Poverty and income inequalityGlobal inequalityWidening wealth gapEconomic inequalityIncome inequality the gap between rich and poorHow to solve the gap between rich and poor9.4B: Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor - Social Science ...
文章推薦指數： 80 %
Economic inequality (also known as the gap between rich and poor, income inequality, wealth disparity, or wealth and income differences) ... Skiptomaincontent KeyPointsKeyTerms Economicinequality(alsoknownasthegapbetweenrichandpoor)consistsofdisparitiesinthedistributionofwealthandincome. LearningObjectivesDiscussthecausesofeconomicinequality KeyPoints Economicinequalityreferstoinequalityamongindividualsandgroupswithinasociety,butcanalsorefertoinequalityamongcountries. InequalityismostoftenmeasuredusingtheGinicoefficient,astatisticusedtodemonstratethedispersionofwealthinagroup. Boththecapitalistmarketandgovernmentinterventionscanincreaseordecreasethelevelofinequalityinasociety. KeyTerms supplyanddemand:Aneconomicmodelofpricedeterminationinamarketbasedontherelativescarcityorabundanceofgoodsandservices. ginicoefficient:Ameasureoftheinequalityofastatisticaldistribution,rangingfromzero(totalequality)toone(maximalinequality),usedinvariousdisciplinesbutespeciallyineconomicstocompareincomesorwealth. CapitalistMarket:Referstoaneconomicsysteminwhichsupplyanddemanddeterminesthecostofgoodsandwagesforservices. Economicinequality(alsoknownasthegapbetweenrichandpoor,incomeinequality,wealthdisparity,orwealthandincomedifferences)consistsofdisparitiesinthedistributionofwealth(accumulatedassets)andincome.Thetermtypicallyreferstoinequalityamongindividualsandgroupswithinasociety,butcanalsorefertoinequalityamongcountries.Theissueofeconomicinequalityisrelatedtotheideasofequity:equalityofoutcomeandequalityofopportunity.Therearevariousnumericalindicesformeasuringeconomicinequality,butthemostcommonlyusedmeasureforthepurposesofcomparisonistheGinicoefficient(alsoknownastheGiniindexorGiniratioforItalianstatisticianandsociologistCorradoGini).TheGinicoefficientisastatisticalmeasureofthedispersalofwealthorincome.AGinicoefficientofzeroindicatesthatthereisperfectequality—assetsareequallydividedbetweenallpeopleinthegroup.AGinicoefficientofoneindicatesthatallofagroup’swealthisheldbyoneindividual.Mostcountriesfalltowardthemiddleofthisrange. MapofGlobalGiniCoefficients:UsingGinicoefficients,thismapillustratestheextenttowhicheachcountryintheworldhasinternalinequality,oragapbetweenitsrichestandpoorestcitizens. Therearemanyreasonsforeconomicinequalitywithinsocieties,andtheyareofteninterrelated.Acknowledgedfactorsthatimpacteconomicinequalityinclude,butarenotlimitedto: Inequalityinwagesandsalaries; Theincomegapbetweenhighlyskilledworkersandlow-skilledorno-skillsworkers; Wealthconcentrationinthehandsofafewindividualsorinstitutions; Labormarkets; Globalization; Technologicalchanges; Policyreforms; Taxes; Education; Computerizationandgrowingtechnology; Racism; Gender; Culture; Innateability Amajorcauseofeconomicinequalitywithinmoderneconomiesisthedeterminationofwagesbythecapitalistmarket.Inthecapitalistmarket,thewagesforjobsaresetbysupplyanddemand.Iftherearemanyworkerswillingtodoajobforagreatamountoftime,thereisahighsupplyoflaborforthatjob.Iffewpeopleneedthatjobdone,thereislowdemandforthattypeoflabor.Whenthereishighsupplyandlowdemandforajob,itresultsinalowwage.Conversely,ifthereislowsupplyandhighdemand(aswithparticularhighlyskilledjobs),itwillresultinahighwage.Thegapinwagesproducesinequalitybetweendifferenttypesofworkers. Apartfrommarket-drivenfactorsthataffectwageinequality,governmentsponsoredinitiativescanalsoincreaseordecreaseinequality.Socialscientistsandpolicymakersdebatetherelativemeritsandeffectivenessofeachapproachtoregulatinginequality.Typicalgovernmentinitiativestoreduceeconomicinequalityinclude: Publiceducation:Increasingthesupplyofskilledlaborandreducingincomeinequalityduetoeducationdifferentials. Progressivetaxation:Thericharetaxedproportionallymorethanthepoor,reducingtheamountofincomeinequalityinsociety. Minimumwagelegislation:Raisingtheincomeofthepoorestworkers Nationalizationorsubsidizationofproducts:Providinggoodsandservicesthateveryoneneedscheaplyorfreely(suchasfood,healthcare,andhousing),governmentscaneffectivelyraisethepurchasingpowerofthepoorermembersofsociety.
延伸文章資訊
- 1Study Shows Income Gap Between Rich and Poor Keeps ...
- 2Study Shows Income Gap Between Rich and Poor Keeps ...
WASHINGTON — The expanding gap between rich and poor is not only widening the gulf in incomes and...
- 3These 15 countries have the widest gaps between rich and poor
But income inequality is not a uniquely American issue. Nations from all six populated continents...
- 4The rich-poor gap in America is obscene. So let's fix it - The ...
In 1978, the top 0.1% owned about 7% of the nation's wealth. In 2019, the latest year of data ava...
- 5Society: Governments must tackle record gap between rich ...
05/12/2011 - The gap between rich and poor in OECD countries has reached its highest level for ov...
