnitedNationsConventionontheRightsoftheChild,whichforbidscapitalpunishmentforjuvenilesunderarticle37(a),hasbeensignedbyallcountriesandsubsequentlyratifiedbyallsignatorieswiththeexceptionoftheUnitedStates(despitetheUSSupremeCourtdecisionsabolishingthepractice).[135]TheUNSub-CommissiononthePromotionandProtectionofHumanRightsmaintainsthatthedeathpenaltyforjuvenileshasbecomecontrarytoajuscogensofcustomaryinternationallaw.AmajorityofcountriesarealsopartytotheU.N.InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(whoseArticle6.5alsostatesthat"Sentenceofdeathshallnotbeimposedforcrimescommittedbypersonsbeloweighteenyearsofage..."). Iran,despiteitsratificationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChildandInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,wastheworld'slargestexecutionerofjuvenileoffenders,forwhichithasbeenthesubjectofbroadinternationalcondemnation;thecountry'srecordisthefocusoftheStopChildExecutionsCampaign.Buton10February2012,Iran'sparliamentchangedcontroversiallawsrelatingtotheexecutionofjuveniles.Inthenewlegislationtheageof18(solaryear)wouldbeappliedtoaccusedofbothgendersandjuvenileoffendersmustbesentencedpursuanttoaseparatelawspecificallydealingwithjuveniles.[105][106]BasedontheIslamiclawwhichnowseemstohavebeenrevised,girlsattheageof9andboysat15oflunaryear(11daysshorterthanasolaryear)aredeemedfullyresponsiblefortheircrimes.[105]Iranaccountedfortwo-thirdsoftheglobaltotalofsuchexecutions,andcurrently[needsupdate]hasapproximately140peopleconsideredasjuvenilesawaitingexecutionforcrimescommitted(upfrom71in2007).[136][137]ThepastexecutionsofMahmoudAsgari,AyazMarhoniandMakwanMoloudzadehbecamethefocusofIran'schildcapitalpunishmentpolicyandthejudicialsystemthathandsdownsuchsentences.[138][139] SaudiArabiaalsoexecutescriminalswhowereminorsatthetimeoftheoffence.[140][141]In2013,SaudiArabiawasthecenterofaninternationalcontroversyafteritexecutedRizanaNafeek,aSriLankandomesticworker,whowasbelievedtohavebeen17yearsoldatthetimeofthecrime.[142]SaudiArabiabannedexecutionforminors,exceptforterrorismcases,inApril2020.[143] JapanhasnotexecutedjuvenilecriminalsafterAugust1997,whentheyexecutedNorioNagayama,aspreekillerwhohadbeenconvictedofshootingfourpeopledeadinthelate1960s.Nagayama'scasecreatedtheeponymouslynamedNagayamastandards,whichtakeintoaccountfactorssuchasthenumberofvictims,brutalityandsocialimpactofthecrimes.Thestandardshavebeenusedindeterminingwhethertoapplythedeathsentenceinmurdercases.TeruhikoSeki,convictedofmurderingfourfamilymembersincludinga4-year-olddaughterandrapinga15-year-olddaughterofafamilyin1992,becamethesecondinmatetobehangedforacrimecommittedasaminorinthefirstsuchexecutionin20yearsafterNagayamaon19December2017.[144]TakayukiOtsuki,whowasconvictedofrapingandstranglinga23-year-oldwomanandsubsequentlystranglingher11-month-olddaughtertodeathon14April1999,whenhewas18,isanotherinmatesentencedtodeath,andhisrequestforretrialhasbeenrejectedbytheSupremeCourtofJapan.[145] ThereisevidencethatchildexecutionsaretakingplaceinthepartsofSomaliacontrolledbytheIslamicCourtsUnion(ICU).InOctober2008,agirl,AishaIbrahimDhuhulowwasburieduptoherneckatafootballstadium,thenstonedtodeathinfrontofmorethan1,000people.Somalia'sestablishedTransitionalFederalGovernmentannouncedinNovember2009(reiteratedin2013)[146]thatitplanstoratifytheConventionontheRightsoftheChild.ThismovewaslaudedbyUNICEFasawelcomeattempttosecurechildren'srightsinthecountry.[147] Methods Mainarticle:Listofmethodsofcapitalpunishment TheRedGuardprisonersarebeingexecutedbytheWhitesinVarkaus,NorthSavonia,duringthe1918FinnishCivilWar. Thefollowingmethodsofexecutionhavebeenusedbyvariouscountries:[148][149][150][151][152] Hanging(Afghanistan,Iran,Iraq,Japan,SouthKorea,Malaysia,Nigeria,Sudan,Pakistan,PalestinianNationalAuthority,Israel,Yemen,Egypt,India,Myanmar,Singapore,SriLanka,Syria,UAE,Zimbabwe,Malawi,Liberia) Shooting(thePeople'sRepublicofChina,RepublicofChina,Vietnam,Belarus,Ethiopia,Nigeria,Somalia,NorthKorea,Indonesia,UAE,SaudiArabia,Bahrain,Qatar,Yemen,andintheUSstatesofOklahomaandUtah). Lethalinjection(UnitedStates,Guatemala,Thailand,thePeople'sRepublicofChina,Vietnam) Beheading(SaudiArabia) Stoning(Nigeria,Sudan) Electrocutionandgasinhalation(someU.S.states,butonlyiftheprisonerrequestsitoriflethalinjectionisunavailable) Inertgasasphyxiation(SomeU.Sstates,Oklahoma,Mississippi,Alabama) Publicexecution Mainarticle:Publicexecution Apublicexecutionisaformofcapitalpunishmentwhich"membersofthegeneralpublicmayvoluntarilyattend".Thisdefinitionexcludesthepresenceofasmallnumberofwitnessesrandomlyselectedtoassureexecutiveaccountability.[153]Whiletodaythegreatmajorityoftheworldconsiderspublicexecutionstobedistastefulandmostcountrieshaveoutlawedthepractice,throughoutmuchofhistoryexecutionswereperformedpubliclyasameansforthestatetodemonstrate"itspowerbeforethosewhofellunderitsjurisdictionbetheycriminals,enemies,orpoliticalopponents".Additionally,itaffordedthepublicachancetowitness"whatwasconsideredagreatspectacle".[154] Socialhistoriansnotethatbeginninginthe20thcenturyintheU.S.andwesternEuropedeathingeneralbecameincreasinglyshieldedfrompublicview,occurringmoreandmorebehindthecloseddoorsofthehospital.[155]Executionswerelikewisemovedbehindthewallsofthepenitentiary.[155]Thelastformalpublicexecutionsoccurredin1868inBritain,in1936intheU.S.andin1939inFrance.[155] AccordingtoAmnestyInternational,in2012,"publicexecutionswereknowntohavebeencarriedoutinIran,NorthKorea,SaudiArabiaandSomalia".[156]Therehavebeenreportsofpublicexecutionscarriedoutbystateandnon-stateactorsinHamas-controlledGaza,Syria,Iraq,Afghanistan,andYemen.[157][158][159]ExecutionswhichcanbeclassifiedaspublicwerealsocarriedoutintheU.S.statesofFloridaandUtahasof1992[update].[153] Capitalcrime "Capitalcrimes"redirectshere.Forthenovel,seeCapitalCrimes. Crimesagainsthumanity Crimesagainsthumanitysuchasgenocideareusuallypunishablebydeathincountriesretainingcapitalpunishment.[citationneeded]DeathsentencesforsuchcrimeswerehandeddownandcarriedoutduringtheNurembergTrialsin1946andtheTokyoTrialsin1948,butthecurrentInternationalCriminalCourtdoesnotusecapitalpunishment.ThemaximumpenaltyavailabletotheInternationalCriminalCourtislifeimprisonment.[160] Murder Intentionalhomicideispunishablebydeathinmostcountriesretainingcapitalpunishment,butgenerallyprovideditinvolvesanaggravatingfactorrequiredbystatuteorjudicialprecedents.[citationneeded]SomecountrieslikeSingaporeandMalaysiamadethedeathpenaltymandatoryformurder,thoughSingaporelaterchangeditslawssince2013toreservethemandatorydeathsentenceforintentionalmurderwhileprovidinganalternativesentenceoflifeimprisonmentwith/withoutcaningformurderwithnointentiontocausedeath,whichallowedsomeconvictedmurderersondeathrowinSingapore(includingKhoJabing)toapplyforthereductionoftheirdeathsentencesafterthecourtsinSingaporeconfirmedthattheycommittedmurderwithouttheintentiontokillandthuseligibleforre-sentencingunderthenewdeathpenaltylawsinSingapore.[citationneeded]Malaysiaconsideredabolishingthedeathpenalty,butinsteadabolishedmandatorydeathsentences;anydeathsentenceisnowpassedatthejudge'sdiscretion.[161] Drugtrafficking Mainarticle:Capitalpunishmentfordrugtrafficking AsignattheTaiwanTaoyuanInternationalAirportwarnsarrivingtravelersthatdrugtraffickingisacapitalcrimeintheRepublicofChina(phototakenin2005) In2018,atleast35countriesretainedthedeathpenaltyfordrugtrafficking,drugdealing,drugpossessionandrelatedoffences.[162]Peopleareregularlysentencedtodeathandexecutedfordrug-relatedoffencesinChina,Indonesia,Iran,Malaysia,SaudiArabia,SingaporeandVietnam.[162]Othercountriesmayretainthedeathpenaltyforsymbolicpurposes.[162] ThedeathpenaltyismandatedfordrugtraffickinginSingaporeandMalaysia,thoughsince2013,Singaporeruledthatthosewhowerecertifiedtobesufferingfromdiminishedresponsibility(e.g.Majordepressivedisorder)oractingasdrugcouriersandhadassistedtheauthoritiesintacklingdrug-relatedactivities,willbesentencedtolifeimprisonmentinsteadofdeath,withtheoffenderliabletoatleast15strokesofthecaneifhewasnotsentencedtodeathandwassimultaneouslysentencedtocaningaswell.[citationneeded]NotabledrugcouriersincludeYongVuiKong,whosedeathsentencewasreplacedwithalifesentenceand15strokesofthecaneinNovember2013.[citationneeded] Otheroffences Seealso:Capitalpunishmentfornon-violentoffensesandCapitalpunishmentbycountry Othercrimesthatarepunishablebydeathinsomecountriesinclude: Useoffirearms[citationneeded] Terrorism Treason(acapitalcrimeinmostcountriesthatretaincapitalpunishment) Espionage Crimesagainstthestate,suchasattemptingtooverthrowgovernment(mostcountrieswiththedeathpenalty) Politicalprotests(SaudiArabia)[163] Rape(China,India,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Iran,SaudiArabia,UAE,Qatar,Brunei,etc.) Economiccrimes(China,Iran) Humantrafficking(China) Corruption(China,Iran) Kidnapping(China,Bangladesh,theUSstatesofGeorgia[164]andIdaho,[165]etc.) Separatism(China) Unlawfulsexualbehaviour(SaudiArabia,Iran,UAE,Qatar,Brunei,Nigeria,etc.) ReligiousHududoffencessuchasapostasy(SaudiArabia,Iran,Afghanistanetc.) Blasphemy(SaudiArabia,Iran,Pakistan,certainstatesinNigeria) Moharebeh(Iran) Drinkingalcohol(Iran) Witchcraftandsorcery(SaudiArabia)[166][167] Arson(Algeria,Tunisia,Mali,Mauritania,etc.) Hirabah/brigandage/armedand/oraggravatedrobbery(Algeria,SaudiArabia,Iran,Kenya,Zambia,Ghana,Ethiopia,theUSstateofGeorgia[168]etc.)[169] Controversyanddebate Seealso:CapitalpunishmentdebateintheUnitedStates Deathpenaltyopponentsregardthedeathpenaltyasinhumane[170]andcriticizeitforitsirreversibility.[171]Theyarguealsothatcapitalpunishmentlacksdeterrenteffect,[172][173][174]discriminatesagainstminoritiesandthepoor,andthatitencouragesa"cultureofviolence".[175]Therearemanyorganizationsworldwide,suchasAmnestyInternational,[176]andcountry-specific,suchastheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU),thathaveabolitionofthedeathpenaltyasitsmainpurpose.[177][178] Advocatesofthedeathpenaltyarguethatitdeterscrime,[179][180]isagoodtoolforpoliceandprosecutorsinpleabargaining,[181]makessurethatconvictedcriminalsdonotoffendagain,andthatitensuresjusticeforcrimessuchashomicide,whereotherpenaltieswillnotinflictthedesiredretributiondemandedbythecrimeitself.Capitalpunishmentfornon-lethalcrimesisusuallyconsiderablymorecontroversial,andabolishedinmanyofthecountriesthatretainit.[182][183] Retribution ExecutionofawarcriminalinGermanyin1946 Supportersofthedeathpenaltyarguedthatdeathpenaltyismorallyjustifiedwhenappliedinmurderespeciallywithaggravatingelementssuchasformurderofpoliceofficers,childmurder,torturemurder,multiplehomicideandmasskillingsuchasterrorism,massacreandgenocide.ThisargumentisstronglydefendedbyNewYorkLawSchool'sProfessorRobertBlecker,[184]whosaysthatthepunishmentmustbepainfulinproportiontothecrime.Eighteenth-centuryphilosopherImmanuelKantdefendedamoreextremeposition,accordingtowhicheverymurdererdeservestodieonthegroundsthatlossoflifeisincomparabletoanypenaltythatallowsthemtoremainalive,includinglifeimprisonment.[185] Someabolitionistsarguethatretributionissimplyrevengeandcannotbecondoned.Otherswhileacceptingretributionasanelementofcriminaljusticenonethelessarguethatlifewithoutparoleisasufficientsubstitute.Itisalsoarguedthatthepunishingofakillingwithanotherdeathisarelativelyunusualpunishmentforaviolentact,becauseingeneralviolentcrimesarenotpunishedbysubjectingtheperpetratortoasimilaract(e.g.rapistsare,typically,notpunishedbycorporalpunishment,althoughitmaybeinflictedinSingapore,forexample).[186] Humanrights Abolitionistsbelievecapitalpunishmentistheworstviolationofhumanrights,becausetherighttolifeisthemostimportant,andcapitalpunishmentviolatesitwithoutnecessityandinflictstothecondemnedapsychologicaltorture.Humanrightsactivistsopposethedeathpenalty,callingit"cruel,inhumananddegradingpunishment".AmnestyInternationalconsidersittobe"theultimateirreversibledenialofHumanRights".[187]AlbertCamuswroteina1956bookcalledReflectionsontheGuillotine,Resistance,Rebellion&Death: Anexecutionisnotsimplydeath.Itisjustasdifferentfromtheprivationoflifeasaconcentrationcampisfromprison.[...]Fortheretobeanequivalency,thedeathpenaltywouldhavetopunishacriminalwhohadwarnedhisvictimofthedateatwhichhewouldinflictahorribledeathonhimandwho,fromthatmomentonward,hadconfinedhimathismercyformonths.Suchamonsterisnotencounteredinprivatelife.[188] IntheclassicdoctrineofnaturalrightsasexpoundedbyforinstanceLockeandBlackstone,ontheotherhand,itisanimportantideathattherighttolifecanbeforfeited,asmostotherrightscanbegivendueprocessisobserved,suchastherighttopropertyandtherighttofreedom,includingprovisionally,inanticipationofanactualverdict.[189]AsJohnStuartMillexplainedinaspeechgiveninParliamentagainstanamendmenttoabolishcapitalpunishmentformurderin1868: Andwemayimaginesomebodyaskinghowwecanteachpeoplenottoinflictsufferingbyourselvesinflictingit?ButtothisIshouldanswer–allofuswouldanswer–thattodeterbysufferingfrominflictingsufferingisnotonlypossible,buttheverypurposeofpenaljustice.Doesfiningacriminalshowwantofrespectforproperty,orimprisoninghim,forpersonalfreedom?Justasunreasonableisittothinkthattotakethelifeofamanwhohastakenthatofanotheristoshowwantofregardforhumanlife.Weshow,onthecontrary,mostemphaticallyourregardforit,bytheadoptionofarulethathewhoviolatesthatrightinanotherforfeitsitforhimself,andthatwhilenoothercrimethathecancommitdepriveshimofhisrighttolive,thisshall.[190] Non-painfulexecution Furtherinformation:Cruelandunusualpunishment AgurneyatSanQuentinStatePrisoninCaliforniaformerlyusedforexecutionsbylethalinjection Trendsinmostoftheworldhavelongbeentomovetoprivateandlesspainfulexecutions.Francedevelopedtheguillotineforthisreasoninthefinalyearsofthe18thcentury,whileBritainbannedhanging,drawing,andquarteringintheearly19thcentury.Hangingbyturningthevictimoffaladderorbykickingastoolorabucket,whichcausesdeathbysuffocation,wasreplacedbylongdrop"hanging"wherethesubjectisdroppedalongerdistancetodislocatetheneckandseverthespinalcord.Mozaffarad-DinShahQajar,ShahofPersia(1896–1907)introducedthroat-cuttingandblowingfromagun(close-rangecannonfire)asquickandrelativelypainlessalternativestomoretorturousmethodsofexecutionsusedatthattime.[191]IntheUnitedStates,electrocutionandgasinhalationwereintroducedasmorehumanealternativestohanging,buthavebeenalmostentirelysupersededbylethalinjection.Asmallnumberofcountries,forexampleIranandSaudiArabia,stillemployslowhangingmethods,decapitation,andstoning. AstudyofexecutionscarriedoutintheUnitedStatesbetween1977and2001indicatedthatatleast34ofthe749executions,or4.5%,involved"unanticipatedproblemsordelaysthatcaused,atleastarguably,unnecessaryagonyfortheprisonerorthatreflectgrossincompetenceoftheexecutioner".Therateofthese"botchedexecutions"remainedsteadyovertheperiodofthestudy.[192]AseparatestudypublishedinTheLancetin2005foundthatin43%ofcasesoflethalinjection,thebloodlevelofhypnoticswasinsufficienttoguaranteeunconsciousness.[193]However,theU.S.SupremeCourtruledin2008(Bazev.Rees)andagainin2015(Glossipv.Gross)thatlethalinjectiondoesnotconstitutecruelandunusualpunishment.[194]InBucklewv.Precythe,themajorityverdict–writtenbyJudgeNeilGorsuch–furtheraffirmedthisprinciple,statingthatwhilethebanoncruelandunusualpunishmentaffirmativelybanspenaltiesthatdeliberatelyinflictpainanddegradation,itdoesinnosenselimitthepossibleinflictionofpainintheexecutionofacapitalverdict.[195] Wrongfulexecution Mainarticle:Wrongfulexecution CapitalpunishmentwasabolishedintheUnitedKingdominpartbecauseofthecaseofTimothyEvans,whowasexecutedin1950afterbeingwrongfullyconvictedoftwomurdersthathadinfactbeencommittedbyhislandlord,JohnChristie.Thecasewasconsideredvitalinbolsteringopposition,whichlimitedthescopeofthepenaltyin1957andabolisheditcompletely,formurder,in1965. Itisfrequentlyarguedthatcapitalpunishmentleadstomiscarriageofjusticethroughthewrongfulexecutionofinnocentpersons.[196]Manypeoplehavebeenproclaimedinnocentvictimsofthedeathpenalty.[197][198][199] Somehaveclaimedthatasmanyas39executionshavebeencarriedoutinthefaceofcompellingevidenceofinnocenceorseriousdoubtaboutguiltintheUSfrom1992through2004.NewlyavailableDNAevidencepreventedthependingexecutionofmorethan15deathrowinmatesduringthesameperiodintheUS,[200]butDNAevidenceisonlyavailableinafractionofcapitalcases.[201]Asof2017[update],159prisonersondeathrowhavebeenexoneratedbyDNAorotherevidence,whichisseenasanindicationthatinnocentprisonershavealmostcertainlybeenexecuted.[202][203]TheNationalCoalitionto AbolishtheDeathPenaltyclaimsthatbetween1976and2015,1,414prisonersintheUnitedStateshavebeenexecutedwhile156sentencedtodeathhavehadtheirdeathsentencesvacated.[204]Itisimpossibletoassesshowmanyhavebeenwronglyexecuted,sincecourtsdonotgenerallyinvestigatetheinnocenceofadeaddefendant,anddefenseattorneystendtoconcentratetheireffortsonclientswhoselivescanstillbesaved;however,thereisstrongevidenceofinnocenceinmanycases.[205] Improperproceduremayalsoresultinunfairexecutions.Forexample,AmnestyInternationalarguesthatinSingapore"theMisuseofDrugsActcontainsaseriesofpresumptionswhichshifttheburdenofprooffromtheprosecutiontotheaccused.Thisconflictswiththeuniversallyguaranteedrighttobepresumedinnocentuntilprovenguilty".[206]Singapore'sMisuseofDrugsActpresumesoneisguiltyofpossessionofdrugsif,asexamples,oneisfoundtobepresentorescapingfromalocation"provedorpresumedtobeusedforthepurposeofsmokingoradministeringacontrolleddrug",ifoneisinpossessionofakeytoapremiseswheredrugsarepresent,ifoneisinthecompanyofanotherpersonfoundtobeinpossessionofillegaldrugs,orifonetestspositiveafterbeinggivenamandatoryurinedrugscreening.Urinedrugscreeningscanbegivenatthediscretionofpolice,withoutrequiringasearchwarrant.Theonusisontheaccusedinalloftheabovesituationstoprovethattheywerenotinpossessionoforconsumedillegaldrugs.[207] Volunteers Mainarticle:Volunteer(capitalpunishment) Someprisonershavevolunteeredorattemptedtoexpeditecapitalpunishment,oftenbywaivingallappeals.Prisonershavemaderequestsorcommittedfurthercrimesinprisonaswell.IntheUnitedStates,executionvolunteersconstituteapproximately11%ofprisonersondeathrow.Volunteersoftenbypasslegalprocedureswhicharedesignedtodesignatethedeathpenaltyforthe"worstoftheworst"offenders.Opponentsofexecutionvolunteeringcitedtheprevalenceofmentalillnessamongvolunteerscomparingittosuicide.Executionvolunteershavereceivedconsiderablylessattentionandeffortatlegalreformthanthosewhowereexoneratedafterexecution.[208] Racial,ethnicandsocialclassbias Opponentsofthedeathpenaltyarguethatthispunishmentisbeingusedmoreoftenagainstperpetratorsfromracialandethnicminoritiesandfromlowersocioeconomicbackgrounds,thanagainstthosecriminalswhocomefromaprivilegedbackground;andthatthebackgroundofthevictimalsoinfluencestheoutcome.[209][210][211]ResearchershaveshownthatwhiteAmericansaremorelikelytosupportthedeathpenaltywhentoldthatitismostlyappliedtoblackAmericans,[212]andthatmorestereotypicallyblack-lookingordarkskinneddefendantsaremorelikelytobesentencedtodeathifthecaseinvolvesawhitevictim.[213]However,astudypublishedin2018failedtoreplicatethefindingsofearlierstudiesthathadconcludedthatwhiteAmericansaremorelikelytosupportthedeathpenaltyifinformedthatitislargelyappliedtoblackAmericans;accordingtotheauthors,theirfindings"mayresultfromchangessince2001intheeffectsofracialstimulionwhiteattitudesaboutthedeathpenaltyortheirwillingnesstoexpressthoseattitudesinasurveycontext."[214] InAlabamain2019,adeathrowinmatenamedDominequeRaywasdeniedhisimamintheroomduringhisexecution,insteadonlyofferedaChristianchaplain.[215]Afterfilingacomplaint,afederalcourtofappealsruled5–4againstRay'srequest.Themajoritycitedthe"last-minute"natureoftherequest,andthedissentstatedthatthetreatmentwentagainstthecoreprincipleofdenominationalneutrality.[215] InJuly2019,twoShiitemen,AliHakimal-Arab,25,andAhmadal-Malali,24,wereexecutedinBahrain,despitetheprotestsfromtheUnitedNationsandrightsgroup.AmnestyInternationalstatedthattheexecutionswerebeingcarriedoutonconfessionsof"terrorismcrimes"thatwereobtainedthroughtorture.[216] Internationalviews Same-sexintercourseillegal:  Deathpenaltyforhomosexuality  Deathpenaltyinlegislation,butnotapplied TheUnitedNationsintroducedaresolutionduringtheGeneralAssembly's62ndsessionsin2007callingforauniversalban.[217][218]TheapprovalofadraftresolutionbytheAssembly'sthirdcommittee,whichdealswithhumanrightsissues,voted99to52,with33abstentions,infavouroftheresolutionon15November2007andwasputtoavoteintheAssemblyon18December.[219][220][221] Againin2008,alargemajorityofstatesfromallregionsadopted,on20NovemberintheUNGeneralAssembly(ThirdCommittee),asecondresolutioncallingforamoratoriumontheuseofthedeathpenalty;105countriesvotedinfavourofthedraftresolution,48votedagainstand31abstained. Arangeofamendmentsproposedbyasmallminorityofpro-deathpenaltycountrieswereoverwhelminglydefeated.Ithadin2007passedanon-bindingresolution(by104to54,with29abstentions)byaskingitsmemberstatesfor"amoratoriumonexecutionswithaviewtoabolishingthedeathpenalty".[222] Article2oftheCharterofFundamentalRightsoftheEuropeanUnionaffirmstheprohibitiononcapitalpunishmentintheEU Anumberofregionalconventionsprohibitthedeathpenalty,mostnotably,theSixthProtocol(abolitionintimeofpeace)andthe13thProtocol(abolitioninallcircumstances)totheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.ThesameisalsostatedundertheSecondProtocolintheAmericanConventiononHumanRights,which,however,hasnotbeenratifiedbyallcountriesintheAmericas,mostnotablyCanada[223]andtheUnitedStates.Mostrelevantoperativeinternationaltreatiesdonotrequireitsprohibitionforcasesofseriouscrime,mostnotably,theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.Thisinsteadhas,incommonwithseveralothertreaties,anoptionalprotocolprohibitingcapitalpunishmentandpromotingitswiderabolition.[224] Severalinternationalorganizationshavemadetheabolitionofthedeathpenalty(duringthetimeofpeace)arequirementofmembership,mostnotablytheEUandtheCouncilofEurope.TheEUandtheCouncilofEuropearewillingtoacceptamoratoriumasaninterimmeasure.Thus,whileRussiaisamemberoftheCouncilofEurope,andthedeathpenaltyremainscodifiedinitslaw,ithasnotmadeuseofitsincebecomingamemberofthecouncil–Russiahasnotexecutedanyonesince1996.WiththeexceptionofRussia(abolitionistinpractice)andBelarus(retentionist),allEuropeancountriesareclassifiedasabolitionist.[72] Latviaabolisheddejurethedeathpenaltyforwarcrimesin2012,becomingthelastEUmembertodoso.[225] TheProtocolno.13callsfortheabolitionofthedeathpenaltyinallcircumstances(includingforwarcrimes).ThemajorityofEuropeancountrieshavesignedandratifiedit.SomeEuropeancountrieshavenotdonethis,butallofthemexceptBelarushavenowabolishedthedeathpenaltyinallcircumstances(dejure,andRussiadefacto).Polandisthemostrecentcountrytoratifytheprotocol,on28August2013.[226] SignatoriestotheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheICCPR:partiesindarkgreen,signatoriesinlightgreen,non-membersingrey Protocolno.6whichprohibitsthedeathpenaltyduringpeacetimehasbeenratifiedbyallmembersoftheEuropeanCouncil,exceptRussia(whichhassigned,butnotratified). Therearealsootherinternationalabolitionistinstruments,suchastheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,whichhas81parties;[227]andtheProtocoltotheAmericanConventiononHumanRightstoAbolishtheDeathPenalty(fortheAmericas;ratifiedby13states).[228] InTurkey,over500peopleweresentencedtodeathafterthe1980Turkishcoupd'état.About50ofthemwereexecuted,thelastone25October1984.ThentherewasadefactomoratoriumonthedeathpenaltyinTurkey.AsamovetowardsEUmembership,Turkeymadesomelegalchanges.ThedeathpenaltywasremovedfrompeacetimelawbytheNationalAssemblyinAugust2002,andinMay2004Turkeyamendeditsconstitutiontoremovecapitalpunishmentinallcircumstances.ItratifiedProtocolno.13totheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsinFebruary2006.[citationneeded]Asaresult,Europeisacontinentfreeofthedeathpenaltyinpractice,allstatesbutRussia,whichhasenteredamoratorium,havingratifiedtheSixthProtocoltotheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights,withthesoleexceptionofBelarus,whichisnotamemberoftheCouncilofEurope.[citationneeded]TheParliamentaryAssemblyoftheCouncilofEuropehasbeenlobbyingforCouncilofEuropeobserverstateswhopractisethedeathpenalty,theU.S.andJapan,toabolishitorlosetheirobserverstatus.InadditiontobanningcapitalpunishmentforEUmemberstates,theEUhasalsobanneddetaineetransfersincaseswherethereceivingpartymayseekthedeathpenalty.[citationneeded] Sub-SaharanAfricancountriesthathaverecentlyabolishedthedeathpenaltyincludeBurundi,whichabolishedthedeathpenaltyforallcrimesin2009,[229]andGabonwhichdidthesamein2010.[230]On5July2012,BeninbecamepartoftheSecondOptionalProtocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),whichprohibitstheuseofthedeathpenalty.[231] ThenewlycreatedSouthSudanisamongthe111UNmemberstatesthatsupportedtheresolutionpassedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblythatcalledfortheremovalofthedeathpenalty,thereforeaffirmingitsoppositiontothepractice.SouthSudan,however,hasnotyetabolishedthedeathpenaltyandstatedthatitmustfirstamenditsConstitution,anduntilthathappensitwillcontinuetousethedeathpenalty.[232] Amongnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs),AmnestyInternationalandHumanRightsWatcharenotedfortheiroppositiontocapitalpunishment.[233][234]AnumberofsuchNGOs,aswellastradeunions,localcouncils,andbarassociations,formedaWorldCoalitionAgainsttheDeathPenaltyin2002.[235] AnopenletterledbyDanishMemberoftheEuropeanParliament,KarenMelchiorwassenttotheEuropeanCommissionaheadofthe26January2021meetingoftheBahrainiMinisterofForeignAffairs,AbdullatifbinRashidAlZayaniwiththemembersoftheEuropeanUnionforthesigningofaCooperationAgreement.Atotalof16MEPsundersignedtheletterexpressingtheirgraveconcerntowardstheextendedabuseofhumanrightsinBahrainfollowingthearbitraryarrestanddetentionofactivistsandcriticsofthegovernment.TheattendeesofthemeetingwererequestedtodemandfromtheirBahrainicounterpartstotakeintoconsiderationtheconcernsraisedbytheMEPs,particularlyforthereleaseofAbdulhadiAl-KhawajaandSheikhMohammedHabibAl-Muqdad,thetwoEuropean-Bahrainidualcitizensondeathrow.[236][237] Religiousviews Mainarticle:Religionandcapitalpunishment Theworld'smajorfaithshavedifferingviewsdependingonthereligion,denomination,sectand/ortheindividualadherent.Asanexample,theworld'slargestChristiandenomination,Catholicism,opposescapitalpunishmentinallcases.BoththeBaha'iandIslamicfaithssupportcapitalpunishment.[238][239] Seealso Deathincustody Executionchamber Executioner Judicialdissolutionaka"TheCorporateDeathPenalty" Mandatorydeathsentence WorldCoalitionAgainsttheDeathPenalty UNmoratoriumonthedeathpenalty TheDeathPenalty:OpposingViewpoints(book) Listofmethodsofcapitalpunishment Listofbotchedexecutions Revengedynamics Shameculture Guilt-Shame-Fearspectrumofcultures Lastmeal ListofwrongfulconvictionsintheUnitedStates CapitalpunishmentinJudaism Notesandreferences Notes Explanatorynotes ^Belarus ^includingAustraliaandNewZealand. ^MostLatinAmericanstatesandCanadahavecompletelyabolishedcapitalpunishment,whileafewsuchasBrazilandGuatemalaallowforitonlyinexceptionalsituations(suchastreasoncommittedduringwartime). ^TheUnitedStatesandsomeCaribbeancountries. ^ForexampleSouthAfricaabolishedthedeathpenaltyin1995,whileBotswanaandZambiaretainit. ^Forexample,China,JapanandIndiaactivelyretainit. References ^Kronenwetter2001,p. 202 ^ab"AbolitionistandRetentionistCountriesasofJuly2018"(PDF).AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on8April2021.Retrieved3December2018. ^ab"DeathSentencesandExecutions2020"(PDF).AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on9May2021.Retrieved20July2021. ^"DeathPenalty".AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22August2016.Retrieved23August2016. ^"India:Deathpenaltydebatewon'tdieoutsoon".AsiaTimes.13August2004.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20August2004.Retrieved23August2010.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:unfitURL(link) ^"Indonesianactivistsfaceupwarddeathpenaltytrend".WorldCoalitionagainsttheDeathPenalty.Retrieved23August2010.[permanentdeadlink] ^"LegislatorsinU.S.statevotetorepealdeathpenalty".InternationalHeraldTribune.29March2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16March2009.Retrieved23August2010. ^"TheDeathPenaltyinJapan".InternationalFederationforHumanRights.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28August2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^"CharterofFundamentalRightsoftheEuropeanUnion"(PDF).EuropeanUnion.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon29May2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^ARecord120NationsAdoptUNDeath-PenaltyMoratoriumResolution,18December2018,DeathPenaltyInformationCenter ^"moratoriumonthedeathpenalty".UnitedNations.15November2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27January2011.Retrieved23August2010. ^"CriminalJustice:CapitalPunishmentFocus".criminaljusticedegreeschools.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27August2017.Retrieved27August2017. ^"Furmanv.Georgia–MR.JUSTICEBRENNAN,concurring".law.cornell.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18July2017.Retrieved19July2017.Whenthiscountrywasfounded,memoriesoftheStuarthorrorswerefreshandseverecorporalpunishmentswerecommon.Deathwasnotthenauniquepunishment.Thepracticeofpunishingcriminalsbydeath,moreover,waswidespreadandbyandlargeacceptabletosociety.Indeed,withoutdevelopedprisonsystems,therewasfrequentlynoworkablealternative.Sincethattime,successiverestrictions,imposedagainstthebackgroundofacontinuingmoralcontroversy,havedrasticallycurtailedtheuseofthispunishment. ^SocommonwasthepracticeofcompensationthatthewordmurderisderivedfromtheFrenchwordmordre(bite)areferencetotheheavycompensationonemustpayforcausinganunjustdeath.The"bite"onehadtopaywasusedasatermforthecrimeitself:"Mordrewolout;thatsewedaybyday."–GeoffreyChaucer(1340–1400),TheCanterburyTales,TheNun'sPriest'sTale,l.4242(1387–1400),repr.InTheWorksofGeoffreyChaucer,ed.AlfredW.Pollard,etal.(1898). ^TranslatedfromWaldmann,op.cit.,p.147. ^"ShotatDawn,campaignforpardonsforBritishandCommonwealthsoldiersexecutedinWorldWarI".ShotatDawnPardonsCampaign.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3July2006.Retrieved20July2006. ^Lindow,op.cit.(primarilydiscussesIcelandicthings). ^Genesis9:6,"Whosoevershedsthebloodofman,bymanshallhisbloodbeshed." ^Schabas,William(2002).TheAbolitionoftheDeathPenaltyinInternationalLaw.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-521-81491-1. ^Robert."Greece,AHistoryofAncientGreece,DracoandSolonLaws".History-world.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21October2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^"capitalpunishment(law)–BritannicaOnlineEncyclopedia".Britannica.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22November2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^Jean-MarieCarbasse2002,p. 15harvnberror:notarget:CITEREFJean-Marie_Carbasse2002(help) ^Neschke,AdaBabette;Follon,Jacques(1995).Platonismepolitiqueetthéoriedudroitnaturel:Leplatonismepolitiquedansl'antiquité.ISBN 9789068317688. ^Neschke,AdaBabette;Follon,Jacques(1995).Platonismepolitiqueetthéoriedudroitnaturel:Leplatonismepolitiquedansl'antiquité.ISBN 9789068317688. ^"Lapeinedemort". ^"Jean-MarieCarbasse". ^"1700BC–1799". ^Shumway,EdgarS.(1901)."FreedomandSlaveryinRomanLaw".TheAmericanLawRegister(1898-1907).49(11):636–653.doi:10.2307/3306244.JSTOR 3306244. ^NikkeiAsianReview."Beijingcallsforaninternational"fox"hunt".NikkeiAsianReview.NikkeiInc.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10March2015.Retrieved2March2015. ^abBenn,p.8. ^Benn,pp.209–210 ^abBenn,p.210 ^"HistoryoftheDeathPenalty".PublicBroadcastingService.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13November2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^Rowson,EverettK.(30December2012)[15December2004]."HOMOSEXUALITYii.INISLAMICLAW".EncyclopædiaIranica.Vol. XII/4.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversity.pp. 441–445.doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037.ISSN 2330-4804.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17May2013.Retrieved13April2021. ^abcWafer,Jim(1997)."MuhammadandMaleHomosexuality".InMurray,StephenO.;Roscoe,Will(eds.).IslamicHomosexualities:Culture,History,andLiterature.NewYorkandLondon:NYUPress.pp. 88–96.doi:10.18574/9780814761083-004(inactive31October2021).ISBN 9780814774687.JSTOR j.ctt9qfmm4.OCLC 35526232.S2CID 141668547.{{citebook}}:CS1maint:DOIinactiveasofOctober2021(link) ^Bosworth,C.E.;vanDonzel,E.J.;Heinrichs,W.P.;Lewis,B.;Pellat,Ch.,eds.(1986)."Liwāṭ".EncyclopaediaofIslam,SecondEdition.Vol. 5.Leiden:BrillPublishers.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677.ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. ^TheCaliphate:ItsRise,Decline,andFall.,WilliamMuir ^Cook,Matt;Mills,Robert;Trumback,Randolph;Cocks,Harry(2007).AGayHistoryofBritain:LoveandSexBetweenMenSincetheMiddleAges.GreenwoodWorldPublishing.p. 109.ISBN 978-1846450020. ^abSahner,ChristianC.(2020)[2018]."Introduction:ChristianMartyrsunderIslam".ChristianMartyrsunderIslam:ReligiousViolenceandtheMakingoftheMuslimWorld.Princeton,NewJerseyandWoodstock,Oxfordshire:PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 1–28.ISBN 978-0-691-17910-0.LCCN 2017956010. ^abcRunciman,Steven(1987)[1951]."TheReignofAntichrist".AHistoryoftheCrusades,Volume1:TheFirstCrusadeandtheFoundationoftheKingdomofJerusalem.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 20–37.ISBN 978-0-521-34770-9. ^abcdeStillman,NormanA.(1998)[1979]."UndertheNewOrder".TheJewsofArabLands:AHistoryandSourceBook.Philadelphia:JewishPublicationSociety.pp. 22–28.ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7. ^abYe'or,Bat(2002)[2001]."TheOrientontheEveofIslam:PoliticalandEconomicAspectsofDhimmitude".IslamandDhimmitude:WhereCivilizationsCollide.Madison,NewJerseyandVancouver,BritishColumbia:FairleighDickinsonUniversityPress.pp. 33–80.ISBN 978-1-61147-235-6.LCCN 2001040101. ^MosesMaimonides,TheCommandments,Neg.Comm.290,at269–71(CharlesB.Chaveltrans.,1967). ^MarcelloMaestro,"Apioneerfortheabolitionofcapitalpunishment:CesareBeccaria."JournaloftheHistoryofIdeas34.3(1973):463–468.online ^Bedau,HugoAdam(Autumn1983)."Bentham'sUtilitarianCritiqueoftheDeathPenalty".TheJournalofCriminalLawandCriminology.74(3):1033–65.doi:10.2307/1143143.JSTOR 1143143.Archivedfromtheoriginalon31August2017. ^MarkJones;PeterJohnstone(22July2011).HistoryofCriminalJustice.Routledge.pp. 150–.ISBN 978-1-4377-3491-1. ^Durant,WillandAriel,TheStoryofCivilization,VolumeIX:TheAgeofVoltaireNewYork,1965,p.71 ^Durant,p.72, ^DandoShigemitsu(1999).ThecriminallawofJapan:thegeneralpart.p. 289.ISBN 9780837706535. ^Conquest,Robert,TheGreatTerror:AReassessment,NewYork,pp.485–86 ^"465prisonerssenttogallowssince2014,saysreport".tribune.com.pk.6July2017.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6July2017.Retrieved19July2017. ^Villamor,Felipe(1March2017)."PhilippinesMovesClosertoReinstatingDeathPenalty".TheNewYorkTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2March2017. ^Romero,AlexisRomero,Paolo."DeathpenaltydeadinSenate—Drilon".philstar.com.Retrieved10October2020. ^"Kazakhstan'spresidentsignslawabolishingdeathpenaltyandlawonCommissionerforHumanRights".EUReporter.30December2021.Retrieved2January2022. ^abMarioMarazziti(2015).13waysoflookingatthedeathpenalty.SevenStoriesPress.p. 5.ISBN 978-1-60980-567-8. ^"EncyclopediaofShinto".kokugakuin.ac.jp.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19May2011.Retrieved5September2011. ^"HistoryofCapitalPunishment".Stephen-stratford.co.uk.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8August2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^RogerG.Hood.Thedeathpenalty:aworldwideperspective,OxfordUniversityPress,2002.p10 ^"DeathPenalty".Newsbatch.com.1March2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24July2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^SeeCaitlinpp.420–422Archived20May2011attheWaybackMachine ^"DeathSentencesandExecutionsReport2015".AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14August2016.Retrieved10August2016. ^LeighB.Bienen(201).MurderandItsConsequences:EssaysonCapitalPunishmentinAmerica(2 ed.).NorthwesternUniversityPress.p. 143.ISBN 978-0-8101-2697-8. ^MichaelH.Tonry(2000).TheHandbookofCrime&Punishment.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 3.ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6. ^ElisabethReichert(2011).SocialWorkandHumanRights:AFoundationforPolicyandPractice.ColumbiaUniversityPress.p. 89.ISBN 978-0-231-52070-6. ^RussilDurrant(2013).AnIntroductiontoCriminalPsychology.Routledge.p. 268.ISBN 978-1-136-23434-7. ^CliftonD.Bryant;DennisL.Peck(2009).EncyclopediaofDeath&HumanExperience.SagePublications.p. 144.ISBN 978-1-4129-5178-4. ^CliffRoberson(2015).ConstitutionalLawandCriminalJustice,SecondEdition.CRCPress.p. 188.ISBN 978-1-4987-2120-2. ^"Amnesty:Almost1,000prisonersexecutedworldwidein2017".www.aljazeera.com.Retrieved8August2018. ^Deathsentencesandexecutions2021.London:CapitalPunishmentsUK.2021. ^MartinLutherKing,Jr(16March2010)."HeroinsmugglerchallengesSingaporedeathsentence".Yoursdp.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23March2012.Retrieved30April2012. ^"Indonesia:FirstExecutionin4YearsaMajorSetback".HumanRightsWatch.hrw.org.21March2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28May2013.Retrieved17May2013. ^abc"Abolitionistandretentionistcountries|AmnestyInternational".Amnesty.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"Error–AmnestyInternational".www.amnesty.org.28February2015.Archivedfromtheoriginalon31December2015. ^"InternationalPolls&Studies".TheDeathPenaltyInformationCenter.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27September2007.Retrieved1April2008. ^"DeathPenalty–CouncilofEurope".Hub.coe.int.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"HANDSOFFCAINagainstdeathpenaltyintheworld".Handsoffcain.info.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"ChinaAgainstDeathPenalty(CADP)".Cadpnet.com.31March2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27October2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^"AIUK :SriLanka:Presidenturgedtopreventreturntodeathpenaltyafter29-yearmoratorium".Amnesty.org.uk.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5June2011.Retrieved23August2010. ^Jha,Preeti(16August2020)."Philippinesdeathpenalty:Afighttostopthereturnofcapitalpunishment".BBCNews.Retrieved6September2021. ^"Japanhangs3death-rowinmatesin1stexecutionsin2yrs".KyodoNews.21December2021.Retrieved21December2021. ^"Kazakhstanscrapsdeathpenaltyafternearly20-yearmoratorium".AlJazeera.2January2021.Retrieved2January2021. ^"Kazakhstanabolishesdeathpenalty".trtworld.com.Retrieved2January2021.Kazakhstanhasabolishedthedeathpenalty,makingpermanentanearlytwo-decadefreezeoncapitalpunishmentintheCentralAsiancountry. ^"Egyptexecutes11prisonersamidcriticism".AnadoluAgency.Retrieved2March2021. ^"Deathpenalty2020:DespiteCovid-19,somecountriesruthlesslypursueddeathsentencesandexecutions".AmnestyInternational.21April2021.Retrieved21April2021. ^"CanNorwegianpunishmentfitthecrime?".USAToday.Retrieved9July2014. ^"InternationalPollsandStudies|DeathPenaltyInformationCenter".Deathpenaltyinfo.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19May2014.Retrieved9July2014. ^"DeathPenalty".Gallup.24October2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18September2017.Retrieved20July2021. ^Inc.,Gallup."U.S.DeathPenaltySupportat60%".Gallup.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19March2017.Retrieved20May2017. ^"TroyDavis'executionandthelimitsofTwitter".BBCNews.23September2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23September2011. ^"InU.S.,64%SupportDeathPenaltyinCasesofMurder".Gallup.com.8November2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29April2012.Retrieved30April2012. ^"Il43%degliitalianivuolelapenadimorte:Unaconseguenzadellacrisiedellaculturadell'odio".15December2020. ^"Covid,2020annodellapaura.43%degliitalianiafavoredellapenadimorte". ^DiCesare,Donatella(5December2020)."Penadimorte,il43%degliitalianièafavore:l'odioèdiventatoquotidiano.MiseriaebrutalitànelPaesediBeccaria".LaStampa(inItalian).Archivedfromtheoriginalon5December2020.Retrieved16November2021. ^"八成八民眾不贊成廢除死刑".NationalDevelopmentCouncil.NationalDevelopmentCouncil.21April2016.Retrieved20April2021. ^張,乃文(28December2019)."ET民調／92.1％民眾支持維持死刑93％挺政府立即執行".東森新媒體控股股份有限公司.ETtoday.Retrieved20April2021. ^蕭,承訓;陳,志賢;郭,建伸;周,毓翔(17July2018)."本報民調8成反廢死！8成6促盡速執行死刑".ChinaTimesGroup.中國時報.Retrieved20April2021. ^"Taiwanwomanfacesexecutionoverfirethatkilled46".TheTimesofIndia.21January2022. ^abKeating,Joshua(4April2014)."GangrapistssentencedtodeathinIndia:Iscapitalpunishmentmakingaglobalcomeback?".Slate.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6July2014.Retrieved9July2014. ^"Thedeathpenalty:Strikelesshard–Mostoftheworld'ssharpdeclineinexecutionscanbecreditedtoChina".TheEconomist.3August2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon3August2014.Retrieved9July2014. ^LocationSettings(22February2013)."Youth'wantdeathpenaltyreinstated'".News24.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19May2014.Retrieved9July2014. ^"Whythedeathpenaltywon'tsolveSA'scrimeproblem".BusinessTech.9May2015. ^"StudyexaminesdeathpenaltysupportinMexico".28March2017.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28December2017. ^"FolhadeS.Paulo:Notícias,Imagens,VídeoseEntrevistas".Archivedfromtheoriginalon9January2018.Retrieved10January2018. ^"Juvenileexecutions(exceptUS)".Internationaljusticeproject.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26July2011.Retrieved23August2010. ^abc"Iranchangeslawforexecutionofjuveniles".Iranwpd.com.10February2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29April2012.Retrieved30April2012. ^ab"مجازاتقصاصبرایافرادزیر18سالممنوعشد".Ghanoononline.ir.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13February2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^"Executionsofjuvenilessince1990".AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^"StopChildExecutions!Endingthedeathpenaltyforchildoffenders".AmnestyInternational.2004.Retrieved12February2008. ^Butler,SaraM.(21March2018)."PleadingtheBelly:ASparingPlea?PregnantConvictsandtheCourtsinMedievalEngland".CrossingBorders:BoundariesandMarginsinMedievalandEarlyModernBritain:131–152.doi:10.1163/9789004364950_009.ISBN 9789004364950. ^"ExecutionofJuvenilesintheU.S.andotherCountries".Deathpenaltyinfo.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13May2008.Retrieved23August2010. ^RobGallagher,"TableofjuvenileexecutionsinBritishAmerica/UnitedStates,1642–1959".Archivedfromtheoriginalon15June2006.Retrieved5February2006. ^GeneralStateLawsforthePrussianStates(1794),Part20,§17,Part1,§25 ^CodexIurisBavariciCriminalis(1751),§14 ^BavarianCriminalLaw(1813),Art.99,par.1nr.1 ^PrussianCriminalLaw(1851),§43nr.1 ^NorthGermanConfederationCriminalLaw(1871),§57par.1nr.1 ^GermanCriminalLaw(1872),§57par.1nr.1 ^Kasseckert,Christian(2009),StraftheorieimDrittenReich–EntwicklungdesStrafgedankensimDrittenReich,Logos:Berlin,pp.99–100 ^Kasseckert,Christian(2009),StraftheorieimDrittenReich–EntwicklungdesStrafgedankensimDrittenReich,Logos:Berlin,p.100 ^ConstitutioCriminalisTheresiana(1770),§6par.1,2 ^AustrianCriminalLaw(1803),§2d) ^AustrianCriminalLaw(1852),§§2d),53 ^PublicationPatentoftheAustrianCriminalLaw(1852),Art.1 ^AustrianMilitaryCriminalLaw(1855),§121 ^AustrianMilitaryCriminalLaw(1855),§3d) ^HelveticPunishingLaw(1799),§48par.2 ^BernCriminalLaw(1866),Art.48 ^TicinoPenalCode(1816),Art.75 ^ZurichCriminalLaw(1835),§§81–82 ^SwissMilitaryCriminalLaw(1928),Art.14par.1 ^SwissMilitaryCriminalLaw(1979),Art.14 ^"HRWReport"(PDF).HumanRightsWatch.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon13November2008.Retrieved23August2010. ^"AnnualreportonthedeathpenaltyinIran,October2018".8October2018. ^"Iranexecutesfemalejuvenileoffenderdespitegrosslyunfairlegalprocess".2October2018. ^UNICEF,ConventionoftheRightsoftheChild–FAQArchived25January2016attheWaybackMachine:"TheConventionontheRightsoftheChildisthemostwidelyandrapidlyratifiedhumanrightstreatyinhistory.OnlytheUnitedStateshasnotratifiedthiscelebratedagreement.BysigningtheConvention,theUnitedStateshassignaleditsintentiontoratifybuthasyettodoso." ^Iranianactivistsfightchildexecutions,AliAkbarDareini,AssociatedPress,17September2008.Retrieved22September2008. ^O'Toole,Pam(27June2007)."Iranrappedoverchildexecutions".BBCNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^"IranDoesFarWorseThanIgnoreGays,CriticsSay".Foxnews.com.25September2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22October2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^IranianhangedafterverdictstayArchived7December2007attheWaybackMachine;BBCnews.co.uk;6December2007;Retrieved6December2007 ^"JuvenilesamongfivemenbeheadedinSaudiArabia|AmnestyInternational".Amnesty.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11March2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"BBCNews–SaudiArabiaexecutessevenmenforarmedrobbery".BBCNews.Bbc.co.uk.13March2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27October2013.Retrieved11February2014. ^"BBCNews–SriLankanmaidRizanaNafeekbeheadedinSaudiArabia".BBCNews.Bbc.co.uk.9January2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16January2017.Retrieved11February2014. ^"SaudiArabiaendsdeathpenaltyforminorsandfloggings".news.yahoo.com.Retrieved26April2020. ^"Japanhangs2inmatesincludingmanwhokilled4asminor".KyodoNews.19December2017.Retrieved24July2018. ^"Mansentencedtodeathforkillingmother,babydaughterin1999seeksretrial".JapanToday.30October2012.Retrieved24July2018. ^"SomaliatoRatifyUNChildRightsTreaty"Archived3December2013attheWaybackMachine,allAfrica.com,20November2013. ^"UNICEFlaudsmovebySomaliatoratifychildconvention".XinhuaNewsAgency.20November2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13January2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^"Methodesofexecutionbycountry".Nutzworld.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14July2011.Retrieved23February2011. ^"Methodsofexecution–DeathPenaltyInformationCenter".Deathpenaltyinfo.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25February2011.Retrieved23February2011. ^"DeathpenaltyBulletinNo.4-2010"(inNorwegian).Translate.google.no.Retrieved23February2011. ^"INFORMATIONONDEATHPENALTY"(inNorwegian).AmnestyInternational.Retrieved23February2011. ^"executionmethodsbycountry".Executions.justsickshit.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14November2010.Retrieved23February2011. ^abBlum,StevenA.(Winter1992)."PublicExecutions:Understandthe"CruelandUnusualPunishments"Clause"(PDF).HastingsConstitutionalLawQuarterly.19(2):415.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on26March2014. ^Cawthorne,Nigel(2006).PublicExecutions:FromAncientRometothePresentDay.pp. 6–7.ISBN 978-0-7858-2119-9. ^abcWilliamJ.Chambliss(2011).Corrections.SAGEPublications.pp. 4–5.ISBN 9781452266435. ^"Deathpenaltystatistics,countrybycountry".TheGuardian.12April2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon31December2015. ^"HauntingImagesEmergeofHamasPublicExecutionof18AllegedCollaborators".TheAlgemeiner.22August2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15September2014.Retrieved14September2014. ^"ISISextremistreportedlykillshismotherinpublicexecutioninSyria".FoxNews.8January2016.Archivedfromtheoriginalon31May2016.Retrieved30May2016. ^"Video:Talibanshootwoman9timesinpublicexecutionasmencheer".CNN.9July2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2June2016.Retrieved30May2016. ^"UnderstandingtheInternationalCriminalCourt"(PDF).InternationalCriminalCourt.Retrieved12November2021. ^"Malaysiatokeepdeathpenalty,butnolongermandatory".ChannelNewsAsia.13March2019.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1September2021.Retrieved16September2021. ^abcGirelli,Giada(2019).TheDeathPenaltyforDrugOffences:GlobalOverview2018.London:HarmReductionInternational.ISBN 978-0-9935434-8-7. ^"SaudiArabiaexecutedsixpeopleyesterday".Independent.co.uk.11July2017.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25August2017. ^"2019GeorgiaCodeTitle16–CrimesandOffensesChapter5–CrimesAgainstthePersonArticle3–Kidnapping,FalseImprisonment,andRelatedOffenses§16-5-40.Kidnapping".Justia.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9December2020.Retrieved20July2021. ^"IdahoStatutes:Title18:CrimesandPunishments".IdahoLegislature.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8December2020.Retrieved20July2021. ^Jacobs,Ryan(19August2013)."SaudiArabia'sWaronWitchcraft".TheAtlantic.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18December2016. ^"TheAnti-SorcerySquadofSaudiArabia–MysteriousUniverse".mysteriousuniverse.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2January2017. ^"2019GeorgiaCodeTitle16–CrimesandOffensesChapter8–OffensesInvolvingTheftArticle2–Robbery§16-8-41.Armedrobbery;robberybyintimidation;takingcontrolledsubstancefrompharmacyincourseofcommittingoffense".Justia.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12December2020.Retrieved20July2021. ^"DeathSentencesandExecutionsin2012".AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4July2015.Retrieved20July2021. ^DanMalone(Fall2005)."CruelandUnusual:Executingthementallyill".AmnestyInternationalMagazine.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16January2009.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^"Abolishthedeathpenalty".AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19January2008.Retrieved25January2008. ^"TheDeathPenaltyandDeterrence".Amnestyusa.org.22February2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23August2017.Retrieved23May2009. ^"JohnW.Lamperti|CapitalPunishment".Math.dartmouth.edu.10March1973.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13August2001.Retrieved23May2009. ^"DiscussionofRecentDeterrenceStudies|DeathPenaltyInformationCenter".Deathpenaltyinfo.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29April2009.Retrieved23May2009. ^"TheHighCostoftheDeathPenalty".DeathPenaltyFocus.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28April2008.Retrieved27June2008. ^"DeathPenaltyFacts"(PDF).Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon26October2015. ^BrianEvans,"TheDeathPenaltyIn2011:ThreeThingsYouShouldKnow"Archived31July2013attheWaybackMachine,AmnestyInternational,26March2012,inparticularthemap,"ExecutionsandDeathSentencesin2011"Archived17February2013attheWaybackMachine ^"ACLUCapitalPunishmentProject(CPP)".Aclu.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon12April2013.Retrieved14April2013. ^Review,StanfordLaw."Home–StanfordLawReview"(PDF).www.stanfordlawreview.org.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon3September2015. ^Liptak,Adam(18November2007)."DoesDeathPenaltySaveLives?ANewDebate".TheNewYorkTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17November2015. ^JamesPitkin.""KillingTime"|January23rd,2008".Wweek.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24January2008.Retrieved23August2010. ^"TheDeathPenaltyNeedstoBeanOptionforPunishment".TheNewYorkTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7December2016. ^Schillinger,Ted(2007)RobertBleckerWantsMeDead,filmaboutretributivejusticeandcapitalpunishment ^"NewYorkLawSchool ::RobertBlecker".Nyls.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2September2013.Retrieved14April2013. ^"ImmanuelKant,ThePhilosophyofRight".American.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17February2014.Retrieved6July2014. ^"Ethics–Capitalpunishment:Argumentsagainstcapitalpunishment".BBC.1January1970.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"Abolishthedeathpenalty".AmnestyInternational.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30August2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^"DeathPenaltyNews&Updates".People.smu.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13April2013.Retrieved14April2013. ^JoelFeinberg:VoluntaryEuthanasiaandtheInalienableRighttoLifeArchived21October2012attheWaybackMachineTheTannerLectureonHumanValues,1April1977. ^"JohnStuartMill,SpeechonCapitalPunishment".Sandiego.edu.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8May2013.Retrieved6July2014. ^"Ispahan–Shiraz".ARidetoIndiaacrossPersiaandBaluchistan.Explorion.net.1901.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18July2011.Retrieved23February2011. ^BorgandRadelet,pp.144–47 ^VanNormanp.287 ^Paternoster,R.(18September2012).CapitalPunishment.OxfordHandbooksOnline.Retrieved15June2016,fromPaternoster,Ray(29September2011).Tonry,Michael(ed.).CapitalPunishment.TheOxfordHandbookofCrimeandCriminalJustice.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001.ISBN 9780195395082.. ^Epps,Garrett(4April2019)."UnusualCrueltyattheSupremeCourt".TheAtlantic.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4April2019.Retrieved20July2021. ^"InnocenceandtheDeathPenalty".Deathpenaltyinfo.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1July2008.Retrieved23August2010. ^CapitalDefenseWeeklyArchived4August2007attheWaybackMachine ^"ExecutedInnocents".Justicedenied.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24November2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^"Wrongfulexecutions".Mitglied.lycos.de.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22May2009.Retrieved23August2010. ^"TheInnocenceProject–NewsandInformation:PressReleases".Innoccenceproject.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2July2010.Retrieved23August2010. ^Lundin,Leigh(10July2011)."CaseyAnthonyTrial–Aftermath".CapitalPunishment.Orlando:CriminalBrief.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11September2011.With400condemnedondeathrow,Floridaisanextremelyaggressivedeathpenaltystate,astatethatwillevenexecutefordrugtrafficking. ^VanNormanp.288 ^"FactsabouttheDeathPenalty"(PDF).DeathPenaltyInformationCenter.9December2015.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon12December2015.Retrieved23December2015. ^"Innocence".NationalCoalitiontoAbolishtheDeathPenalty.Retrieved26July2019. ^"ExecutedButPossiblyInnocent|DeathPenaltyInformationCenter".Deathpenaltyinfo.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13April2012.Retrieved30April2012. ^AmnestyInternational,"Singapore–Thedeathpenalty:Ahiddentollofexecutions"(January2004) ^MisuseofDrugsAct(CHAPTER185).p. PARTIIIEVIDENCE,ENFORCEMENTANDPUNISHMENT.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5March2016.Retrieved1April2019. ^Rountree,MeredithMartin(2014)."VolunteersforExecution:DirectionsforFurtherResearchintoGrief,Culpability,andLegalStructures"(PDF).NorthwesternUniversitySchoolofLaw.Retrieved2July2020. ^"DeathPenaltyandRace|AmnestyInternationalUSA".Amnestyusa.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"RacialBias|EqualJusticeInitiative".Eji.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1October2012.Retrieved11February2014. ^"RacialBias|NationalCoalitiontoAbolishtheDeathPenalty".Ncadp.org.18March1999.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2June2014.Retrieved9July2014. ^Peffley,Mark;Hurwitz,Jon(2007)."PersuasionandResistance:RaceandtheDeathPenaltyinAmerica"(PDF).AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience.51(4):996–1012.doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon3May2014.Retrieved3May2014. ^Eberhardt,J.L.;Davies,P.G.;Purdie-Vaughns,V.J.;Johnson,S.L.(1May2006)."LookingDeathworthy:PerceivedStereotypicalityofBlackDefendantsPredictsCapital-SentencingOutcomes".PsychologicalScience.17(5):383–386.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.177.3897.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x.PMID 16683924.S2CID 15737940.Archivedfromtheoriginalon31August2017. ^Butler,Ryden;Nyhan,Brendan;Montgomery,JacobM.;Torres,Michelle(1January2018)."Revisitingwhitebacklash:Doesraceaffectdeathpenaltyopinion?".Research&Politics.5(1):2053168017751250.doi:10.1177/2053168017751250.ISSN 2053-1680. ^abSchwartz,MatthewS.(8February2019)."JusticesLetAlabamaExecuteDeathRowInmateWhoWantedImamByHisSide".NPR.Retrieved11February2019. ^"Bahrainexecutes3men".DailySunPost.28July2019.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29July2019.Retrieved28July2019. ^ThomasHubert(29June2007)."Journéecontrelapeinedemort :lemondedécide!"(inFrench).CoalitionMondiale.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15September2007. ^"Abolishthedeathpenalty|AmnestyInternational".Web.amnesty.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11October2008.Retrieved12December2012. ^"UNsetforkeydeathpenaltyvote".AmnestyInternational.9December2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15February2008.Retrieved12February2008. ^"DirectorateofCommunication–Theglobalcampaignagainstthedeathpenaltyisgainingmomentum–StatementbyTerryDavis,SecretaryGeneraloftheCouncilofEurope".Wcd.coe.int.16November2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28October2012.Retrieved12December2012. ^"UNGeneralAssembly–NewsStories".Un.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9January2009.Retrieved12December2012. ^"U.N.Assemblycallsformoratoriumondeathpenalty".Reuters.18December2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17April2009. ^ThereasonCanadahasnotratifiedtheConventiondoesnotappeartoberelatedtocapitalpunishment,butbecausetheConvention'sprovisiononabortionislikely,notconsistentwiththelegalpositioninCanadarelatingtoabortion:KellyO'Connor,"AbortionintheAmericas:Article4(1)oftheAmericanConventiononHumanRights." ^"SecondOptionalProtocoltotheICCPR".OfficeoftheUNHighCommissioneronHumanRights.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21November2007.Retrieved8December2007. ^"TheDeathPenaltyin2012|AmnestyInternational".Amnesty.org.9April2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29October2013.Retrieved11February2014. ^"Prezydentpodpisałustawydot.zniesieniakaryśmierci"[ThePresidentsignedtheBill.theabolitionofthedeathpenalty](inPolish).gazeta.pl.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30August2013.Retrieved7September2013. ^"UNTC".Treaties.un.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4January2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^FranciscoJMontero."::MultilateralTreaties–DepartmentofInternationalLaw–".OAS.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7May2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"Burundiabolishesthedeathpenaltybutbanshomosexuality|AmnestyInternational".Amnesty.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"DeathPenalty:HandsOffCainAnnouncesAbolitioninGabon".Handsoffcain.info.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"HANDSOFFCAINagainstdeathpenaltyintheworld".Handsoffcain.info.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"SouthSudansaysdeathpenaltyremainsuntilconstitutionamended–SudanTribune:PluralnewsandviewsonSudan".SudanTribune.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28February2014.Retrieved11February2014. ^"DeathPenalty".AmnestyInternational.Retrieved1September2021. ^"Lebanon:Don'tResurrecttheDeathPenalty".HumanRightsWatch.10October2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25September2015.Retrieved1September2021.HumanRightsWatchopposesthedeathpenaltyinallcasesasaviolationoffundamentalrights–therighttolifeandtherightnottobesubjectedtocruel,inhuman,anddegradingpunishment. ^"Presentation&History".WCADP.Retrieved1September2021. ^"16MEPsUrgeBahraintoReleaseEU-BahrainiDualNationalsandEndDeathPenaltyAheadofBrusselsMeeting".AmericansforDemocracy&HumanRightsinBahrain.25January2021.Retrieved25January2021. ^"LetterfromMEPsonHumanRightsAbusesinBahraininLightofEUCooperationAgreement"(PDF).EuropeanParliament.Retrieved22January2021. ^"Bahá'íReferenceLibrary–TheKitáb-i-Aqdas,Pages203–204".reference.bahai.org. ^Greenberg,DavidF.;West,Valerie(2May2008)."SitingtheDeathPenaltyInternationally".Law&SocialInquiry.33(2):295–343.doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00105.x.S2CID 142990687. Bibliography Kronenwetter,Michael(2001).CapitalPunishment:AReferenceHandbook(2 ed.).ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-57607-432-9. MarianJ.BorgandMichaelL.Radelet.(2004).Onbotchedexecutions.In:PeterHodgkinsonandWilliamA.Schabas(eds.)CapitalPunishment.pp. 143–68.[Online].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Availablefrom:CambridgeBooksOnlinedoi:10.1017/CBO9780511489273.006. GailA.VanNorman.(2010).Physicianparticipationinexecutions.In:GailA.VanNormanetal.(eds.)ClinicalEthicsinAnesthesiology.pp. 285–91.[Online].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Availablefrom:CambridgeBooksOnlinedoi:10.1017/CBO9780511841361.051. Wikinewshasnewsrelatedto: Deathpenalty WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoDeathpenalty. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Capitalpunishment Furtherreading Bohm,RobertM.(2016).DeathQuest.doi:10.4324/9781315673998.ISBN 9781315673998. Curry,Tim."CuttingtheHangman'sNoose:AfricanInitiativestoAbolishtheDeathPenaltyArchived20July2012attheWaybackMachine."()AmericanUniversityWashingtonCollegeofLaw. Davis,DavidBrion."ThemovementtoabolishcapitalpunishmentinAmerica,1787–1861."AmericanHistoricalReview63.1(1957):23–46.online Gaie,JosephB.R(2004).Theethicsofmedicalinvolvementincapitalpunishment :aphilosophicaldiscussion.KluwerAcademic.ISBN 978-1-4020-1764-3. Hammel,A.EndingtheDeathPenalty:TheEuropeanExperienceinGlobalPerspective(2014). Hood,Roger(2001)."CapitalPunishment".Punishment&Society.3(3):331–354.doi:10.1177/1462474501003003001.S2CID 143875533. Johnson,DavidT.;Zimring,FranklinE.(2009).TheNextFrontier:NationalDevelopment,PoliticalChange,andtheDeathPenaltyinAsia.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-19-533740-2. McCafferty,JamesA(2010).CapitalPunishment.AldineTransaction.ISBN 978-0-202-36328-8. Mandery,EvanJ(2005).Capitalpunishment:abalancedexamination.JonesandBartlettPublishers.ISBN 978-0-7637-3308-7. Marzilli,Alan(2008).CapitalPunishment–Point-counterpoint(2nd ed.).ChelseaHouse.ISBN 978-0-7910-9796-0. O'Brien,Doireann."InvestigatingtheOriginofEuropeandAmerica'sDivergingPositionsontheIssueofCapitalPunishment."SocialandPoliticalReview(2018):98+.onlineArchived21December2019attheWaybackMachine Rakoff,JedS.,"TheLastofHisKind"(reviewofJohnPaulStevens,TheMakingofaJustice:ReflectionsonMyFirst94Years,Little,Brown,549pp.),TheNewYorkReviewofBooks,vol.LXVI,no.14(26September2019),pp. 20,22,24.JohnPaulStevens,"athrowbacktothepostwarliberalRepublican[U.S.SupremeCourt]appointees",questionedthevalidityof"thedoctrineofsovereignimmunity,whichholdsthatyoucannotsueanystateorfederalgovernmentagency,oranyofitsofficersoremployees,foranywrongtheymayhavecommittedagainstyou,unlessthestateorfederalgovernmentconsentstobeingsued"(p. 20);theproprietyof"theincreasingresistanceoftheU.S.SupremeCourttomostmeaningfulformsofguncontrol"(p. 22);and"theconstitutionalityofthedeathpenalty...becauseofincontrovertibleevidencethatinnocentpeoplehavebeensentencedtodeath."(pp. 22,24.) Sarat,AustinandJuergenMartschukat,eds.IstheDeathPenaltyDying?:EuropeanandAmericanPerspectives(2011) Woolf,Alex(2004).Worldissues–CapitalPunishment.ChrysalisEducation.ISBN 978-1-59389-155-8.formiddleschoolstudents Simon,Rita(2007).Acomparativeanalysisofcapitalpunishment :statutes,policies,frequencies,andpublicattitudestheworldover.LexingtonBooks.ISBN 978-0-7391-2091-0. Steiker,CarolS."CapitalpunishmentandAmericanexceptionalism."OregonLawReview.81(2002):97+online Externallinks About.com'sPros&ConsoftheDeathPenaltyandCapitalPunishment CapitalPunishmentarticleintheInternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy. 1000+DeathPenaltylinksallinoneplace Updatesonthedeathpenaltygenerallyandcapitalpunishmentlawspecifically TexasDepartmentofCriminalJustice:listofexecutedoffendersandtheirlaststatements DeathPenaltyWorldwide:Archived13November2013attheWaybackMachineAcademicresearchdatabaseonthelaws,practice,andstatisticsofcapitalpunishmentforeverydeathpenaltycountryintheworld. Answers.comentryoncapitalpunishment "HowtoKillaHumanBeing",BBCHorizonTVprogrammedocumentary,2008 U.S.and50Statedeathpenalty/capitalpunishmentlawandotherrelevantlinksMegalaw TwoaudiodocumentariescoveringexecutionintheUnitedStates:WitnesstoanExecutionTheExecutionTapes WrongfullyConvictedCitizens:capitalpunishmentofwrongfullyconvictedcitizensintheUS,2017 Infavour ExternalvideoSingapore'sMandatoryDeathPenaltyonDrugTrafficking-GovernmentofSingapore Studiesshowingthedeathpenaltysaveslives CriminalJusticeLegalFoundation Keeplifewithoutparoleanddeathpenaltyintact Whythedeathpenaltyisneeded ProDeathPenalty.com ProDeathPenaltyResourcePage 119ProDPLinks TheDeathPenaltyisConstitutional TheParadoxesofaDeathPenaltyStancebyCharlesLaneinTheWashingtonPost ClarkCounty,Indiana,Prosecutor'sPageoncapitalpunishment InFavorofCapitalPunishment–FamousQuotessupportingCapitalPunishment Studiesspurnewdeathpenaltydebate Opposing WorldCoalitionAgainsttheDeathPenalty DeathWatchInternationalInternationalanti-deathpenaltycampaigngroup CampaigntoEndtheDeathPenalty Anti-DeathPenaltyInformation:includesamonthlywatchlistofupcomingexecutionsanddeathpenaltystatisticsfortheUnitedStates. TheDeathPenaltyInformationCenter:Statisticalinformationandstudies AmnestyInternational–AbolishthedeathpenaltyCampaign:HumanRightsorganisation EuropeanUnion:Informationonanti-deathpenaltypolicies IPSInterPressServiceInternationalnewsoncapitalpunishment DeathPenaltyFocus:Americangroupdedicatedtoabolishingthedeathpenalty Reprieve.org:UnitedStates-basedvolunteerprogramforforeignlawyers,students,andotherstoworkatdeathpenaltydefenseoffices AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion:DemandingaMoratoriumontheDeathPenalty NationalCoalitiontoAbolishtheDeathPenalty NSWCouncilforCivilLibertiesArchived15October2015attheWaybackMachine:anAustralianorganisationopposedtotheDeathPenaltyintheAsianregion Winningawaronterror:eliminatingthedeathpenalty ElectricChairatSingSing,a1900photographbyWilliamM.VanderWeyde,accompaniedbyapoembyJaredCarter. LeadprosecutorapologizesforroleinsendingmantodeathrowShreveportTimes,2015 JamesHaughton(1850)."Ondeathpunishments:apaperreadbeforetheDublinStatisticalSociety".JournaloftheStatisticalandSocialInquirySocietyofIreland.Dublin:StatisticalandSocialInquirySocietyofIreland.hdl:2262/7759.ISSN 0081-4776.Wikidata Q28925851. Religiousviews TheDalaiLama–Messagesupportingthemoratoriumonthedeathpenalty Buddhism&CapitalPunishmentfromTheEngagedZenSociety OrthodoxUnionwebsite:RabbiYosefEdelstein:ParshatBeha'alotcha:AFewReflectionsonCapitalPunishment PriestsforLife–ListsseveralCatholiclinks TheDeathPenalty:WhytheChurchSpeaksaCounterculturalMessagebyKennethR.Overberg,S.J.,fromAmericanCatholic.org WrestlingwiththeDeathPenaltybyAndyPrince,fromYouthUpdateonAmericanCatholic.org Herbermann,Charles,ed.(1913)."CapitalPunishment" .CatholicEncyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany. CatholicsAgainstCapitalPunishment:offersaCatholicperspectiveandprovidesresourcesandlinks KashifShahzada2010:WhyTheDeathPenaltyIsun-Islamic? vteCapitalpunishmentRetentionistcountries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Bahrain Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Maldives Nigeria NorthKorea Pakistan Qatar SaudiArabia Singapore Somalia SouthSudan Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand UnitedArabEmirates UnitedStates Vietnam Yemen Retentionistcountrieswithrecentlyimposedmoratorium Comoros TheGambia Indonesia Lesotho Malaysia Abolitionistinpracticecountries Brunei Kenya Laos Morocco Russia SouthKorea SriLanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionistforordinarycrimesonly Brazil Guatemala Israel Peru Abolitionistcountries Albania Andorra Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan BosniaandHerzegovina Bulgaria Cambodia Canada CapeVerde CostaRica Croatia Cyprus CzechRepublic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece HongKong Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Malawi Malta Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Nauru Nepal Netherlands NewZealand NorthMacedonia Norway PapuaNewGuinea Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Rwanda SanMarino Serbia Seychelles SierraLeone Slovakia Slovenia SouthAfrica Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine UnitedKingdom Uzbekistan VaticanCity Venezuela Bycountry Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Former SovietUnion Currentjudicialmethods Hanging Shooting firingsquad Lethalinjection Electrocution Gasinhalation Beheading Stoning AncientandPost-classicalmethods Bestiarii Damnatioadbestias Bloodeagle Blowingfromagun Brazenbull Boiling Breakingwheel Burial Burning Crucifixion Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republicanmarriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Guillotine Hanged,drawnandquartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slowslicing Stoning Suffocationinash Uprightjerker Waistchop Relatedtopics Usebycountry Mostrecentexecutionsbycountry Crime Deathrow Finalstatement Lastmeal Penology Listofmethods Religionandcapitalpunishment Wrongfulexecution Capitalpunishmentfordrugtrafficking Capitalpunishmentforhomosexuality Linkstorelatedarticles vteCapitalpunishmentinEuropeSovereignstates Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium BosniaandHerzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus CzechRepublic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands NorthMacedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia SanMarino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine UnitedKingdom VaticanCity Stateswithlimitedrecognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo NorthernCyprus SouthOssetia Transnistria Dependenciesandotherentities Åland FaroeIslands Gibraltar Guernsey IsleofMan Jersey Svalbard Otherentities EuropeanUnion vteCapitalpunishmentinAsiaSovereignstates Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus EastTimor(Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan NorthKorea SouthKorea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia SaudiArabia Singapore SriLanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan UnitedArabEmirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Stateswithlimitedrecognition Abkhazia Artsakh NorthernCyprus Palestine SouthOssetia Taiwan Dependenciesandotherterritories BritishIndianOceanTerritory ChristmasIsland Cocos(Keeling)Islands HongKong Macau Category Asiaportal vteCapitalpunishmentinAfricaSovereignstates Algeria Angola Benin Botswana BurkinaFaso Burundi Cameroon CapeVerde CentralAfricanRepublic Chad Comoros DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo RepublicoftheCongo Djibouti Egypt EquatorialGuinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon TheGambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau IvoryCoast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda SãoToméandPríncipe Senegal Seychelles SierraLeone Somalia SouthAfrica SouthSudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Stateswithlimitedrecognition SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic Somaliland Dependenciesandotherterritories CanaryIslands /Ceuta /Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte /Réunion (France) SaintHelena /AscensionIsland /TristandaCunha (UnitedKingdom) vteCapitalpunishmentinNorthAmericaSovereignstates AntiguaandBarbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada CostaRica Cuba Dominica DominicanRepublic ElSalvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama SaintKittsandNevis SaintLucia SaintVincentandtheGrenadines TrinidadandTobago UnitedStates Dependenciesandotherterritories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire BritishVirginIslands CaymanIslands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat PuertoRico SaintBarthélemy SaintMartin SaintPierreandMiquelon Saba SintEustatius SintMaarten TurksandCaicosIslands UnitedStatesVirginIslands vteCapitalpunishmentinSouthAmericaSovereignstates Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependenciesandotherterritories FalklandIslands FrenchGuiana SouthGeorgiaandtheSouthSandwichIslands vteCapitalpunishmentinOceaniaSovereignstates Australia FederatedStatesofMicronesia Fiji Kiribati MarshallIslands Nauru NewZealand Palau PapuaNewGuinea Samoa SolomonIslands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu AssociatedstatesofNewZealand CookIslands Niue Dependenciesandotherterritories AmericanSamoa ChristmasIsland Cocos(Keeling)Islands EasterIsland FrenchPolynesia Guam Hawaii NewCaledonia NorfolkIsland NorthernMarianaIslands PitcairnIslands Tokelau WallisandFutuna vteCapitalpunishmentintheUnitedStatesArticles Federalgovernment Military Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada NewHampshire NewJersey NewMexico NewYork NorthCarolina NorthDakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania RhodeIsland SouthCarolina SouthDakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington WestVirginia Wisconsin Wyoming AmericanSamoa Guam PuertoRico Washington,D.C. Listsofpeopleexecuted Federalgovernment Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada NewHampshire NewJersey NewMexico NewYork NorthCarolina NorthDakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania SouthCarolina SouthDakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington WestVirginia Wyoming Washington,D.C. Byyear 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Scheduledexecutions Issuesandethics Death-qualifiedjury Debate Dualsovereigntydoctrine Executiondrugshortage Exonerations Juveniles Lastmeal Participationofmedicalprofessionals Raceandcapitalpunishment Wrongfulexecutions Other Deathrowinmates DeathPenaltyInformationCenter Mostrecentexecutionsbystate NationalCoalitiontoAbolishtheDeathPenalty SupremeCourtdecisionsoncapitalpunishment Womenexecutedsince1976 Womenondeathrow vteListsofcountriesbylawsandlawenforcementrankingsAgeof Consent Legalcandidacyforpoliticaloffice Criminalresponsibility Legaldrinking Legaldriving Majority Legalmarriage(intheUS) Retirementage Mandatoryretirement School-leavingage Legalsmoking(intheUS) Voting Suffrage Youthsuffrage Workingage Drugs Drugandprecursorlawsbycountryorterritory Psychedelics Amanitamushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality annualuse lifetimeuse Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybinmushroom Legality Salviadivinorum Legality Other Alcohol Alcoholconsumption Alcohollaw Bathsalts LegalstatusofMephedrone LegalstatusofMPDV LegalstatusofMethylone Cocaineuse Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiateuse Death Legalityofeuthanasia Homicide bydecade Lawenforcementkillings Legalityofsuicide Legalityofassistedsuicide Guns Deaths Ownership Households Laws Punishment Corporalpunishment Athome Atschool Incourt Deathpenalty Incarceration Lifeimprisonment Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Childpornography Simulatedchildpornography Drawnpornographydepictingminors Internetpornography Prostitution Sexualassault Childsexualabuse Rape Sodomylaw Sextrafficking Reproduction Abortionlaw Minorsandabortion Adoptionlaw Internationaladoption Humancloning Sterilization Surrogacy Censorship Censorshipbycountry Bookcensorship bycountry Filmcensorship bycountry Internetcensorship bycountry Cartographiccensorship Politicalcensorship Videogamingcensorship bycountry Humanrights Children'srights Childreninthemilitary Intersexrights LGBTrights Slavery Humantrafficking Freedomofmovement bycountry Intheair Abode PropertyandEnvironmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparianwater Business Corporate Corporateliability Competition Mergersandacquisitions Monopoly Legalityofbitcoinbycountryorterritory Internationalownership Internationalwaters Sealaw Maritimelaw AntarcticTreatySystem Other Animalrights Immigrationlaw Nationallegalsystems Policebrutality prisonerabuse Religiouslaw separationofchurchandstate Sharia Sizeofpoliceforces WorldJusticeProject Listofinternationalrankings Listsbycountry AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries Spain France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates Japan CzechRepublic Other HistoricalDictionaryofSwitzerland NationalArchives(US) Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment&oldid=1073840088" Categories:CapitalpunishmentEthicallydisputedjudicialpracticesPenologySocialpolicyHiddencategories:CS1maint:unfitURLAllarticleswithdeadexternallinksArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromJune2021ArticleswithpermanentlydeadexternallinksHarvandSfnno-targeterrorsCS1:longvolumevalueCS1maint:DOIinactiveasofOctober2021WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1Italian-languagesources(it)CS1Norwegian-languagesources(no)CS1errors:missingperiodicalCS1French-languagesources(fr)CS1Polish-languagesources(pl)ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedpagesWikipediaindefinitelymove-protectedpagesUsedmydatesfromSeptember2021ArticlescontainingLatin-languagetextWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromJuly2016WikipediaarticlesneedingpagenumbercitationsfromDecember2017AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJune2020AllarticleslackingreliablereferencesArticleslackingreliablereferencesfromJune2020ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJanuary2021ArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfromDecember2021AllarticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsWikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingfromAugust2014AllWikipediaarticlesinneedofupdatingArticlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom1992ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2021Articlescontainingpotentiallydatedstatementsfrom2017CommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticlesincorporatingacitationfromthe1913CatholicEncyclopediawithWikisourcereferenceArticleswithBNEidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithHDSidentifiersArticleswithNARAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English expanded collapsed Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikinewsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansAlemannischالعربيةAragonésঅসমীয়াAsturianuAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБашҡортсаБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegБуряадCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskالدارجةDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraفارسیFijiHindiFøroysktFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGalegoХальмг한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasaIndonesiaИронÍslenskaItalianoעבריתKabɩyɛಕನ್ನಡКъарачай-малкъарქართულიҚазақшаKiswahiliKriyòlgwiyannenKurdîКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLimburgsLombardMagyarМакедонскиമലയാളംमराठीმარგალურიمصرىBahasaMelayuMinangkabauMìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄Монголမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsनेपाली日本語НохчийнNorskbokmålNorsknynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیPatoisPiemontèisPolskiPortuguêsQaraqalpaqshaRomânăRunaSimiРусиньскыйРусскийСахатылаSarduScotsShqipSicilianuSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaSoomaaligaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaไทยТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوVènetoTiếngViệtVõro文言West-VlamsWinaray吴语ייִדיש粵語ZazakiŽemaitėška中文 Editlinks