YouTube - Wikipedia

YouTube was founded by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. The trio were all early employees of PayPal, which left them enriched after the company was ... YouTube FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch OnlinevideoplatformownedbyGoogle NottobeconfusedwithYouTube(channel). YouTubeLogosince2017Screenshot YouTube'sfrontpageonNovember14,2021TypeofbusinessSubsidiaryTypeofsiteOnlinevideoplatformFoundedFebruary 14,2005;16yearsago (2005-02-14)Headquarters901CherryAvenueSanBruno,California,UnitedStatesArea servedWorldwide(excludingblockedcountries)Founder(s)ChadHurleySteveChenJawedKarimKey peopleSusanWojcicki(CEO)ChadHurley(advisor)IndustryInternetVideohostingserviceProductsYouTubePremiumYouTubeMusicYouTubeTVYouTubeKidsRevenueUS$19.8billion(2020)[1]ParentGoogleLLC(2006–present)URLYouTube.com(seelistoflocalizeddomainnames)AdvertisingGoogleAdSenseRegistration Optional Notrequiredtowatchmostvideos;requiredforcertaintaskssuchasuploadingvideos,viewingflagged(18+)videos,creatingplaylists,likingordislikingvideos,andpostingcomments Users2billion(October2020)[2]LaunchedFebruary 14,2005;16yearsago (2005-02-14)Current statusActiveContentlicenseUploaderholdscopyright(standardlicense);CreativeCommonscanbeselected.Written inPython(core/API),[3]C(throughCPython),C++,Java(throughGuiceplatform),[4][5]Go,[6]JavaScript(UI) YouTubeisanAmericanonlinevideosharingandsocialmediaplatformownedbyGoogle.ItwaslaunchedonFebruary14,2005bySteveChen,ChadHurley,andJawedKarim.Itisthesecondmostvisitedwebsite,rightafterGoogleitself.YouTubehasmorethanonebillionmonthlyusers[7]whocollectivelywatchmorethanonebillionhoursofvideoseachday.[8]AsofMay2019[update],videoswerebeinguploadedatarateofmorethan500hoursofcontentperminute.[9][10] InOctober2006,YouTubewasboughtbyGooglefor$1.65 billion.[11]Google'sownershipofYouTubehasalsochangeditsbusinessmodel;itnolongergeneratesrevenuefromadvertisementsalone.YouTubenowofferspaidcontentsuchasmoviesandexclusivecontent.YouTubeandapprovedcreatorsparticipateinGoogle'sAdSenseprogram,whichgeneratesmorerevenueforbothparties.Ithassinceevolvedfromasmallvideostreamingplatformtoalargeservicewithreportedrevenuesof$19.8billionin2020.[1] SinceitspurchasebyGoogle,YouTubehasexpandedbeyondthewebsiteintomobileapps,networktelevision,andtheabilitytolinkwithotherservices.VideocategoriesonYouTubeincludemusicvideos,videoclips,news,shortfilms,featurefilms,documentaries,audiorecordings,movietrailers,teasers,livestreams,vlogs,andmore.Mostcontentisgeneratedbyindividuals.ThisincludescollaborationsbetweenYouTubersandcorporatesponsors.Since2015,establishedmediacorporationssuchasDisney,ViacomCBS,andWarnerMediahavecreatedandexpandedtheircorporateYouTubechannelstoadvertisetoalargeraudience. YouTubehashadanunprecedentedsocialimpact,influencingpopularculture,internettrends,andcreatingmultimillionairecelebrities.Despiteallitsgrowthandsuccess,YouTubehasbeenwidelycriticized.CriticismofYouTubeincludes;thewebsitebeingusedtofacilitatethespreadofmisinformation,copyrightissues,routineviolationsofitsusers'privacy,enablingcensorship,andendangeringchildsafetyandwellbeing. Contents 1History 1.1Foundingandinitialgrowth(2005–2006) 1.2BroadcastYourselfera(2006–2013) 1.3YouTube'snewCEO(2014–2018) 1.4Consolidationandcontroversy(2019–present) 2Features 2.1Videotechnology 2.1.1Uploading 2.1.2Qualityandformats 2.1.3Livestreaming 2.2Userfeatures 2.2.1Community 2.2.2Commentsystem 2.3Contentaccessibility 2.3.1Platforms 2.4Internationalandlocalization 3Videos 3.1Copyrightissues 3.1.1ContentID 3.2Moderationandoffensivecontent 3.2.1YouTubeasatooltopromoteconspiracytheoriesandfar-rightcontent 3.2.2Useamongwhitesupremacists 3.2.3HandlingofCOVID-19pandemicandothermisinformation 3.2.4Sexualizationofchildrenandpedophilia 3.3AprilFoolsgags 4Services 4.1YouTubeCommunity 4.2YouTubeKids 4.3YouTubeMovies 4.4YouTubeMusic 4.5YouTubePremium 4.6YouTubeShorts 4.7YouTubeStories 4.8TestTube 4.9YouTubeTV 5Socialimpact 6Finances 6.1Partnershipwithcorporations 6.1.12017advertiserboycott 6.2YouTuberearnings 6.3Revenuetocopyrightholders 7Censorshipandbans 8Seealso 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks History Mainarticle:HistoryofYouTube Foundingandinitialgrowth(2005–2006) Fromlefttoright:ChadHurley,SteveChen,andJawedKarim,thefoundersofYouTube YouTubewasfoundedbySteveChen,ChadHurley,andJawedKarim.ThetriowereallearlyemployeesofPayPal,whichleftthemenrichedafterthecompanywasboughtbyeBay.[12]HurleyhadstudieddesignatIndianaUniversityofPennsylvania,andChenandKarimstudiedcomputersciencetogetherattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana–Champaign.[13] Accordingtoastorythathasoftenbeenrepeatedinthemedia,HurleyandChendevelopedtheideaforYouTubeduringtheearlymonthsof2005,aftertheyhadexperienceddifficultysharingvideosthathadbeenshotatadinnerpartyatChen'sapartmentinSanFrancisco.Karimdidnotattendthepartyanddeniedthatithadoccurred,butChenremarkedthattheideathatYouTubewasfoundedafteradinnerparty"wasprobablyverystrengthenedbymarketingideasaroundcreatingastorythatwasverydigestible".[14] KarimsaidtheinspirationforYouTubefirstcamefromtheSuperBowlXXXVIIIhalftimeshowcontroversy,whenJanetJackson'sbreastwasbrieflyexposedbyJustinTimberlakeduringthehalftimeshow.Karimcouldnoteasilyfindvideoclipsoftheincidentand2004IndianOceanTsunamionline,whichledtotheideaofavideosharingsite.[15]HurleyandChensaidthattheoriginalideaforYouTubewasavideoversionofanonlinedatingservice,andhadbeeninfluencedbythewebsiteHotorNot.[14][16]TheycreatedpostsonCraigslistaskingattractivewomentouploadvideosofthemselvestoYouTubeinexchangefora$100reward.[17]Difficultyinfindingenoughdatingvideosledtoachangeofplans,withthesite'sfoundersdecidingtoacceptuploadsofanytypeofvideo.[18] TheYouTubelogowasusedfromitslaunchuntil2011.Anotherversionofthislogowithouttheir"BroadcastYourself"sloganwasuseduntil2015. YouTubebeganasaventurecapital–fundedtechnologystartup.BetweenNovember2005andApril2006,thecompanyraisedmoneyfromavarietyofinvestorswithSequoiaCapital,$11.5 million,andArtisCapitalManagement,$8 million,beingthelargesttwo.[12][19]YouTube'searlyheadquartersweresituatedaboveapizzeriaandJapaneserestaurantinSanMateo,California.[20]InFebruary2005,thecompanyactivatedwww.youtube.com.[21]ThefirstvideowasuploadedApril23,2005.TitledMeatthezoo,itshowsco-founderJawedKarimattheSanDiegoZooandcanstillbeviewedonthesite.[22][23]InMay,thecompanylaunchedapublicbetaandbyNovember,aNikeadfeaturingRonaldinhobecamethefirstvideotoreachonemilliontotalviews.[24][25]ThesitelaunchedofficiallyonDecember15,2005,bywhichtimethesitewasreceiving8 millionviewsaday.[26][27]Clipsatthetimewerelimitedto100megabytes,aslittleas30secondsoffootage.[28] Contrarytopopularbelief,YouTubewasnotthefirstvideo-sharingsiteontheInternet;VimeowaslaunchedinNovember2004,thoughthatsiteremainedasideprojectofitsdevelopersfromCollegeHumoratthetimeanddidnotgrowmuch,either.[29]TheweekofYouTube'slaunch,NBC-Universal'sSaturdayNightLiveranaskit"LazySunday"byTheLonelyIsland.Besideshelpingtobolsterratingsandlong-termviewershipforSaturdayNightLive,"LazySunday"'sstatusasanearlyviralvideohelpedestablishYouTubeasanimportantwebsite.[30]UnofficialuploadsoftheskittoYouTubedrewinmorethanfivemillioncollectiveviewsbyFebruary2006beforetheywereremovedwhenNBCUniversalrequestedittwomonthslaterbasedoncopyrightconcerns.[31]Despiteeventuallybeingtakendown,theseduplicateuploadsoftheskithelpedpopularizeYouTube'sreachandledtotheuploadofmorethird-partycontent.[32][33]Thesitegrewrapidlyand,inJuly2006,thecompanyannouncedthatmorethan65,000newvideoswerebeinguploadedeveryday,andthatthesitewasreceiving100 millionvideoviewsperday.[34] Thechoiceofthenamewww.youtube.comledtoproblemsforasimilarlynamedwebsite,www.utube.com.Thatsite'sowner,UniversalTube&RollformEquipment,filedalawsuitagainstYouTubeinNovember2006afterbeingregularlyoverloadedbypeoplelookingforYouTube.UniversalTubesubsequentlychangeditswebsitetowww.utubeonline.com.[35][36] BroadcastYourselfera(2006–2013) YouTube'sheadquartersinSanBruno,California OnOctober9,2006,GoogleannouncedthatithadacquiredYouTubefor$1.65 billioninGooglestock.[37][38]ThedealwasfinalizedonNovember13,2006.[39][40]Google'sacquisitionlaunchednewnewfoundinterestinvideo-sharingsites;IAC,whichnowownedVimeo,focusedonsupportingthecontentcreatorstodistinguishitselffromYouTube.[29]ItisatthistimeYouTubeissuedtheslogan"BroadcastYourself". YouTubelogofrom2015until2017 Thecompanyexperiencedrapidgrowth.TheDailyTelegraphwrotethatin2007,YouTubeconsumedasmuchbandwidthastheentireInternetin2000.[41]By2010,thecompanyhadreachedamarketshareofaround43%andmorethan14 billionviewsofvideos,accordingtocomScore.[42]Thatyear,thecompanysimplifieditsinterfaceinordertoincreasethetimeuserswouldspendonthesite.[43]In2011,morethanthreebillionvideoswerebeingwatchedeachdaywith48hoursofnewvideosuploadedeveryminute.[44][45][46]However,mostoftheseviewscamefromarelativelysmallnumberofvideos;accordingtoasoftwareengineeratthattime,30%ofvideosaccountedfor99%ofviewsonthesite.[47]Thatyear,thecompanyagainchangeditsinterfaceandatthesametime,introducedanewlogowithadarkershadeofred.[48][49]Asubsequentinterfacechange,designedtounifytheexperienceacrossdesktop,TV,andmobile,wasrolledoutin2013.[50]Bythatpoint,morethan100hourswerebeinguploadedeveryminute,anumberthatwouldincreaseto300hoursbyNovember2014.[51][52] Duringthistime,thecompanyalsowentthroughsomeorganizationalchanges.InOctober2006,YouTubemovedtoanewofficeinSanBruno,California.[53]HurleyannouncedthathewouldbesteppingdownasachiefexecutiveofficerofYouTubetotakeanadvisoryroleandthatSalarKamangarwouldtakeoverasheadofthecompanyinOctober2010.[54] YouTube'snewCEO(2014–2018) YouTubelogosince2017 SusanWojcickiwasappointedCEOofYouTubeinFebruary2014.[55]InJanuary2016,YouTubeexpandeditsheadquartersinSanBrunobypurchasinganofficeparkfor$215 million.Thecomplexhas51,468squaremetres(554,000squarefeet)ofspaceandcanhouseupto2,800employees.[56]YouTubeofficiallylaunchedthe"polymer"redesignofitsuserinterfacesbasedonMaterialDesignlanguageasitsdefault,aswellaredesignedlogothatisbuiltaroundtheservice'splaybuttonembleminAugust2017.[57] Throughthisperiod,YouTubetriedseveralnewwaystogeneraterevenuebeyondadvertisements.In2013,YouTubelaunchedapilotprogramforcontentproviderstoofferpremium,subscription-basedchannelswithintheplatform.[58][59]ThiseffortwasdiscontinuedinJanuary2018andrelaunchedinJune,withUS$4.99channelsubscriptions.[60][61]ThesechannelsubscriptionscomplementedtheexistingSuperChatability,launchedin2017,whichallowsviewerstodonatebetween$1and$500tohavetheircommenthighlighted.[62]In2014,YouTubeannouncedasubscriptionserviceknownas"MusicKey,"whichbundledad-freestreamingofmusiccontentonYouTubewiththeexistingGooglePlayMusicservice.[63]Theservicecontinuedtoevolvein2015,whenYouTubeannouncedYouTubeRed,anewpremiumservicethatwouldofferad-freeaccesstoallcontentontheplatform(succeedingtheMusicKeyservicereleasedthepreviousyear),premiumoriginalseries,andfilmsproducedbyYouTubepersonalities,aswellasbackgroundplaybackofcontentonmobiledevices.YouTubealsoreleasedYouTubeMusic,athirdapporientedtowardsstreaminganddiscoveringthemusiccontenthostedontheYouTubeplatform.[64][65][66] Thecompanyalsoattemptedtocreateproductstoappealtospecifickindsofviewers.YouTubereleasedamobileappknownasYouTubeKidsin2015,designedtoprovideanexperienceoptimizedforchildren.Itfeaturesasimplifieduserinterface,curatedselectionsofchannelsfeaturingage-appropriatecontent,andparentalcontrolfeatures.[67]Alsoin2015,YouTubelaunchedYouTubeGaming—avideogaming-orientedverticalandappforvideosandlivestreaming,intendedtocompetewiththeAmazon.com-ownedTwitch.[68] Consolidationandcontroversy(2019–present) ByFebruary2017,onebillionhoursofYouTubewerewatchedeveryday,and400hoursofvideowereuploadedeveryminute.[8][69]Twoyearslater,theuploadshadrisentomorethan500hoursperminute.[9]DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,whenmostoftheworldwasunderstay-at-homeorders,usageofservicessuchasYouTubegreatlyincreased.OnedatafirmestimatedthatYouTubewasaccountingfor15%ofallinternettraffic,twiceitspre-pandemiclevel.[70]InresponsetoEUofficialsrequestingthatsuchservicesreducebandwidthastomakesuremedicalentitieshadsufficientbandwidthtoshareinformation,YouTubealongwithNetflixstatedtheywouldreducestreamingqualityforatleastthirtydaysastocutbandwidthuseoftheirservicesby25%tocomplywiththeEU'srequest.[71]YouTubelaterannouncedthattheywouldcontinuewiththismoveworldwide:"Wecontinuetoworkcloselywithgovernmentsandnetworkoperatorsaroundtheglobetodoourparttominimizestressonthesystemduringthisunprecedentedsituation."[72] ThecompanywasattackedonApril3,2018,whenashootingoccurredatYouTube'sheadquartersinSanBruno,California,whichwoundedfourandresultedinonedeath(theshooter).[73] Followinga2018complaintallegingviolationsoftheChildren'sOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct(COPPA),[74]thecompanywasfined$170 millionbytheFTCforcollectingpersonalinformationfromminorsundertheageof13.[75]YouTubewasalsoorderedtocreatesystemstoincreasechildren'sprivacy.[76][77]Followingcriticismsofitsimplementationofthosesystems,YouTubestartedtreatingallvideosdesignatedas"madeforkids"asliableunderCOPPAonJanuary6,2020.[78][79]JoiningtheYouTubeKidsapp,thecompanycreatedasupervisedmode,designedmorefortweens,in2021.[80]AdditionallyinanefforttocompetewithTikTok,YouTubehasreleasedYouTubeShortswhichallowsuserstocreateshortvideostomusic. Duringthisperiod,YouTubeentereddisputeswithothertechcompanies.Foroverayear,in2018and2019,therewasnoYouTubeappavailableforAmazonFireproducts.In2020,RokuwasforcedtoremovetheYouTubeTVappfromitsstreamingstoreafterthetwocompanieswereunabletoreachanagreement.[81][82] Aftertestingearlierin2021,YouTuberemovedpublicdisplayofdislikecountsonvideosinNovember2021,citingitsinternalresearchthatfoundusersoftenusedthedislikefeatureasaformofcyberbullyingandbrigading.[83]Whilesomeuserspraisedthemoveasawaytodiscouragetrolls,othersfeltthathidingdislikeswouldmakeitharderforviewerstorecogniseclickbaitorunhelpfulvideos,andthatotherfeaturesalreadyexistedforcreatorstolimitbullying.SometheorisedtheremovalofdislikeswasinfluencedbyYouTubeRewind2018,whichwasuniversallypannedandbecamethemost-dislikedvideoontheplatform.[83]YouTubeco-founderJawedKarimreferredtotheupdateas"astupididea",andthatthereasonbehindthechangewas"notagoodone,andnotonethatwillbepubliclydisclosed."Karimfeltthattheabilityforusersonasocialplatformtoidentitybadcontentwasessential,saying,"Theprocessworks,andthere’sanameforit:thewisdomofthecrowds.Theprocessbreakswhentheplatforminterfereswithit.Then,theplatforminvariablydeclines."[84][85][86] Features Videotechnology YouTubeprimarilyusestheVP9andH.264/MPEG-4AVCvideocodecs,andtheDynamicAdaptiveStreamingoverHTTPprotocol.[87]MPEG-4Part2streamscontainedwithin3GPcontainersarealsoprovidedforlowbandwidthconnections.[88]ByJanuary2019,YouTubehadbegunrollingoutvideosinAV1format.[89]In2021itwasreportedthatthecompanywasconsideringrequiringAV1instreaminghardwareinordertodecreasebandwidthandincreasequality.[90]VideoisusuallystreamedalongsidetheOpusandAACaudiocodecs.[88] Atlaunchin2005,viewingYouTubevideosonapersonalcomputerrequiredtheAdobeFlashPlayerplug-intobeinstalledinthebrowser.[91]InJanuary2010,YouTubelaunchedanexperimentalversionofthesitethatusedthebuilt-inmultimediacapabilitiesofwebbrowserssupportingtheHTML5standard.[92]ThisallowedvideostobeviewedwithoutrequiringAdobeFlashPlayeroranyotherplug-intobeinstalled.[93]OnJanuary27,2015,YouTubeannouncedthatHTML5wouldbethedefaultplaybackmethodonsupportedbrowsers.[92]WiththeswitchtoHTML5videostreamsusingDynamicAdaptiveStreamingoverHTTP(MPEG-DASH),anadaptivebit-rateHTTP-basedstreamingsolutionoptimizingthebitrateandqualityfortheavailablenetwork.[94] Theplatformcanservevideosatoptionallylowerresolutionlevelsstartingat144pforsmootheningplaybackinareasandcountrieswithlimitedInternetspeeds,improvingcompatibility,aswellasforthepreservationoflimitedcellulardataplans.Theresolutionsettingcanbeadjustedautomaticallybasedondetectedconnectionspeed,aswellasbesetmanually.[95][96] From2008to2017,userscouldadd"annotations"totheirvideos—suchaspop-uptextmessagesandhyperlinksandwhichallowedforinteractivevideos.By2019allannotationshadbeenremovedfromvideos,breakingsomevideoswhichdependedonthefeature.YouTubeintroducedstandardizedwidgetsintendedtoreplaceannotationsinacross-platformmanner,including"endscreens"(acustomizablearrayofthumbnailsforspecifiedvideosdisplayedneartheendofthevideo).[97][98][99] In2018,YouTubebecameanISNIregistry,andannounceditsintentiontobegincreatingISNIidentifierstouniquelyidentifythemusicianswhosevideositfeatures.[100] Uploading AllYouTubeuserscanuploadvideosupto15minuteseachinduration.Userscanverifytheiraccount,normallythroughamobilephone,togaintheabilitytouploadvideosupto12hoursinlength,aswellasproducelivestreams.[101][102]WhenYouTubewaslaunchedin2005,itwaspossibletouploadlongervideos,buta10-minutelimitwasintroducedinMarch2006afterYouTubefoundthatthemajorityofvideosexceedingthislengthwereunauthorizeduploadsoftelevisionshowsandfilms.[103]The10-minutelimitwasincreasedto15minutesinJuly2010.[104]Videoscanbeatmost256GBinsizeor12hours,whicheverisless.[101]Asof2021[update],automaticclosedcaptionsusingspeechrecognitiontechnologywhenavideoisuploadedisavailablein13languages,andcanbemachine-translatedduringplayback.[105] YouTubealsooffersmanualclosedcaptioningaspartofitscreatorstudio.[106]YouTubeformerlyoffereda'CommunityCaptions'feature,whereviewerscouldwriteandsubmitcaptionsforpublicdisplayuponapprovalbythevideouploader,butthiswasdeprecatedinSeptember2020.[107] YouTubeacceptsthemostcommoncontainerformats,includingMP4,Matroska,FLV,AVI,WebM,3GP,MPEG-PS,andtheQuickTimeFileFormat.Someintermediatevideoformats(i.e.,primarilyusedforprofessionalvideoediting,notforfinaldeliveryorstorage)arealsoaccepted,suchasProRes.[108]YouTubeprovidesrecommendedencodingsettings.[109] In2018,YouTubeaddedafeaturecalledPremierewhichdisplaysanotificationtotheusermentioningwhenthevideowillbeavailableforthefirsttime,likeforalivestreambutwithaprerecordedvideo.Whenthescheduledtimearrives,thevideoisairedasalivebroadcastwithatwo-minutecountdown.Optionally,apremierecanbeinitiatedimmediately.[110] Qualityandformats YouTubeoriginallyofferedvideosatonlyonequalitylevel,displayedataresolutionof320×240pixelsusingtheSorensonSparkcodec(avariantofH.263),[111][112]withmonoMP3audio.[113]InJune2007,YouTubeaddedanoptiontowatchvideosin3GPformatonmobilephones.[114]InMarch2008,ahigh-qualitymodewasadded,whichincreasedtheresolutionto480×360pixels.[115]InDecember2008,720pHDsupportwasadded.Atthetimeofthe720plaunch,theYouTubeplayerwaschangedfroma4:3aspectratiotoawidescreen16:9.[116]Withthisnewfeature,YouTubebeganaswitchovertoH.264/MPEG-4AVCasitsdefaultvideocompressionformat.InNovember2009,1080pHDsupportwasadded.InJuly2010,YouTubeannouncedthatithadlaunchedarangeofvideosin4Kformat,whichallowsaresolutionofupto4096×3072pixels.[117][118]InMarch2015,supportfor4Kresolutionwasadded,withthevideosplayingat3840 × 2160pixels.InJune2015,supportfor8Kresolutionwasadded,withthevideosplayingat7680×4320pixels.[119]InNovember2016,supportforHDRvideowasaddedwhichcanbeencodedwithhybridlog–gamma(HLG)orperceptualquantizer(PQ).[120]HDRvideocanbeencodedwiththeRec.2020colorspace.[121] InJune2014,YouTubebegantodeploysupportforhigh-frame-ratevideosupto60framespersecond(asopposedto30before),becomingavailableforuseruploadsinOctober.YouTubestatedthatthiswouldenhance"motion-intensive"videos,suchasvideogamefootage.[122][123][124][125] YouTubevideosareavailableinarangeofqualitylevels.Viewersonlyindirectlyinfluencethevideoquality.Userschoosebetween"Auto",whichadjustsresolutionbasedontheinternetconnection,"HighPictureQuality"whichwillprioritizeplayinghigh-qualityvideo,"Datasaver"whichwillsacrificevideoqualityinfavoroflowdatausage,and"Advanced"whichletstheuserchooseastreamresolution.[126]Itisnotpossiblefortheviewertodirectlychooseahigherbitrate(quality)foranyselectedresolution. Since2009,viewershavehadtheabilitywatch3Dvideos.[127]In2015,thecompanybegannativelysupporting360-degreevideoandithassinceallowedforlivestreamingof360°videoatupto4Kresolution.[128][129]Citingthelimitednumberofuserswhowatchedmorethan90-degrees,thecompanybegansupportinganalternativestereoscopicvideoformatknownasVR180whichitsaidwaseasiertoproduce.[130]Thecompanynowallowsuserstowatchanyvideousingvirtualrealityheadsets.[131] InresponsetoincreasedviewershipduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,thecompanytemporarilydowngradedthequalityofitsvideos.[132][133]Thecompanydevelopeditsownchip,calledArgos,tohelpwithencodinghigherresolutionvideosin2021.[134] Livestreaming YouTubecarriedoutearlyexperimentswithlivestreaming,includingaconcertbyU2in2009,andaquestion-and-answersessionwithUSPresidentBarackObamainFebruary2010.[135]Thesetestshadreliedontechnologyfrom3rd-partypartners,butinSeptember2010,YouTubebegantestingitsownlivestreaminginfrastructure.[136]InApril2011,YouTubeannouncedtherolloutofYouTubeLive.Thecreationoflivestreamswasinitiallylimitedtoselectpartners.[137]Itwasusedforreal-timebroadcastingofeventssuchasthe2012OlympicsinLondon.[138]InOctober2012,morethan8 millionpeoplewatchedFelixBaumgartner'sjumpfromtheedgeofspaceasalivestreamonYouTube.[139] InMay2013,creationoflivestreamswasopenedtoverifieduserswithatleast1,000subscribers;inAugustofthatyearthenumberwasreducedto100subscribers,[140]andinDecemberthelimitwasremoved.[141]InFebruary2017,livestreamingwasintroducedtotheofficialYouTubemobileapp.Livestreamingviamobilewasinitiallyrestrictedtouserswithatleast10,000subscribers,[142]butasofmid-2017ithasbeenreducedto100subscribers.[143]LivestreamssupportHDR,canbeupto4Kresolutionat60fps,andalsosupport360°video.[129][144] Userfeatures Community OnSeptember13,2016,YouTubelaunchedapublicbetaofCommunity,asocialmedia-basedfeaturethatallowsuserstoposttext,images(includingGIFs),livevideosandothersinaseparate"Community"tabontheirchannel.[145]Priortotherelease,severalcreatorshadbeenconsultedtosuggesttoolsCommunitycouldincorporatethattheywouldfinduseful;theseYouTubersincludedVlogbrothers,AsapScience,LillySingh,TheGameTheorists,Karmin,TheKeyofAwesome,TheKloons,PeterHollens,RosiannaHalseRojas,SamTsui,ThreadbangerandVsauce3.[146][non-primarysourceneeded] Afterthefeaturehasbeenofficiallyreleased,thecommunitypostfeaturegetsactivatedautomaticallyforeverychannelthatpassesaspecificthresholdofsubscribercountsoralreadyhasmoresubscribers.Thisthresholdwasloweredovertime[when?],from10,000subscribersto1500subscribers,to1000subscribers,[147][non-primarysourceneeded]to500subscribers.[148] Channelsthatthecommunitytabbecomesenabledfor,gettheirchanneldiscussions(thenamebeforeMarch2013"Onechannellayout"redesignfinalization:"channelcomments")permanentlyerased,insteadofco-existingormigrating.[149][non-primarysourceneeded] Commentsystem Seealso:CriticismofGoogle§ YouTubeusercomments Mostvideosenableuserstoleavecomments,andthesehaveattractedattentionforthenegativeaspectsofboththeirformandcontent.In2006,TimepraisedWeb2.0forenabling"communityandcollaborationonascaleneverseenbefore",andaddedthatYouTube"harnessesthestupidityofcrowdsaswellasitswisdom.SomeofthecommentsonYouTubemakeyouweepforthefutureofhumanityjustforthespellingalone,nevermindtheobscenityandthenakedhatred".[150]TheGuardianin2009describedusers'commentsonYouTubeas:[151] Juvenile,aggressive,misspelt,sexist,homophobic,swingingfromragingatthecontentsofavideotoprovidingapointlesslydetaileddescriptionfollowedbyaLOL,YouTubecommentsareahotbedofinfantiledebateandunashamedignorance—withtheoccasionalburstofwitshiningthrough. TheDailyTelegraphcommentedinSeptember2008,thatYouTubewas"notorious"for"someofthemostconfrontationalandill-formedcommentexchangesontheinternet",andreportedonYouTubeCommentSnob,"anewpieceofsoftwarethatblocksrudeandilliterateposts".[152]TheHuffingtonPostnotedinApril2012thatfindingcommentsonYouTubethatappear"offensive,stupidandcrass"tothe"vastmajority"ofthepeopleishardlydifficult.[153] GooglesubsequentlyimplementedacommentsystemorientedonGoogle+onNovember6,2013,thatrequiredallYouTubeuserstouseaGoogle+accounttocommentonvideos.Thestatedmotivationforthechangewasgivingcreatorsmorepowertomoderateandblockcomments,therebyaddressingfrequentcriticismsoftheirqualityandtone.[154]ThenewsystemrestoredtheabilitytoincludeURLsincomments,whichhadpreviouslybeenremovedduetoproblemswithabuse.[155][156]Inresponse,YouTubeco-founderJawedKarimpostedthequestion"whythefuckdoIneedagoogle+accounttocommentonavideo?"onhisYouTubechanneltoexpresshisnegativeopinionofthechange.[157]TheofficialYouTubeannouncement[158]received20,097"thumbsdown"votesandgeneratedmorethan32,000commentsintwodays.[159]WritingintheNewsdayblogSiliconIsland,ChaseMelvinnotedthat"Google+isnowherenearaspopularasocialmedianetworklikeFacebook,butit'sessentiallybeingforceduponmillionsofYouTubeuserswhodon'twanttolosetheirabilitytocommentonvideos"andaddedthat"DiscussionforumsacrosstheInternetarealreadyburstingwiththeoutcryagainstthenewcommentsystem".InthesamearticleMelvingoesontosay:[160] Perhapsusercomplaintsarejustified,buttheideaofrevampingtheoldsystemisn'tsobad. Thinkofthecrude,misogynisticandracially-chargedmudslingingthathastranspiredoverthelasteightyearsonYouTubewithoutanydiscerniblemoderation.Isn'tanyattempttocurbunidentifiedlibelersworthashot?Thesystemisfarfromperfect,butGoogleshouldbelaudedfortryingtoalleviatesomeofthedamagecausedbyirateYouTubershidingbehindanimosityandanonymity. Later,onJuly27,2015,GoogleannouncedinablogpostthatitwouldberemovingtherequirementtosignuptoaGoogle+accounttopostcommentstoYouTube.[161]ThenonNovember3,2016,YouTubeannouncedatrialschemewhichallowsthecreatorsofvideostodecidewhethertoapprove,hideorreportthecommentspostedonvideosbasedonanalgorithmthatdetectspotentiallyoffensivecomments.[162]Creatorsmayalsochoosetokeepordeletecommentswithlinksorhashtagsinordertocombatspam.Theycanalsoallowotheruserstomoderatetheircomments.[163] InDecember2020,itwasreportedthatYouTubewouldlaunchanewfeaturethatwillwarnuserswhopostacommentthat"maybeoffensivetoothers."[164][165] Contentaccessibility YouTubeoffersuserstheabilitytoviewitsvideosonwebpagesoutsidetheirwebsite.EachYouTubevideoisaccompaniedbyapieceofHTMLthatcanbeusedtoembeditonanypageontheWeb.[166]ThisfunctionalityisoftenusedtoembedYouTubevideosinsocialnetworkingpagesandblogs.Userswishingtopostavideodiscussing,inspiredby,orrelatedtoanotheruser'svideocanmakea"videoresponse".TheelevencharacterYoutubevideoidentifier(64possiblecharactersusedineachposition),allowsforatheoreticalmaximumof6411oraround73.8quintillion(73.8billionbillion)uniqueids. YouTubeannouncedthatitwouldremovevideoresponsesforbeinganunderusedfeatureonAugust27,2013.[167]Embedding,rating,commentingandresponsepostingcanbedisabledbythevideoowner.[168]YouTubedoesnotusuallyofferadownloadlinkforitsvideos,andintendsforthemtobeviewedthroughitswebsiteinterface.[169]AsmallnumberofvideoscanbedownloadedasMP4files.[170]Numerousthird-partywebsites,applicationsandbrowserplug-insallowuserstodownloadYouTubevideos.[171] InFebruary2009,YouTubeannouncedatestservice,allowingsomepartnerstooffervideodownloadsforfreeorforafeepaidthroughGoogleCheckout.[172]InJune2012,GooglesentceaseanddesistlettersthreateninglegalactionagainstseveralwebsitesofferingonlinedownloadandconversionofYouTubevideos.[173]Inresponse,ZamzarremovedtheabilitytodownloadYouTubevideosfromitssite.[174]UsersretaincopyrightoftheirownworkunderthedefaultStandardYouTubeLicense,[175]buthavetheoptiontograntcertainusagerightsunderanypubliccopyrightlicensetheychoose. SinceJuly2012,ithasbeenpossibletoselectaCreativeCommonsattributionlicenseasthedefault,allowingotheruserstoreuseandremixthematerial.[176] Platforms MostmodernsmartphonesarecapableofaccessingYouTubevideos,eitherwithinanapplicationorthroughanoptimizedwebsite.YouTubeMobilewaslaunchedinJune2007,usingRTSPstreamingforthevideo.[177]NotallofYouTube'svideosareavailableonthemobileversionofthesite.[178] SinceJune2007,YouTube'svideoshavebeenavailableforviewingonarangeofAppleproducts.ThisrequiredYouTube'scontenttobetranscodedintoApple'spreferredvideostandard,H.264,aprocessthattookseveralmonths.YouTubevideoscanbeviewedondevicesincludingAppleTV,iPodTouchandtheiPhone.[179] ThemobileversionofthesitewasrelaunchedbasedonHTML5inJuly2010,avoidingtheneedtouseAdobeFlashPlayerandoptimizedforusewithtouchscreencontrols.[180]ThemobileversionisalsoavailableasanappfortheAndroidplatform.[181][182] InSeptember2012,YouTubelauncheditsfirstappfortheiPhone,followingthedecisiontodropYouTubeasoneofthepreloadedappsintheiPhone5andiOS6operatingsystem.[183]AccordingtoGlobalWebIndex,YouTubewasusedby35%ofsmartphoneusersbetweenAprilandJune2013,makingitthethird-mostusedapp.[184] ATiVoserviceupdateinJuly2008allowedthesystemtosearchandplayYouTubevideos.[185] InJanuary2009,YouTubelaunched"YouTubeforTV",aversionofthewebsitetailoredforset-topboxesandotherTV-basedmediadeviceswithwebbrowsers,initiallyallowingitsvideostobeviewedonthePlayStation3andWiivideogameconsoles.[186][187] DuringthemonthofJunethatsameyear,YouTubeXLwasintroduced,whichhasasimplifiedinterfacedesignedforviewingonastandardtelevisionscreen.[188]YouTubeisalsoavailableasanapponXboxLive.[189] OnNovember15,2012,GooglelaunchedanofficialappfortheWii,allowinguserstowatchYouTubevideosfromtheWiichannel.[190]AnappwasavailableforWiiUandNintendo3DS,butwasdiscontinuedinAugust2019.[191]VideoscanalsobeviewedontheWiiUInternetBrowserusingHTML5.[192]GooglemadeYouTubeavailableontheRokuplayeronDecember17,2013,[193]and,inOctober2014,theSonyPlayStation4.[194] YouTubelaunchedasadownloadableappfortheNintendoSwitchinNovember2018.[195] Internationalandlocalization OnJune19,2007,GoogleCEOEricSchmidtappearedinParistolaunchthenewlocalizationsystem.[196]Theinterfaceofthewebsiteisavailablewithlocalizedversionsin104countries,oneterritory(HongKong)andaworldwideversion.[197] CountrieswithYouTubelocalization Country Language(s) Launchdate  UnitedStates(andworldwidelaunch) English,Spanish February14,2005[196]  Brazil Portuguese June19,2007[196]  France French,Catalan,Basque June19,2007[196]  Ireland English,Irish June19,2007[196]  Italy Italian,German,Catalan June19,2007[196]  Japan Japanese June19,2007[196]  Netherlands Dutch June19,2007[196]  Poland Polish June19,2007[196]  Spain Spanish,Galician,Catalan,Basque June19,2007[196]  UnitedKingdom English June19,2007[196]  Mexico Spanish October11,2007[198]  HongKong Chinese,English October17,2007[199]  Taiwan Chinese October18,2007  Australia English October22,2007[200]  NewZealand English October22,2007[200]  Canada English,French November6,2007[201]  Germany German November8,2007[202]  Russia Russian November13,2007[203]  SouthKorea Korean January23,2008[204]  India Hindi,Bengali,Punjabi,English,Gujarati,Kannada,Malayalam,Marathi,Tamil,Telugu,Urdu May7,2008[205]  Israel Hebrew,Arabic September16,2008  CzechRepublic Czech October9,2008[206]  Sweden Swedish October22,2008[207]  SouthAfrica English,Afrikaans,Zulu May17,2010[196]  Argentina Spanish September8,2010[208]  Algeria Arabic,French March9,2011[209]  Egypt Arabic March9,2011[209]  Jordan Arabic March9,2011[209]  Morocco French,Arabic March9,2011[209]  SaudiArabia Arabic March9,2011[209]  Tunisia Arabic,French March9,2011[209]  Yemen Arabic March9,2011[209]  Kenya English,Swahili September1,2011[210]  Philippines Filipino,English October13,2011[211]  Singapore English,Malay,Chinese,Tamil October20,2011[212]  Belgium French,Dutch,German November16,2011[196]  Colombia Spanish November30,2011[213]  Uganda English,Swahili December2,2011[214]  Nigeria English December7,2011[215]  Chile Spanish January20,2012[216]  Hungary Hungarian February29,2012[217]  Malaysia Malay,English March22,2012[218]  Peru Spanish March25,2012[219]  UnitedArabEmirates Arabic,English April1,2012[220]  Greece Greek May1,2012  Indonesia Indonesian,English May17,2012[221]  Ghana English June5,2012[222]  Senegal French,English July4,2012[223]  Turkey Turkish October1,2012[224]  Ukraine Ukrainian December13,2012[225]  Denmark Danish February1,2013[226]  Finland Finnish,Swedish February1,2013[227]  Norway Norwegian February1,2013[228]   Switzerland German,French,Italian March29,2013[229]  Austria German March29,2013[230]  Romania Romanian April18,2013[231]  Portugal Portuguese April25,2013[232]  Slovakia Slovak April25,2013[233]  Bahrain Arabic August16,2013[234]  Kuwait Arabic August16,2013[234]  Oman Arabic August16,2013[234]  Qatar Arabic August16,2013[234]  BosniaandHerzegovina Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian March17,2014  Bulgaria Bulgarian March17,2014[235]  Croatia Croatian March17,2014[236]  Estonia Estonian March17,2014[237]  Latvia Latvian March17,2014[238]  Lithuania Lithuanian March17,2014  NorthMacedonia Macedonian,Serbian,Turkish March17,2014  Montenegro Serbian,Croatian March17,2014  Serbia Serbian March17,2014  Slovenia Slovenian March17,2014[239]  Thailand Thai April1,2014[240]  Lebanon Arabic May1,2014[234]  PuertoRico Spanish,English August23,2014  Iceland Icelandic 2014  Luxembourg French,German 2014  Vietnam Vietnamese October1,2014  Libya Arabic February1,2015  Tanzania English,Swahili June2,2015  Zimbabwe English June2,2015  Azerbaijan Azerbaijani October12,2015[241]  Belarus Belarusian,Russian October12,2015[241]  Georgia Georgian October12,2015[241]  Kazakhstan Kazakh,Russian October12,2015[241]  Iraq Arabic November9,2015[citationneeded]    Nepal Nepali January12,2016[242]  Pakistan Urdu,English January12,2016[243]  SriLanka Sinhala,Tamil,English January12,2016[242]  Jamaica English August4,2016[citationneeded]  Malta English June24,2018  Bolivia Spanish January30,2019  CostaRica Spanish January30,2019  Ecuador Spanish January30,2019  ElSalvador Spanish January30,2019  Guatemala Spanish January30,2019  Honduras Spanish January30,2019  Nicaragua Spanish January30,2019  Panama Spanish January30,2019  Uruguay Spanish January30,2019  Paraguay Spanish,Guarani February21,2019  DominicanRepublic Spanish February21,2019  Cyprus Greek,Turkish March13,2019  Liechtenstein German March13,2019  Venezuela Spanish March10,2020  PapuaNewGuinea English 2020  Bangladesh Bengali,English September2,2020 TheYouTubeinterfacesuggestswhichlocalversionshouldbechosenbasedontheIPaddressoftheuser.Insomecases,themessage"Thisvideoisnotavailableinyourcountry"mayappearbecauseofcopyrightrestrictionsorinappropriatecontent.[244]TheinterfaceoftheYouTubewebsiteisavailablein76languageversions,includingAmharic,Albanian,Armenian,Burmese,Khmer,Kyrgyz,Laotian,Mongolian,PersianandUzbek,whichdonothavelocalchannelversions.AccesstoYouTubewasblockedinTurkeybetween2008and2010,followingcontroversyoverthepostingofvideosdeemedinsultingtoMustafaKemalAtatürkandsomematerialoffensivetoMuslims.[245][246]InOctober2012,alocalversionofYouTubewaslaunchedinTurkey,withthedomainyoutube.com.tr.ThelocalversionissubjecttothecontentregulationsfoundinTurkishlaw.[247]InMarch2009,adisputebetweenYouTubeandtheBritishroyaltycollectionagencyPRSforMusicledtopremiummusicvideosbeingblockedforYouTubeusersintheUnitedKingdom.Theremovalofvideospostedbythemajorrecordcompaniesoccurredafterfailuretoreachanagreementonalicensingdeal.ThedisputewasresolvedinSeptember2009.[248]InApril2009,asimilardisputeledtotheremovalofpremiummusicvideosforusersinGermany.[249] Videos InJanuary2012,itwasestimatedthatvisitorstoYouTubespentanaverageof15minutesadayonthesite,incontrasttothefourorfivehoursadayspentbyatypicalUScitizenwatchingtelevision.[250]In2017,viewersonaveragewatchedYouTubeonmobiledevicesformorethananhoureveryday.[251] InDecember2012,twobillionviewswereremovedfromtheviewcountsofUniversalandSonymusicvideosonYouTube,promptingaclaimbyTheDailyDotthattheviewshadbeendeletedduetoaviolationofthesite'stermsofservice,whichbantheuseofautomatedprocessestoinflateviewcounts.ThiswasdisputedbyBillboard,whichsaidthatthetwobillionviewshadbeenmovedtoVevo,sincethevideoswerenolongeractiveonYouTube.[252][253]OnAugust5,2015,YouTubepatchedtheformerlynotoriousbehaviourwhichcausedavideo'sviewcounttofreezeat"301"(later"301+")untiltheactualcountwasverifiedtopreventviewcountfraud.[254]YouTubeviewcountsonceagainupdatedinrealtime.[255] SinceSeptember2019,subscribercountsareabbreviated.Onlythreeleadingdigitsofchannels'subscribercountsareindicatedpublicly,compromisingthefunctionofthird-partyreal-timeindicatorssuchasthatofSocialBlade.ExactcountsremainavailabletochanneloperatorsinsideYouTubeStudio.[256] OnNovember11,2021,aftertestingoutthischangeinMarch2021,YouTubeannounceditwouldstarthidingdislikecountsonvideos,makingtheminvisibletoviewers.ThecompanystatedthedecisionwasinresponsetoexperimentswhichconfirmedthatsmallerYouTubecreatorsweremorelikelytobetargetedindislikebrigadingandharassment.CreatorswillstillbeabletoseethenumberoflikesanddislikesintheYouTubeStudiodashboardtool,accordingtoYouTube.[257][258][259] Copyrightissues Mainarticle:YouTubecopyrightissues Furtherinformation:§ Revenuetocopyrightholders YouTubehasfacednumerouschallengesandcriticismsinitsattemptstodealwithcopyright,includingthesite'sfirstviralvideo,LazySunday,whichhadtobetakendown,duetocopyrightconcerns.[30]Atthetimeofuploadingavideo,YouTubeusersareshownamessageaskingthemnottoviolatecopyrightlaws.[260]Despitethisadvice,manyunauthorizedclipsofcopyrightedmaterialremainonYouTube.YouTubedoesnotviewvideosbeforetheyarepostedonline,anditislefttocopyrightholderstoissueaDMCAtakedownnoticepursuanttothetermsoftheOnlineCopyrightInfringementLiabilityLimitationAct.AnysuccessfulcomplaintaboutcopyrightinfringementresultsinaYouTubecopyrightstrike.Threesuccessfulcomplaintsforcopyrightinfringementagainstauseraccountwillresultintheaccountandallofitsuploadedvideosbeingdeleted.[261][262]From2007to2009organizationsincludingViacom,Mediaset,andtheEnglishPremierLeaguehavefiledlawsuitsagainstYouTube,claimingthatithasdonetoolittletopreventtheuploadingofcopyrightedmaterial.[263][264][265] InAugust2008,aUScourtruledinLenzv.UniversalMusicCorp.thatcopyrightholderscannotordertheremovalofanonlinefilewithoutfirstdeterminingwhetherthepostingreflectedfairuseofthematerial.[266]YouTube'sownerGoogleannouncedinNovember2015thattheywouldhelpcoverthelegalcostinselectcaseswheretheybelievefairusedefensesapply.[267] Inthe2011caseofSmithv.SummitEntertainmentLLC,professionalsingerMattSmithsuedSummitEntertainmentforthewrongfuluseofcopyrighttakedownnoticesonYouTube.[268]Heassertedsevencausesofaction,andfourwereruledinSmith'sfavor.[269]InApril2012,acourtinHamburgruledthatYouTubecouldbeheldresponsibleforcopyrightedmaterialpostedbyitsusers.[270]OnNovember1,2016,thedisputewithGEMAwasresolved,withGooglecontentIDbeingusedtoallowadvertisementstobeaddedtovideoswithcontentprotectedbyGEMA.[271] InApril2013,itwasreportedthatUniversalMusicGroupandYouTubehaveacontractualagreementthatpreventscontentblockedonYouTubebyarequestfromUMGfrombeingrestored,eveniftheuploaderofthevideofilesaDMCAcounter-notice.[272][273]AspartofYouTubeMusic,UniversalandYouTubesignedanagreementin2017,whichwasfollowedbyseparateagreementsothermajorlabels,whichgavethecompanytherighttoadvertisingrevenuewhenitsmusicwasplayedonYouTube.[274]By2019,creatorswerehavingvideostakendownordemonetizedwhenContentIDidentifiedevenshortsegmentsofcopyrightedmusicwithinamuchlongervideo,withdifferentlevelsofenforcementdependingontherecordlabel.[275]Expertsnotedthatsomeoftheseclipssaidqualifiedforfairuse.[275] ContentID Mainarticle:ContentID(system) InJune2007,YouTubebegantrialsofasystemforautomaticdetectionofuploadedvideosthatinfringecopyright.GoogleCEOEricSchmidtregardedthissystemasnecessaryforresolvinglawsuitssuchastheonefromViacom,whichallegedthatYouTubeprofitedfromcontentthatitdidnothavetherighttodistribute.[276]Thesystem,whichwasinitiallycalled"VideoIdentification"[277][278]andlaterbecameknownasContentID,[279]createsanIDFileforcopyrightedaudioandvideomaterial,andstoresitinadatabase.Whenavideoisuploaded,itischeckedagainstthedatabase,andflagsthevideoasacopyrightviolationifamatchisfound.[280]Whenthisoccurs,thecontentownerhasthechoiceofblockingthevideotomakeitunviewable,trackingtheviewingstatisticsofthevideo,oraddingadvertisementstothevideo. By2010,YouTubehad"alreadyinvestedtensofmillionsofdollarsinthistechnology".[278] In2011,YouTubedescribedContentIDas"veryaccurateinfindinguploadsthatlooksimilartoreferencefilesthatareofsufficientlengthandqualitytogenerateaneffectiveIDFile".[280] By2012,ContentIDaccountedforoverathirdofthemonetizedviewsonYouTube.[281] Anindependenttestin2009uploadedmultipleversionsofthesamesongtoYouTubeandconcludedthatwhilethesystemwas"surprisinglyresilient"infindingcopyrightviolationsintheaudiotracksofvideos,itwasnotinfallible.[282]TheuseofContentIDtoremovematerialautomaticallyhasledtocontroversyinsomecases,asthevideoshavenotbeencheckedbyahumanforfairuse.[283]IfaYouTubeuserdisagreeswithadecisionbyContentID,itispossibletofillinaformdisputingthedecision.[284] Before2016,videoswerenotmonetizeduntilthedisputewasresolved.SinceApril2016,videoscontinuetobemonetizedwhilethedisputeisinprogress,andthemoneygoestowhoeverwonthedispute.[285]Shouldtheuploaderwanttomonetizethevideoagain,theymayremovethedisputedaudiointhe"VideoManager".[286]YouTubehascitedtheeffectivenessofContentIDasoneofthereasonswhythesite'srulesweremodifiedinDecember2010toallowsomeuserstouploadvideosofunlimitedlength.[287] Moderationandoffensivecontent Seealso:CriticismofGoogle§ YouTube,andCensorshipbyGoogle§ YouTube YouTubehasasetofcommunityguidelinesaimedtoreduceabuseofthesite'sfeatures.Theuploadingofvideoscontainingdefamation,pornography,andmaterialencouragingcriminalconductisforbiddenbyYouTube's"CommunityGuidelines".[288]Generallyprohibitedmaterialincludessexuallyexplicitcontent,videosofanimalabuse,shockvideos,contentuploadedwithoutthecopyrightholder'sconsent,hatespeech,spam,andpredatorybehavior.[288]YouTubereliesonitsuserstoflagthecontentofvideosasinappropriate,andaYouTubeemployeewillviewaflaggedvideotodeterminewhetheritviolatesthesite'sguidelines.[288]Despitetheguidelines,YouTubehasfacedcriticismoveraspectsofitsoperations,[289]itsrecommendationalgorithmsperpetuatingvideosthatpromoteconspiracytheoriesandfalsehoods,[290]hostingvideosostensiblytargetingchildrenbutcontainingviolentorsexuallysuggestivecontentinvolvingpopularcharacters,[291]videosofminorsattractingpedophilicactivitiesintheircommentsections,[292]andfluctuatingpoliciesonthetypesofcontentthatiseligibletobemonetizedwithadvertising.[289] YouTubecontractscompaniestohirecontentmoderators,whoviewcontentflaggedaspotentiallyviolatingYouTube'scontentpoliciesanddeterminesiftheyshouldberemoved.InSeptember2020,aclass-actionsuitwasfiledbyaformercontentmoderatorwhoreporteddevelopingpost-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)afteran18-monthperiodonthejob.TheformercontentmoderatorsaidthatshewasregularlymadetoexceedYouTube'sstatedlimitedoffourhoursperdayofviewinggraphiccontent.ThelawsuitallegesthatYouTube'scontractorsgavelittletonotrainingorsupportforitsmoderator'smentalhealth,madeprospectiveemployeessignNDAsbeforeshowingthemanyexamplesofcontenttheywouldseewhilereviewing,andcensoredallmentionoftraumafromitsinternalforums.Italsopurportsthatrequestsforextremelygraphiccontenttobeblurred,reducedinsizeormademonochrome,perrecommendationsfromtheNationalCenterforMissingandExploitedChildren,wererejectedbyYouTubeasnotahighpriorityforthecompany.[293][294][295] TolimitthespreadofmisinformationandfakenewsviaYouTube,ithasrolledoutacomprehensivepolicyregardinghowtoplannedtodealwithtechnicallymanipulatedvideos.[296] ControversialcontenthasincludedmaterialrelatingtoHolocaustdenialandtheHillsboroughdisaster,inwhich96footballfansfromLiverpoolwerecrushedtodeathin1989.[297][298]InJuly2008,theCultureandMediaCommitteeoftheHouseofCommonsoftheUnitedKingdomstatedthatitwas"unimpressed"withYouTube'ssystemforpolicingitsvideos,andarguedthat"proactivereviewofcontentshouldbestandardpracticeforsiteshostinguser-generatedcontent".YouTuberespondedbystating: Wehavestrictrulesonwhat'sallowed,andasystemthatenablesanyonewhoseesinappropriatecontenttoreportittoour24/7reviewteamandhaveitdealtwithpromptly.WeeducateourcommunityontherulesandincludeadirectlinkfromeveryYouTubepagetomakethisprocessaseasyaspossibleforourusers.Giventhevolumeofcontentuploadedonoursite,wethinkthisisbyfarthemosteffectivewaytomakesurethatthetinyminorityofvideosthatbreaktherulescomedownquickly.[299](July2008) InOctober2010,U.S.CongressmanAnthonyWeinerurgedYouTubetoremovefromitswebsitevideosofimamAnwaral-Awlaki.[300]YouTubepulledsomeofthevideosinNovember2010,statingtheyviolatedthesite'sguidelines.[301]InDecember2010,YouTubeaddedtheabilitytoflagvideosforcontainingterrorismcontent.[302] In2018,YouTubeintroducedasystemthatwouldautomaticallyaddinformationboxestovideosthatitsalgorithmsdeterminedmaypresentconspiracytheoriesandotherfakenews,fillingtheinfoboxwithcontentfromEncyclopædiaBritannicaandWikipediaasameanstoinformuserstominimizemisinformationpropagationwithoutimpactingfreedomofspeech.[303]InthewakeoftheNotre-DamedeParisfireonApril15,2019,severaluser-uploadedvideosofthelandmarkfirewereflaggedbyYouTube'systemautomaticallywithanEncyclopediaBritannicaarticleonthefalseconspiracytheoriesaroundtheSeptember11attacks.SeveraluserscomplainedtoYouTubeaboutthisinappropriateconnection.YouTubeofficialsapologizedforthis,statingthattheiralgorithmshadmisidentifiedthefirevideosandaddedtheinformationblockautomatically,andweretakingstepstoremedythis.[304] FiveleadingcontentcreatorswhosechannelswerebasedonLGBTQ+materialsfiledafederallawsuitagainstYouTubeinAugust2019,allegingthatYouTube'salgorithmsdivertdiscoveryawayfromtheirchannels,impactingtheirrevenue.Theplaintiffsclaimedthatthealgorithmsdiscouragecontentwithwordslike"lesbian"or"gay",whichwouldbepredominantintheirchannels'content,andbecauseofYouTube'snear-monopolizationofonlinevideoservices,theyareabusingthatposition.[305] YouTubeasatooltopromoteconspiracytheoriesandfar-rightcontent YouTubehasbeencriticizedforusinganalgorithmthatgivesgreatprominencetovideosthatpromoteconspiracytheories,falsehoodsandincendiaryfringediscourse.[306][307][308]AccordingtoaninvestigationbyTheWallStreetJournal,"YouTube'srecommendationsoftenleaduserstochannelsthatfeatureconspiracytheories,partisanviewpointsandmisleadingvideos,evenwhenthoseusershaven'tshowninterestinsuchcontent.Whenusersshowapoliticalbiasinwhattheychoosetoview,YouTubetypicallyrecommendsvideosthatechothosebiases,oftenwithmore-extremeviewpoints."[306][309]Whenuserssearchforpoliticalorscientificterms,YouTube'ssearchalgorithmsoftengiveprominencetohoaxesandconspiracytheories.[308][310]AfterYouTubedrewcontroversyforgivingtopbillingtovideospromotingfalsehoodsandconspiracywhenpeoplemadebreaking-newsqueriesduringthe2017LasVegasshooting,YouTubechangeditsalgorithmtogivegreaterprominencetomainstreammediasources.[306][311][312][313]In2018,itwasreportedthatYouTubewasagainpromotingfringecontentaboutbreakingnews,givinggreatprominencetoconspiracyvideosaboutAnthonyBourdain'sdeath.[314] In2017,itwasrevealedthatadvertisementswerebeingplacedonextremistvideos,includingvideosbyrapeapologists,anti-Semites,andhatepreacherswhoreceivedadpayouts.[315]AfterfirmsstartedtostopadvertisingonYouTubeinthewakeofthisreporting,YouTubeapologizedandsaidthatitwouldgivefirmsgreatercontroloverwhereadsgotplaced.[315] AlexJones,knownforright-wingconspiracytheories,hadbuiltamassiveaudienceonYouTube.[316]YouTubedrewcriticismin2018whenitremovedavideofromMediaMatterscompilingoffensivestatementsmadebyJones,statingthatitviolateditspolicieson"harassmentandbullying".[317]OnAugust6,2018,however,YouTuberemovedAlexJones'YouTubepagefollowingacontentviolation.[318] UniversityofNorthCarolinaprofessorZeynepTufekcihasreferredtoYouTubeas"TheGreatRadicalizer",saying"YouTubemaybeoneofthemostpowerfulradicalizinginstrumentsofthe21stcentury."[319]JonathanAlbrightoftheTowCenterforDigitalJournalismatColumbiaUniversitydescribedYouTubeasa"conspiracyecosystem".[308][320] InJanuary2019,YouTubesaidthatithadintroducedanewpolicystartingintheUnitedStatesintendedtostoprecommendingvideoscontaining"contentthatcouldmisinformusersinharmfulways."YouTubegaveflatearththeories,miraclecures,and9/11trutherismasexamples.[321]EffortswithinYouTubeengineeringtostoprecommendingborderlineextremistvideosfallingjustshortofforbiddenhatespeech,andtracktheirpopularitywereoriginallyrejectedbecausetheycouldinterferewithviewerengagement.[322]Inlate2019,thesitebeganimplementingmeasuresdirectedtowards"raisingauthoritativecontentandreducingborderlinecontentandharmfulmisinformation."[323] InaJuly2019studybasedontenYouTubesearchesusingtheTorBrowserrelatedtoclimateandclimatechange,themajorityofvideoswerevideosthatcommunicatedviewscontrarytothescientificconsensusonclimatechange.[324] A2019BBCinvestigationofYouTubesearchesintendifferentlanguagesfoundthatYouTube'salgorithmpromotedhealthmisinformation,includingfakecancercures.[325]InBrazil,YouTubehasbeenlinkedtopushingpseudoscientificmisinformationonhealthmatters,aswellaselevatedfar-rightfringediscourseandconspiracytheories.[326] InthePhilippines,numerouschannelssuchas"ShowbizFanaticz,""RobinSweetShowbiz,"and"PHBREAKINGNEWS,"eachwithatleast100,000subscribers,havebeenproventobespreadingmisinformationrelatedtopoliticalfiguresaheadofthe2022Philippineelections.[327] Useamongwhitesupremacists Before2019,YouTubehastakenstepstoremovespecificvideosorchannelsrelatedtosupremacistcontentthathadviolateditsacceptableusepoliciesbutotherwisedidnothavesite-widepoliciesagainsthatespeech.[328] InthewakeoftheMarch2019Christchurchmosqueattacks,YouTubeandothersiteslikeFacebookandTwitterthatalloweduser-submittedcontentdrewcriticismfordoinglittletomoderateandcontrolthespreadofhatespeech,whichwasconsideredtobeafactorintherationalefortheattacks.[329][330]Theseplatformswerepressuredtoremovesuchcontent,butinaninterviewwithTheNewYorkTimes,YouTube'schiefproductofficerNealMohansaidthatunlikecontentsuchasISISvideoswhichtakeaparticularformatandthuseasytodetectthroughcomputer-aidedalgorithms,generalhatespeechwasmoredifficulttorecognizeandhandle,andthuscouldnotreadilytakeactiontoremovewithouthumaninteraction.[331] YouTubejoinedaninitiativeledbyFranceandNewZealandwithothercountriesandtechcompaniesinMay2019todeveloptoolstobeusedtoblockonlinehatespeechandtodevelopregulations,tobeimplementedatthenationallevel,tobeleviedagainsttechnologyfirmsthatfailedtotakestepstoremovesuchspeech,thoughtheUnitedStatesdeclinedtoparticipate.[332][333]Subsequently,onJune5,2019,YouTubeannouncedamajorchangetoitstermsofservice,"specificallyprohibitingvideosallegingthatagroupissuperiorinordertojustifydiscrimination,segregationorexclusionbasedonqualitieslikeage,gender,race,caste,religion,sexualorientationorveteranstatus."YouTubeidentifiedspecificexamplesofsuchvideosasthosethat"promoteorglorifyNaziideology,whichisinherentlydiscriminatory".YouTubefurtherstateditwould"removecontentdenyingthatwell-documentedviolentevents,liketheHolocaustortheshootingatSandyHookElementary,tookplace."[328][334] InJune2020,YouTubebannedseveralchannelsassociatedwithwhitesupremacy,includingthoseofStefanMolyneux,DavidDuke,andRichardB.Spencer,assertingthesechannelsviolatedtheirpoliciesonhatespeech.ThebanoccurredthesamedaythatRedditannouncedthebanonseveralhatespeechsub-forumsincludingr/The_Donald.[335] HandlingofCOVID-19pandemicandothermisinformation FollowingthedisseminationviaYouTubeofmisinformationrelatedtotheCOVID-19pandemicthat5Gcommunicationstechnologywasresponsibleforthespreadofcoronavirusdisease2019whichledtomultiple5GtowersintheUnitedKingdombeingattackedbyarsonists,YouTuberemovedallsuchvideoslinking5Gandthecoronavirusinthismanner.[336] YouTubeextendedthispolicyinSeptember2021tocovervideosdisseminatingmisinformationrelatedtoanyvaccine,includingthoselongapprovedagainstmeaslesorHepatitisB,thathadreceivedapprovalfromlocalhealthauthoritiesortheWorldHealthOrganization.[337][338]Theplatformremovedtheaccountsofanti-vaccinecampaignerssuchasRobertF.KennedyJr.andJosephMercolaatthistime.[338]TwoaccountslinkedtoRTDeutsch,theGermanchanneloftheRussianRTnetworkwereremovedaswellforbreachingYouTube'spolicies.[337] GoogleandYouTubeimplementedpoliciesinOctober2021todenymonetizationorrevenuetoadvertisersorcontentcreatorsthatpromotedclimatechangedenial,which"includescontentreferringtoclimatechangeasahoaxorascam,claimsdenyingthatlong-termtrendsshowtheglobalclimateiswarming,andclaimsdenyingthatgreenhousegasemissionsorhumanactivitycontributetoclimatechange."[339]ChildsafetyandwellbeingSeealso:FamilyOFive,FantasticAdventuresscandal,andElsagate Leadinginto2017,therewasasignificantincreaseinthenumberofvideosrelatedtochildren,coupledbetweenthepopularityofparentsvloggingtheirfamily'sactivities,andpreviouscontentcreatorsmovingawayfromcontentthatoftenwascriticizedordemonetizedintofamily-friendlymaterial.In2017,YouTubereportedthattimewatchingfamilyvloggershadincreasedby90%.[340][341]However,withtheincreaseinvideosfeaturingchildren,thesitebegantofaceseveralcontroversiesrelatedtochildsafety.DuringQ22017,theownersofpopularchannelFamilyOFive,whichfeaturedthemselvesplaying"pranks"ontheirchildren,wereaccusedofchildabuse.Theirvideoswereeventuallydeleted,andtwooftheirchildrenwereremovedfromtheircustody.[342][343][344][345]Asimilarcasehappenedin2019whentheownersofthechannelFantasticAdventureswasaccusedofabusingheradoptedchildren.Hervideoswouldlaterbedeleted.[346] Laterthatyear,YouTubecameundercriticismforshowinginappropriatevideostargetedatchildrenandoftenfeaturingpopularcharactersinviolent,sexualorotherwisedisturbingsituations,manyofwhichappearedonYouTubeKidsandattractedmillionsofviews.Theterm"Elsagate"wascoinedontheInternetandthenusedbyvariousnewsoutletstorefertothiscontroversy.[347][348][349][350]OnNovember11,2017,YouTubeannounceditwasstrengtheningsitesecuritytoprotectchildrenfromunsuitablecontent.Laterthatmonth,thecompanystartedtomassdeletevideosandchannelsthatmadeimproperuseoffamily-friendlycharacters.AspartofabroaderconcernregardingchildsafetyonYouTube,thewaveofdeletionsalsotargetedchannelsthatshowedchildrentakingpartininappropriateordangerousactivitiesundertheguidanceofadults.Mostnotably,thecompanyremovedToyFreaks,achannelwithover8.5 millionsubscribers,thatfeaturedafatherandhistwodaughtersinoddandupsettingsituations.[351][352][353][354][355]AccordingtoanalyticsspecialistSocialBlade,itearnedupto£8.7 millionannuallypriortoitsdeletion.[356] Evenforcontentthatappearstobeaimedatchildrenandappearstocontainonlychild-friendlycontent,YouTube'ssystemallowsforanonymityofwhouploadsthesevideos.Thesequestionshavebeenraisedinthepast,asYouTubehashadtoremovechannelswithchildren'scontentwhich,afterbecomingpopular,thensuddenlyincludeinappropriatecontentmaskedaschildren'scontent.[357]Alternative,someofthemost-watchedchildren'sprogrammingonYouTubecomesfromchannelsthathavenoidentifiableowners,raisingconcernsofintentandpurpose.Onechannelthathadbeenofconcernwas"Cocomelon"whichprovidednumerousmass-producedanimatedvideosaimedatchildren.Upthrough2019,ithaddrawnuptoUS$10millionamonthinadrevenueandwasoneofthelargestkid-friendlychannelsonYouTubebefore2020.OwnershipofCocomelonwasunclearoutsideofitstiesto"TreasureStudio",itselfanunknownentity,raisingquestionsastothechannel'spurpose,[357][358][359]butBloombergNewshadbeenabletoconfirmandinterviewthesmallteamofAmericanownersinFebruary2020regarding"Cocomelon",whostatedtheirgoalforthechannelwastosimplyentertainchildren,wantingtokeeptothemselvestoavoidattentionfromoutsideinvestors.[360]Theanonymityofsuchchannelraiseconcernsbecauseofthelackofknowledgeofwhatpurposetheyaretryingtoserve.[361]Thedifficultytoidentifywhooperatesthesechannels"addstothelackofaccountability",accordingtoJoshGolinoftheCampaignforaCommercial-FreeChildhood,andeducationalconsultantRenéeChernow-O'Learyfoundthevideosweredesignedtoentertainwithnointenttoeducate,allleadingtobothcriticsandparentstobeconcernedfortheirchildrenbecomingtooenrapturedbythecontentfromthesechannels.[357]Contentcreatorsthatearnestlymakekid-friendlyvideoshavefounditdifficulttocompetewithlargerchannelslikeChuChuTV,unabletoproducecontentatthesamerateastheselargechannels,andlackthesamemeansofbeingpromotedthroughYouTube'srecommendationalgorithmsthatthelargeranimatedchannelnetworkshaveshared.[361] InJanuary2019,YouTubeofficiallybannedvideoscontaining"challengesthatencourageactsthathaveaninherentriskofseverephysicalharm"(suchas,forexample,theTidePodChallenge)andvideosfeaturingpranksthat"makevictimsbelievethey'reinphysicaldanger"orcauseemotionaldistressinchildren.[362] Sexualizationofchildrenandpedophilia Seealso:Elsagate AlsoinNovember2017,itwasrevealedinthemediathatmanyvideosfeaturingchildren—oftenuploadedbytheminorsthemselves,andshowinginnocentcontentsuchasthechildrenplayingwithtoysorperforminggymnastics—wereattractingcommentsfrompedophiles[363][364]withpredatorsfindingthevideosthroughprivateYouTubeplaylistsortypingincertainkeywordsinRussian.[364]Otherchild-centricvideosoriginallyuploadedtoYouTubebeganpropagatingonthedarkweb,anduploadedorembeddedontoforumsknowntobeusedbypedophiles.[365] Asaresultofthecontroversy,whichaddedtotheconcernabout"Elsagate",severalmajoradvertiserswhoseadshadbeenrunningagainstsuchvideosfrozespendingonYouTube.[350][366]InDecember2018,TheTimesfoundmorethan100groomingcasesinwhichchildrenweremanipulatedintosexuallyimplicitbehavior(suchastakingoffclothes,adoptingovertlysexualposesandtouchingotherchildreninappropriately)bystrangers.[367]Afterareporterflaggedthevideosinquestion,halfofthemwereremoved,andtherestwereremovedafterTheTimescontactedYouTube'sPRdepartment.[367] InFebruary2019,YouTubevloggerMattWatsonidentifieda"wormhole"thatwouldcausetheYouTuberecommendationalgorithmtodrawusersintothistypeofvideocontent,andmakeallofthatuser'srecommendedcontentfeatureonlythesetypesofvideos.Mostofthesevideoshadcommentsfromsexualpredatorscommentingwithtimestampsofwhenthechildrenwereshownincompromisingpositionsorotherwisemakingindecentremarks.Insomecases,otherusershadre-uploadedthevideoinunlistedformbutwithincominglinksfromothervideos,andthenmonetizedthese,propagatingthisnetwork.[368]Inthewakeofthecontroversy,theservicereportedthattheyhaddeletedover400channelsandtensofmillionsofcomments,andreportedtheoffendinguserstolawenforcementandtheNationalCenterforMissingandExploitedChildren.Aspokespersonexplainedthat"anycontent—includingcomments—thatendangersminorsisabhorrentandwehaveclearpoliciesprohibitingthisonYouTube.There'smoretobedone,andwecontinuetoworktoimproveandcatchabusemorequickly."[369][370]Despitethesemeasures,AT&T,Disney,Dr.Oetker,EpicGames,andNestléallpulledtheiradvertisingfromYouTube.[368][371] Subsequently,YouTubebegantodemonetizeandblockadvertisingonthetypesofvideosthathavedrawnthesepredatorycomments.Theserviceexplainedthatthiswasatemporarymeasurewhiletheyexploreothermethodstoeliminatetheproblem.[372]YouTubealsobegantoflagchannelsthatpredominantlyfeaturechildren,andpreemptivelydisabletheircommentssections."Trustedpartners"canrequestthatcommentsbere-enabled,butthechannelwillthenbecomeresponsibleformoderatingcomments.Theseactionsmainlytargetvideosoftoddlers,butvideosofolderchildrenandteenagersmaybeprotectedaswelliftheycontainactionsthatcanbeinterpretedassexual,suchasgymnastics.YouTubestateditwasalsoworkingonabettersystemtoremovecommentsonotherchannelsthatmatchedthestyleofchildpredators.[373][374] Arelatedattempttoalgorithmicallyflagvideoscontainingreferencestothestring"CP"(anabbreviationofchildpornography)resultedinsomeprominentfalsepositivesinvolvingunrelatedtopicsusingthesameabbreviation,includingvideosrelatedtothemobilevideogamePokémonGo(whichuses"CP"asanabbreviationofthestatistic"CombatPower"),andClubPenguin.YouTubeapologizedfortheerrorsandreinstatedtheaffectedvideos.[375]Separately,onlinetrollshaveattemptedtohavevideosflaggedfortakedownorremovalbycommentingwithstatementssimilartowhatthechildpredatorshadsaid;thisactivitybecameanissueduringthePewDiePievsT-Seriesrivalryinearly2019.YouTubestatedtheydonottakeactiononanyvideowiththesecommentsbutthosethattheyhaveflaggedthatarelikelytodrawchildpredatoractivity.[376] InJune2019,TheNewYorkTimescitedresearcherswhofoundthatuserswhowatchederoticvideoscouldberecommendedseeminglyinnocuousvideosofchildren.[377]Asaresult,SenatorJoshHawleystatedplanstointroducefederallegislationthatwouldbanYouTubeandothervideosharingsitesfromincludingvideosthatpredominantlyfeatureminorsas"recommended"videos,excludingthosethatwere"professionallyproduced",suchasvideosoftelevisedtalentshows.[378]YouTubehassuggestedpotentialplanstoremoveallvideosfeaturingchildrenfromthemainYouTubesiteandtransferringthemtotheYouTubeKidssitewheretheywouldhavestrongercontrolsovertherecommendationsystem,aswellasothermajorchangesonthemainYouTubesitetotherecommendedfeatureandautoplaysystem.[379] AprilFoolsgags YouTubefeaturedanAprilFoolsprankonthesiteonApril1ofeveryyearfrom2008to2016.In2008,alllinkstovideosonthemainpagewereredirectedtoRickAstley'smusicvideo"NeverGonnaGiveYouUp",aprankknownas"rickrolling".[380][381]Thenextyear,whenclickingonavideoonthemainpage,thewholepageturnedupsidedown,whichYouTubeclaimedwasa"newlayout".[382]In2010,YouTubetemporarilyreleaseda"TEXTp"modewhichrenderedvideoimageryintoASCIIartletters"inordertoreducebandwidthcostsby$1persecond."[383] Thenextyear,thesitecelebratedits"100thanniversary"witharangeofsepia-tonedsilent,early1900s-stylefilms,includingaparodyofKeyboardCat.[384]In2012,clickingontheimageofaDVDnexttothesitelogoledtoavideoaboutapurportedoptiontoordereveryYouTubevideoforhomedeliveryonDVD.[385] In2013,YouTubeteamedupwithsatiricalnewspapercompanyTheOniontoclaiminanuploadedvideothatthevideo-sharingwebsitewaslaunchedasacontestwhichhadfinallycometoanend,andwouldshutdownfortenyearsbeforebeingre-launchedin2023,featuringonlythewinningvideo.ThevideostarredseveralYouTubecelebrities,includingAntoineDodson.Avideooftwopresentersannouncingthenominatedvideosstreamedlivefor12hours.[386][387] In2014,YouTubeannouncedthatitwasresponsibleforthecreationofallviralvideotrends,andrevealedpreviewsofupcomingtrends,suchas"Clocking","KissingDad",and"GlubGlubWaterDance".[388]Thenextyear,YouTubeaddedamusicbuttontothevideobarthatplayedsamplesfrom"Sandstorm"byDarude.[389]In2016,YouTubeintroducedanoptiontowatcheveryvideoontheplatformin360-degreemodewithSnoopDogg.[390] Services YouTubeCommunity InSeptember2016,YouTubeannouncedthelaunchofitsownsocialnetworkingfeaturenamedYouTubeCommunity.[391] Onlyuserswithover500subscribershaveaccesstothis.Communitypostscanincludeimages,GIFs,textandvideo.LogoofYouTubeGo YouTubeGoisanAndroidappaimedatmakingYouTubeeasiertoaccessonmobiledevicesinemergingmarkets.Itisdistinctfromthecompany'smainAndroidappandallowsvideostobedownloadedandsharedwithotherusers.Italsoallowsuserstopreviewvideos,sharedownloadedvideosthroughBluetooth,andoffersmoreoptionsformobiledatacontrolandvideoresolution.[392] YouTubeannouncedtheprojectinSeptember2016ataneventinIndia.[393]ItwaslaunchedinIndiainFebruary2017,andexpandedinNovember2017to14othercountries,includingNigeria,Indonesia,Thailand,Malaysia,Vietnam,thePhilippines,Kenya,andSouthAfrica.[394][395]Itwasrolledoutin130countriesworldwide,includingBrazil,Mexico,Turkey,andIraqonFebruary1,2018.Theappisavailabletoaround60%oftheworld'spopulation.[396][397] YouTubeKids Mainarticle:YouTubeKids YouTubeKidsisanAmericanchildren'svideoappdevelopedbyYouTube,asubsidiaryofGoogle.Theappwasdevelopedinresponsetoparentalandgovernmentscrutinyonthecontentavailabletochildren.Theappprovidesaversionoftheservice-orientedtowardschildren,withcuratedselectionsofcontent,parentalcontrolfeatures,andfilteringofvideosdeemedinappropriateviewingforchildrenagedunder13,8or5dependingontheagegroupingchosen.FirstreleasedonFebruary15,2015asanAndroidandiOSmobileapp,theapphassincebeenreleasedforLG,Samsung,andSonysmartTVs,aswellasforAndroidTV.OnMay27,2020,itbecameavailableonAppleTV.AsofSeptember2019,theappisavailablein69countries,includingHongKongandMacau,andoneprovince.YouTubelaunchedaweb-basedversionofYouTubeKidsonAugust30,2019. YouTubeMovies YouTubeMoviesisaservicebyYouTubethatshowsmoviesviaitswebsite.Manyofthemoviesarefreetoview,withads.[398] YouTubeMusic Mainarticle:YouTubeMusic OnSeptember28,2016,YouTubenamedLyorCohen,theco-founderof300EntertainmentandformerWarnerMusicGroupexecutive,theGlobalHeadofMusic.[399] Inearly2018,CohenbeganhintingatthepossiblelaunchofYouTube'snewsubscriptionmusicstreamingservice,aplatformthatwouldcompetewithotherservicessuchasSpotifyandAppleMusic.[400]OnMay22,2018,themusicstreamingplatformnamed"YouTubeMusic"waslaunched.[401][402] YouTubePremium Mainarticle:YouTubePremium YouTubePremium(formerlyYouTubeRed)isYouTube'spremiumsubscriptionservice.Itoffersadvertising-freestreaming,accesstooriginalprogramming,andbackgroundandofflinevideoplaybackonmobiledevices.[403]YouTubePremiumwasoriginallyannouncedonNovember12,2014as"MusicKey",asubscriptionmusicstreamingservice,andwasintendedtointegratewithandreplacetheexistingGooglePlayMusic"AllAccess"service.[404][405][406]OnOctober28,2015,theservicewasrelaunchedasYouTubeRed,offeringad-freestreamingofallvideosandaccesstoexclusiveoriginalcontent.[407][408][409]AsofNovember 2016[update],theservicehas1.5millionsubscribers,withafurthermilliononafree-trialbasis.[410]AsofJune 2017[update],thefirstseasonofYouTubeOriginalshadgotten250millionviewsintotal.[411] YouTubeShorts InSeptember2020,YouTubeannouncedthatitwouldbelaunchingabetaversionofanewplatformof15-secondvideos,similartoTikTok,calledYouTubeShorts.[412][413]TheplatformwasfirsttestedinIndiabutasofMarch2021hasexpandedtoothercountriesincludingtheUnitedStateswithvideosnowabletobeupto1minutelong.[414]Theplatformisnotastandaloneapp,butisintegratedintothemainYouTubeapp.LikeTikTok,itgivesusersaccesstobuilt-increativetools,includingthepossibilityofaddinglicensedmusictotheirvideos.[415]TheplatformhaditsglobalbetalaunchinJuly2021.[416] YouTubeStories In2018,YouTubestartedtestinganewfeatureinitiallycalled"YouTubeReels".[417]ThefeatureisnearlyidenticaltoInstagramStoriesandSnapchatStories.YouTubelaterrenamedthefeature"YouTubeStories".Itisonlyavailabletocreatorswhohavemorethan10,000subscribersandcanonlybeposted/seenintheYouTubemobileapp.[418] TestTube ExperimentalfeaturesofYouTubecanbeaccessedinanareaofthesitenamedTestTube.[419][420] Forexample,inOctober2009,acommentsearchfeatureaccessibleunder/comment_searchwasimplementedaspartofthisprogram.Thefeaturewasremovedlater.[421] Laterthesameyear,YouTubeFeatherwasintroducedasalightweightalternativewebsiteforcountrieswithlimitedinternetspeeds.[422] YouTubeTV Mainarticle:YouTubeTV OnFebruary28,2017,inapressannouncementheldatYouTubeSpaceLosAngeles,YouTubeannouncedYouTubeTV,anover-the-topMVPD-stylesubscriptionservicethatwouldbeavailableforUnitedStatescustomersatapriceofUS$35permonth.Initiallylaunchinginfivemajormarkets(NewYorkCity,LosAngeles,Chicago,PhiladelphiaandSanFrancisco)onApril5,2017,[423][424]theserviceofferslivestreamsofprogrammingfromthefivemajorbroadcastnetworks(ABC,CBS,TheCW,FoxandNBC),aswellasapproximately40cablechannelsownedbythecorporateparentsofthosenetworks,TheWaltDisneyCompany,CBSCorporation,21stCenturyFox,NBCUniversalandTurnerBroadcastingSystem(includingamongothersBravo,USANetwork,Syfy,DisneyChannel,CNN,CartoonNetwork,E!,FoxSports1,Freeform,FXandESPN).SubscriberscanalsoreceiveShowtimeandFoxSoccerPlusasoptionaladd-onsforanextrafee,andcanaccessYouTubePremiumoriginalcontent.[425][426] Socialimpact Mainarticle:SocialimpactofYouTube Bothprivateindividuals[427]andlargeproductioncorporations[428]haveusedYouTubetogrowaudiences.Indiecreatorshavebuiltgrassrootsfollowingsnumberinginthethousandsatverylittlecostoreffort,whilemassretailandradiopromotionprovedproblematic.[427]Concurrently,oldmediacelebritiesmovedintothewebsiteattheinvitationofaYouTubemanagementthatwitnessedearlycontentcreatorsaccruingsubstantialfollowingsandperceivedaudiencesizespotentiallylargerthanthatattainablebytelevision.[428]WhileYouTube'srevenue-sharing"PartnerProgram"madeitpossibletoearnasubstantiallivingasavideoproducer—itstopfivehundredpartnerseachearningmorethan$100,000annually[429]anditstenhighest-earningchannelsgrossingfrom$2.5 millionto$12 million[430]—in2012CMUbusinesseditorcharacterizedYouTubeas"afree-to-use...promotionalplatformforthemusiclabels."[431]In2013Forbes'KatherynThayerassertedthatdigital-eraartists'workmustnotonlybeofhighquality,butmustelicitreactionsontheYouTubeplatformandsocialmedia.[432]Videosofthe2.5%ofartistscategorizedas"mega","mainstream"and"mid-sized"received90.3%oftherelevantviewsonYouTubeandVevointhatyear.[433]Byearly2013,BillboardhadannouncedthatitwasfactoringYouTubestreamingdataintocalculationoftheBillboardHot100andrelatedgenrecharts.[434] JordanHoffneratthe68thAnnualPeabodyAwardsacceptingforYouTube Observingthatface-to-facecommunicationofthetypethatonlinevideosconveyhasbeen"fine-tunedbymillionsofyearsofevolution,"TEDcuratorChrisAndersonreferredtoseveralYouTubecontributorsandassertedthat"whatGutenbergdidforwriting,onlinevideocannowdoforface-to-facecommunication."[435]Andersonassertedthatitisnotfar-fetchedtosaythatonlinevideowilldramaticallyacceleratescientificadvance,andthatvideocontributorsmaybeabouttolaunch"thebiggestlearningcycleinhumanhistory."[435]Ineducation,forexample,theKhanAcademygrewfromYouTubevideotutoringsessionsforfounderSalmanKhan'scousinintowhatForbes'MichaelNoercalled"thelargestschoolintheworld,"withtechnologypoisedtodisrupthowpeoplelearn.[436]YouTubewasawardeda2008GeorgeFosterPeabodyAward,[437]thewebsitebeingdescribedasaSpeakers'Cornerthat"bothembodiesandpromotesdemocracy."[438]TheWashingtonPostreportedthatadisproportionateshareofYouTube'smostsubscribedchannelsfeatureminorities,contrastingwithmainstreamtelevisioninwhichthestarsarelargelywhite.[439]APewResearchCenterstudyreportedthedevelopmentof"visualjournalism,"inwhichcitizeneyewitnessesandestablishednewsorganizationsshareincontentcreation.[440]ThestudyalsoconcludedthatYouTubewasbecominganimportantplatformbywhichpeopleacquirenews.[441] YouTubehasenabledpeopletomoredirectlyengagewithgovernment,suchasintheCNN/YouTubepresidentialdebates(2007)inwhichordinarypeoplesubmittedquestionstoU.S.presidentialcandidatesviaYouTubevideo,withatechPresidentco-foundersayingthatInternetvideowaschangingthepoliticallandscape.[442]DescribingtheArabSpring(2010–2012),sociologistPhilipN.Howardquotedanactivist'ssuccinctdescriptionthatorganizingthepoliticalunrestinvolvedusing"Facebooktoscheduletheprotests,Twittertocoordinate,andYouTubetotelltheworld."[443]In2012,morethanathirdoftheU.S.SenateintroducedaresolutioncondemningJosephKony16daysafterthe"Kony2012"videowaspostedtoYouTube,withresolutionco-sponsorSenatorLindseyGrahamremarkingthatthevideo"willdomoretoleadto(Kony's)demisethanallotheractioncombined."[444] LeadingYouTubecontentcreatorsmetattheWhiteHousewithU.S.PresidentObamatodiscusshowgovernmentcouldbetterconnectwiththe"YouTubegeneration."[445][446] Conversely,YouTubehasalsoallowedgovernmenttomoreeasilyengagewithcitizens,theWhiteHouse'sofficialYouTubechannelbeingtheseventhtopnewsorganizationproduceronYouTubein2012[447]andin2013ahealthcareexchangecommissionedObamaimpersonatorImanCrosson'sYouTubemusicvideospooftoencourageyoungAmericanstoenrollintheAffordableCareAct(Obamacare)-complianthealthinsurance.[448]InFebruary2014,U.S.PresidentObamaheldameetingattheWhiteHousewithleadingYouTubecontentcreatorstonotonlypromoteawarenessofObamacare[449]butmoregenerallytodevelopwaysforgovernmenttobetterconnectwiththe"YouTubeGeneration."[445]WhereasYouTube'sinherentabilitytoallowpresidentstodirectlyconnectwithaveragecitizenswasnoted,theYouTubecontentcreators'newmediasavvywasperceivednecessarytobettercopewiththewebsite'sdistractingcontentandfickleaudience.[445] SomeYouTubevideoshavethemselveshadadirecteffectonworldevents,suchasInnocenceofMuslims(2012)whichspurredprotestsandrelatedanti-Americanviolenceinternationally.[450]TEDcuratorChrisAndersondescribedaphenomenonbywhichgeographicallydistributedindividualsinacertainfieldsharetheirindependentlydevelopedskillsinYouTubevideos,thuschallengingotherstoimprovetheirownskills,andspurringinventionandevolutioninthatfield.[435]JournalistVirginiaHeffernanstatedinTheNewYorkTimesthatsuchvideoshave"surprisingimplications"forthedisseminationofcultureandeventhefutureofclassicalmusic.[451] A2017NewYorkTimesMagazinearticlepositedthatYouTubehadbecome"thenewtalkradio"forthefarright.[452]AlmostayearbeforeYouTube'sJanuary2019announcementthatitwouldbegina"gradualchange"of"reducingrecommendationsofborderlinecontentandcontentthatcouldmisinformusersinharmfulways",[453]ZeynepTufekcihadwritteninTheNewYorkTimesthat,"(g)ivenitsbillionorsousers,YouTubemaybeoneofthemostpowerfulradicalizinginstrumentsofthe21stcentury".[454]UnderYouTube'schangestoitsrecommendationengine,themostrecommendedchannelevolvedfromconspiracytheoristAlexJones(2016)toFoxNews(2019).[455] TheLegionofExtraordinaryDancers[456]andtheYouTubeSymphonyOrchestra[457]selectedtheirmembershipbasedonindividualvideoperformances.[435][457]Further,thecybercollaborationcharityvideo"WeAretheWorld25forHaiti(YouTubeedition)"wasformedbymixingperformancesof57globallydistributedsingersintoasinglemusicalwork,[458]withTheTokyoTimesnotingthe"WePrayforYou"YouTubecyber-collaborationvideoasanexampleofatrendtousecrowdsourcingforcharitablepurposes.[459] Theanti-bullyingItGetsBetterProjectexpandedfromasingleYouTubevideodirectedtodiscouragedorsuicidalLGBTteens,[460]thatwithintwomonthsdrewvideoresponsesfromhundredsincludingU.S.PresidentBarackObama,VicePresidentBiden,WhiteHousestaff,andseveralcabinetsecretaries.[461]Similarly,inresponsetofifteen-year-oldAmandaTodd'svideo"Mystory:Struggling,bullying,suicide,self-harm,"legislativeactionwasundertakenalmostimmediatelyafterhersuicidetostudytheprevalenceofbullyingandformanationalanti-bullyingstrategy.[462]InMay2018,afterLondonMetropolitanPoliceclaimedthatdrillmusicvideosglamorizingviolencegaverisetogangviolence,YouTubedeleted30videos.[463] Finances Priorto2020,GoogledidnotprovidedetailedfiguresforYouTube'srunningcosts,andYouTube'srevenuesin2007werenotedas"notmaterial"inaregulatoryfiling.[464]InJune2008,aForbesmagazinearticleprojectedthe2008revenueat$200 million,notingprogressinadvertisingsales.[465]In2012,YouTube'srevenuefromitsadsprogramwasestimatedat$3.7 billion.[466]In2013itnearlydoubledandestimatedtohit$5.6 billionaccordingtoeMarketer,[466][467]whileothersestimated$4.7 billion.[466]ThevastmajorityofvideosonYouTubearefreetoviewandsupportedbyadvertising.[58]InMay2013,YouTubeintroducedatrialschemeof53subscriptionchannelswithpricesrangingfrom$0.99to$6.99amonth.[468]ThemovewasseenasanattempttocompetewithotherprovidersofonlinesubscriptionservicessuchasNetflix,AmazonPrime,andHulu.[58] GooglefirstpublishedexactrevenuenumbersforYouTubeinFebruary2020aspartofAlphabet's2019financialreport.AccordingtoGoogle,YouTubehadmadeUS$15.1billioninadrevenuein2019,incontrasttoUS$8.1billionin2017andUS$11.1billionin2018.YouTube'srevenuesmadeupnearly10%ofthetotalAlphabetrevenuein2019.[469][470]Theserevenuesaccountedforapproximately20 millionsubscriberscombinedbetweenYouTubePremiumandYouTubeMusicsubscriptions,and2 millionsubscriberstoYouTubeTV.[471] YouTubehad$19.8billioninrevenuein2020.[1] Partnershipwithcorporations YouTubeenteredintoamarketingandadvertisingpartnershipwithNBCinJune2006.[472]InMarch2007,itstruckadealwithBBCforthreechannelswithBBCcontent,onefornewsandtwoforentertainment.[473]InNovember2008,YouTubereachedanagreementwithMGM,LionsGateEntertainment,andCBS,allowingthecompaniestopostfull-lengthfilmsandtelevisionepisodesonthesite,accompaniedbyadvertisementsinasectionforU.S.viewerscalled"Shows".ThemovewasintendedtocreatecompetitionwithwebsitessuchasHulu,whichfeaturesmaterialfromNBC,Fox,andDisney.[474][475]InNovember2009,YouTubelaunchedaversionof"Shows"availabletoUKviewers,offeringaround4,000full-lengthshowsfrommorethan60partners.[476]InJanuary2010,YouTubeintroducedanonlinefilmrentalsservice,[477]whichisonlyavailabletousersintheUnitedStates,Canada,andtheUKasof2010.[478][479][needsupdate]Theserviceoffersover6,000films.[480] 2017advertiserboycott InMarch2017,thegovernmentoftheUnitedKingdompulleditsadvertisingcampaignsfromYouTube,afterreportsthatitsadshadappearedonvideoscontainingextremistcontent.Thegovernmentdemandedassurancesthatitsadvertisingwould"bedeliveredsafelyandappropriately".TheGuardiannewspaper,aswellasothermajorBritishandU.S.brands,similarlysuspendedtheiradvertisingonYouTubeinresponsetotheiradvertisingappearingnearoffensivecontent.Googlestatedthatithad"begunanextensivereviewofouradvertisingpoliciesandhavemadeapubliccommitmenttoputinplacechangesthatgivebrandsmorecontroloverwheretheiradsappear".[481][482]InearlyApril2017,theYouTubechannelh3h3ProductionspresentedevidenceclaimingthataWallStreetJournalarticlehadfabricatedscreenshotsshowingmajorbrandadvertisingonanoffensivevideocontainingJohnnyRebelmusicoverlaidonaChiefKeefmusicvideo,citingthatthevideoitselfhadnotearnedanyadrevenuefortheuploader.Thevideowasretractedafteritwasfoundthattheadshadbeentriggeredbytheuseofcopyrightedcontentinthevideo.[483][484] OnApril6,2017,YouTubeannouncedthatto"ensurerevenueonlyflowstocreatorswhoareplayingbytherules",itwouldchangeitspracticestorequirethatachannelundergoapolicycompliancereview,andhaveatleast10,000-lifetimeviews,beforetheymayjointhePartnerProgram.[485] YouTuberearnings InMay2007,YouTubelauncheditsPartnerProgram(YPP),asystembasedonAdSensewhichallowstheuploaderofthevideotosharetherevenueproducedbyadvertisingonthesite.[486]YouTubetypicallytakes45percentoftheadvertisingrevenuefromvideosinthePartnerProgram,with55percentgoingtotheuploader.[487][488] ThereareoveramillionmembersoftheYouTubePartnerProgram.[489]AccordingtoTubeMogul,in2013apre-rolladvertisementonYouTube(onethatisshownbeforethevideostarts)costadvertisersonaverage$7.60per1000views.Usuallynomorethanhalfoftheeligiblevideoshaveapre-rolladvertisement,duetoalackofinterestedadvertisers.[490] YouTubepoliciesrestrictcertainformsofcontentfrombeingincludedinvideosbeingmonetizedwithadvertising,includingvideoscontainingviolence,stronglanguage,sexualcontent,"controversialorsensitivesubjectsandevents,includingsubjectsrelatedtowar,politicalconflicts,naturaldisastersandtragedies,evenifgraphicimageryisnotshown"(unlessthecontentis"usuallynewsworthyorcomedicandthecreator'sintentistoinformorentertain"),[491]andvideoswhoseusercommentscontain"inappropriate"content.[492] In2013,YouTubeintroducedanoptionforchannelswithatleastathousandsubscriberstorequireapaidsubscriptioninorderforviewerstowatchvideos.[493][494]InApril2017,YouTubesetaneligibilityrequirementof10,000lifetimeviewsforapaidsubscription.[495]OnJanuary16,2018,theeligibilityrequirementformonetizationwaschangedto4,000hoursofwatch-timewithinthepast12monthsand1,000subscribers.[495]Themovewasseenasanattempttoensurethatvideosbeingmonetizeddidnotleadtocontroversy,butwascriticizedforpenalizingsmallerYouTubechannels.[496] YouTubePlayButtons,apartoftheYouTubeCreatorRewards,arearecognitionbyYouTubeofitsmostpopularchannels.[497]Thetrophiesmadeofnickelplatedcopper-nickelalloy,goldenplatedbrass,silverplatedmetal,ruby,andredtintedcrystalglassaregiventochannelswithatleastonehundredthousand,amillion,tenmillion,fiftymillionsubscribers,andonehundredmillionsubscribers,respectively.[498][499] YouTube'spolicieson"advertiser-friendlycontent"restrictwhatmaybeincorporatedintovideosbeingmonetized;thisincludesstrongviolence,language,[500]sexualcontent,and"controversialorsensitivesubjectsandevents,includingsubjectsrelatedtowar,politicalconflicts,naturaldisastersandtragedies,evenifgraphicimageryisnotshown",unlessthecontentis"usuallynewsworthyorcomedicandthecreator'sintentistoinformorentertain".[501]InSeptember2016,afterintroducinganenhancednotificationsystemtoinformusersoftheseviolations,YouTube'spolicieswerecriticizedbyprominentusers,includingPhillipDeFrancoandVlogbrothers.DeFrancoarguedthatnotbeingabletoearnadvertisingrevenueonsuchvideoswas"censorshipbyadifferentname".AYouTubespokespersonstatedthatwhilethepolicyitselfwasnotnew,theservicehad"improvedthenotificationandappealprocesstoensurebettercommunicationtoourcreators".[502][503][504]BoingBoingreportedin2019thatLGBTkeywordsresultedindemonetization.[505] AsofNovember2020intheUnitedStatesandJune2021worldwide,[506]YouTubereservestherighttomonetizeanyvideoontheplatform,eveniftheiruploaderisnotamemberoftheYouTubePartnerProgram.Thiswilloccuronchannelswhosecontentisdeemed"advertiser-friendly",andallrevenuewillgodirectlytoGooglewithoutanysharegiventotheuploader.[507] Revenuetocopyrightholders Furtherinformation:§ Copyrightedmaterial ThemajorityofYouTube'sadvertisingrevenuegoestothepublishersandvideoproducerswhoholdtherightstotheirvideos;thecompanyretains45%oftheadrevenue.[508]In2010,itwasreportedthatnearlyathirdofthevideoswithadvertisementswereuploadedwithoutpermissionofthecopyrightholders.YouTubegivesanoptionforcopyrightholderstolocateandremovetheirvideosortohavethemcontinuerunningforrevenue.[509]InMay2013,Nintendobeganenforcingitscopyrightownershipandclaimingtheadvertisingrevenuefromvideocreatorswhopostedscreenshotsofitsgames.[510]InFebruary2015,NintendoagreedtosharetherevenuewiththevideocreatorsthroughtheNintendoCreatorsProgram.[511][512][513]OnMarch20,2019,NintendoannouncedonTwitterthatthecompanywillendtheCreatorsprogram.OperationsfortheprogramceasedonMarch20,2019.[514][515] Censorshipandbans Mainarticle:CensorshipofYouTube AvailabilityofYouTubeasofJanuary2021:  HaslocalYouTubeversion  Accessible  Currentlyblocked  Previouslyblocked YouTubehasbeencensored,filtered,orbannedforavarietyofreasons,including:[516] Limitingpublicaccessandexposuretocontentthatmayignitesocialorpoliticalunrest. Preventingcriticismofaruler(e.g.inNorthKorea),government(e.g.inChina)oritsactions(e.g.inMorocco),governmentofficials(e.g.inTurkeyandLibya),orreligion(e.g.inPakistan). Morality-basedlaws,e.g.inIran. Accesstospecificvideosissometimespreventedduetocopyrightandintellectualpropertyprotectionlaws(e.g.inGermany),violationsofhatespeech,andpreventingaccesstovideosjudgedinappropriateforyouth,[517]whichisalsodonebyYouTubewiththeYouTubeKidsappandwith"restrictedmode".[518]Businesses,schools,governmentagencies,andotherprivateinstitutionsoftenblocksocialmediasites,includingYouTube,duetoitsbandwidthlimitations[519][520]andthesite'spotentialfordistraction.[516][521] Asof2018[update],publicaccesstoYouTubeisblockedinmanycountries,includingChina,NorthKorea,Iran,Syria,Turkmenistan,[522]Uzbekistan,[523][524]Tajikistan,Eritrea,SudanandSouthSudan.Insomecountries,YouTubeisblockedformorelimitedperiodsoftimesuchasduringperiodsofunrest,therun-uptoanelection,orinresponsetoupcomingpoliticalanniversaries.Incaseswheretheentiresiteisbannedduetooneparticularvideo,YouTubewilloftenagreetoremoveorlimitaccesstothatvideoinordertorestoreservice.[516] ReportsemergedthatsinceOctober2019,commentspostedwithChinesecharactersinsultingtheChineseCommunistParty(共匪or"communistbandit")or(五毛or"50CentParty",referringtostate-sponsoredcommentators)werebeingautomaticallydeletedwithin15seconds.[525] SpecificincidentswhereYouTubehasbeenblockedinclude: ThailandblockedaccessinApril2007overavideosaidtobeinsultingtheThaiking.[526] MoroccoblockedaccessinMay2007,possiblyasaresultofvideoscriticalofMorocco'soccupationofWesternSahara.[527]YouTubebecameaccessibleagainonMay30,2007,afterMarocTelecomunofficiallyannouncedthatthedeniedaccesstothewebsitewasamere"technicalglitch".[528] Turkeyblockedaccessbetween2008and2010aftercontroversyovervideosdeemedinsultingtoMustafaKemalAtatürk.[529][530][531]InNovember2010,avideooftheTurkishpoliticianDenizBaykalcausedthesitetobeblockedagainbriefly,andthesitewasthreatenedwithanewshutdownifitdidnotremovethevideo.[532]Duringthetwoandahalf-yearblockofYouTube,thevideo-sharingwebsiteremainedtheeighth-most-accessedsiteinTurkey.[533][534]In2014,Turkeyblockedtheaccessforthesecondtime,after"ahigh-levelintelligenceleak."[535][536][537] PakistanblockedaccessonFebruary23,2008,becauseof"offensivematerial"towardstheIslamicfaith,includingdisplayoftheDanishcartoonsofMuhammad.[538]ThisledtoanearglobalblackoutoftheYouTubesiteforaroundtwohours,asthePakistaniblockwasinadvertentlytransferredtoothercountries.OnFebruary26,2008,thebanwasliftedafterthewebsitehadremovedtheobjectionablecontentfromitsserversattherequestofthegovernment.[539][540]ManyPakistaniscircumventedthethree-dayblockbyusingvirtualprivatenetworksoftware.[541]InMay2010,followingtheEverybodyDrawMohammedDay,PakistanagainblockedaccesstoYouTube,citing"growingsacrilegiouscontent".[542]ThebanwasliftedonMay27,2010,afterthewebsiteremovedtheobjectionablecontentfromitsserversattherequestofthegovernment.However,individualvideosdeemedoffensivetoMuslimspostedonYouTubewillcontinuetobeblocked.[543][544]PakistanagainplacedabanonYouTubeinSeptember2012,afterthesiterefusedtoremovethefilmInnocenceofMuslims,withthebanstillinoperationasofSeptember2013.[545]ThebanwasliftedinJanuary2016afterYouTubelaunchedaPakistan-specificversion.[546] LibyablockedaccessonJanuary24,2010,becauseofvideosthatfeatureddemonstrationsinthecityofBenghazibyfamiliesofdetaineeswhowerekilledinAbuSalimprisonin1996,andvideosoffamilymembersofLibyanleaderMuammarGaddafiatparties.TheblockingwascriticizedbyHumanRightsWatch.[547]InNovember2011,aftertheLibyanCivilWar,YouTubewasonceagainallowedinLibya.[548] Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Pakistan,andSudanblockedaccessinSeptember2012followingcontroversyovera14-minutetrailerforthefilmInnocenceofMuslimswhichhadbeenpostedonthesite.[549][550][551][552][553]AcourtinthesouthernRussianRepublicofChechnyaruledthatInnocenceofMuslimsshouldbebanned.[554]InLibyaandEgypt,itwasblamedforviolentprotests.YouTubestated:"Thisvideo—whichiswidelyavailableontheWeb—isclearlywithinourguidelinesandsowillstayonYouTube.However,giventheverydifficultsituationinLibyaandEgyptwehavetemporarilyrestrictedaccessinbothcountries."[555][556] Seealso Listentothisarticle(29minutes) Thisaudiofilewascreatedfromarevisionofthisarticledated26 March 2011 (2011-03-26),anddoesnotreflectsubsequentedits.(Audiohelp ·Morespokenarticles) Companiesportal Internetportal SanFranciscoBayAreaportal UnitedStatesportal Alternativemedia BookTube BreadTube CNN-YouTubepresidentialdebates Comparisonofvideohostingservices ListofInternetphenomena Listofmostviewedonlinevideosinthefirst24hours Listofonlinevideoplatforms Listofmost-dislikedYouTubevideos Listofmost-likedYouTubevideos Listofmost-viewedYouTubevideos Listofmost-subscribedYouTubechannels ListofYouTubers Ouellettev.ViacomInternationalInc. 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^"AfghanistantounblockYouTube–AfghanistanTimes"ArchivedJanuary17,2013,attheWaybackMachine,December1,2012. ^"AfghanistanbansYouTubetoblockanti-Muslimfilm"ArchivedSeptember24,2015,attheWaybackMachine,MiriamArghandiwal,Reuters(Kabul),September12,2012. ^"YouTubeblockedinBangladeshoverProphetMohamedvideo",TheIndependent(AP),September18,2012. ^Tsukayama,Haley(September17,2012)."YouTubeblockedinPakistan".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedMarch26,2017. ^Devnath,Arun(September18,2012)."Pakistan,BangladeshBlockYouTubeAmidIslamFilmProtests".Bloomberg.RetrievedSeptember18,2012. ^"Russiancourtbansanti-Islamfilm".TheNews.September29,2012.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary17,2013. ^Willon,Phil;Keegan,Rebecca(September12,2012)."'InnocenceofMuslims':Mysteryshroudsfilm'sCaliforniaorigins".LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedMarch1,2019. ^"YouTuberestrictsvideoaccessoverLibyanviolence".CNN.September12,2012.RetrievedSeptember13,2012. 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