Bruce Edwards Ivins - Wikipedia

Bruce Edwards Ivins was an American microbiologist, vaccinologist, senior biodefense researcher at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of ... BruceEdwardsIvins FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americanmicrobiologistandvaccinologistsuspectedfor2001anthraxattacks BruceEdwardsIvinsIvinsata2003awardsceremonyatUSAMRIIDBorn(1946-04-22)April22,1946Lebanon,Ohio,U.S.DiedJuly29,2008(2008-07-29)(aged 62)FrederickMemorialHospitalFrederick,Maryland,U.S.Cause ofdeathSuicidebyoverdoseEducationUniversityofCincinnati(B.S.,M.S.,Ph.D.)ScientificcareerFieldsMicrobiologyInstitutionsUnitedStatesArmyMedicalResearchInstituteofInfectiousDiseasesThesisBinding,uptake,andexpressionofdiptheriatoxininculturedmammaliancells (1976)DoctoraladvisorPeterF.Bonventre BruceEdwardsIvins(/ˈaɪvɪnz/;April22,1946 –July29,2008)[1]wasanAmericanmicrobiologist,vaccinologist,[1]seniorbiodefenseresearcherattheUnitedStatesArmyMedicalResearchInstituteofInfectiousDiseases(USAMRIID),FortDetrick,Maryland,andthesuspectedperpetratorofthe2001anthraxattacks.[2]IvinsdiedonJuly29,2008,ofanoverdoseofacetaminophen(Tylenol)inanapparentsuicideafterlearningthatcriminalchargeswerelikelytobefiledagainsthimbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)foranallegedcriminalconnectiontotheattacks.[3][4][5] AtanewsconferenceattheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice(DOJ)onAugust6,2008,FBIandDOJofficialsformallyannouncedthattheGovernmenthadconcludedthatIvinswaslikelysolelyresponsiblefor"thedeathsoffivepersons,andtheinjuryofdozensofothers,resultingfromthemailingsofseveralanonymousletterstomembersofCongressandmembersofthemediainSeptemberandOctober2001,whichletterscontainedBacillusanthracis,commonlyreferredtoasanthrax."[6][7]OnFebruary19,2010,theFBIreleaseda92-pagesummaryofevidenceagainstIvinsandannouncedthatithadconcludeditsinvestigation.[8][9]TheFBIconclusionshavebeencontestedbymany,includingseniormicrobiologists,thewidowofoneofthevictims,[10]andseveralprominentAmericanpoliticians.SenatorPatrickLeahy(D-VT),whowasamongthetargetsintheattack,SenatorChuckGrassley(R-IA),SenatorArlenSpecter(R-PA),RepresentativeRushHolt(D-NJ),andRepresentativeJerroldNadler(D-NY)[11][12][13]allarguedthatIvinswasnotsolelyresponsiblefortheattacks.NoformalchargeswereeverfiledagainstIvinsforthecrime,andnodirectevidenceofhisinvolvementhasbeenuncovered.[11] TheFBIsubsequentlyrequestedapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences(NAS)toreviewitsscientificworkonthecase.[14]OnMay15,2011,thepanelreleaseditsfindings,which"conclude[d]thatthebureauoverstatedthestrengthofgeneticanalysislinkingthemailedanthraxtoasupplykeptbyBruceE.Ivins."[11][15]TheNAScommitteestatedthatitsprimaryfindingwasthat"itisnotpossibletoreachadefinitiveconclusionabouttheoriginsoftheB.anthracisinthemailingsbasedontheavailablescientificevidencealone."[12][13][16][17][18][19][20][21] Contents 1Earlyandfamilylife 2Educationandcareer 3Allegedinvolvementin2001anthraxattacksandinvestigations 3.1Initialinvestigativerole 3.22002FortDetrickanthraxcontainmentbreach 3.32008investigation 4Death 5Anthraxinvestigation,post-death 5.1Criticismoftheofficialfindings 5.2Allegationsofmentalillness 5.3AllegationsbyIvins'counselor 5.4StatementbyHenryS.Heine 5.5NationalAcademyofSciencesscientificevidencereview 5.6Callsforfurtherinvestigation 6Interestsandbeliefs 6.1Personallife 6.2KappaKappaGammasorority 7Biography 8Patents 9References 10Externallinks Earlyandfamilylife[edit] BruceIvinswasborn,andspenthisyouth,inLebanon,Ohio,asmalltown30miles(48 km)northeastofCincinnati.[22]HisparentswereThomasRandallIvinsandMaryJohnson(néeKnight)Ivins,andhewastheyoungestofthreebrothers.[1]Ivins'sfather,apharmacist,ownedadrugstoreandwasactiveinthelocalRotaryClubandChamberofCommerce.ThefamilywentregularlytoLebanonPresbyterianChurch,althoughIvinswaslateraCatholicparishioner.[23]AccordingtoC.W.Ivins,oneofIvins'olderbrothers,theirmotherMarywasviolentandphysicallyabusivetoallthreechildren.WhenshediscoveredshewaspregnantwithBruce,apregnancythatwasunplannedandunwanted,sherepeatedlytriedtoabortthechildbythrowingherselfdownasetofstairs.Ivinswouldeventuallyhearthestoryofhismother'sattempttoaborthim.[22] Avidlyinterestedinscience,Ivinswasanactiveparticipantinextracurricularactivitiesinhighschool,includingtheNationalHonorSociety,sciencefairs,thecurrenteventsclub,andthescholarshipteamallfouryears.Heranonthetrackandcross-countryteams,workedontheyearbookandschoolnewspaper,andwasintheschoolchoirandjuniorandseniorclassplays.[23] InDecember1975,IvinsmarriednursingstudentMaryDianeBetsch(knownasDiane),towhomheremainedmarrieduntilhisdeath.[1][24]Thecouplehadtwochildren.[1][23][25]DianeIvinswasahomemakerandfulltimeparentwhoalsoranadaycarecenteroutofthefamily'shome.[26]Hiswife,children,andbrotherswereallstillaliveatthetimeofhisdeath;hisparentsweredeceased.[1] Educationandcareer[edit] IvinsgraduatedwithhonorsfromtheUniversityofCincinnati(UC)withaB.S.degreein1968,anM.S.degreein1971,andaPh.D.degreein1976,allinmicrobiology.[2]IvinsconductedhisPh.D.researchunderthesupervisionofDr.Peter F.Bonventre.Hisdissertationfocusedondifferentaspectsoftoxicityindisease-causingbacteria.[23] Ivinswasascientistfor36years[1]andseniorbiodefenseresearcherattheUnitedStatesArmyMedicalResearchInstituteofInfectiousDiseases(USAMRIID)inFortDetrick,Marylandfor18years.[2]AfterconductingresearchonLegionellaandcholera,in1979,IvinsturnedhisattentiontoanthraxaftertheanthraxoutbreakintheSovietcityofSverdlovsk(nowknownasYekaterinburg),whichkilledatleast105afteranaccidentalreleaseatamilitaryfacility.[25] Ivinshadpublishedatleast44scientificpapersdatingbacktoMay18,1969.[27][28]Hisearliestknownpublishedworkpertainedtotheresponseofperitonealmacrophages,atypeofwhitebloodcell,toinfectionbyChlamydiapsittaci,aninfectiousbacteriumthatcanbetransmittedfromanimalstohumans.[29][30]Ivinsoftencitedthe2001anthraxattacksinhispaperstobolsterthesignificanceofhisresearchinyearssubsequenttotheattacks.[31]Ina2006paperpublishedintheprestigiousjournalProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,hewrotewithhisco-authors ShorteningthedurationofantibioticpostexposureprophylaxisinabioterrorismeventinvolvingB.anthracisbyaddingpostexposurevaccinationcouldgreatlyalleviateproblemsofnoncomplianceandsideeffectsassociatedwithprolongedantibiotictherapy.Thevalueofaddingvaccinationtopostexposureantibioticprophylaxisshouldbeconsideredinplanningthepublichealthresponsetobioterrorismeventsinvolvinginhalationalanthrax.[31] Ivinswasaco-inventorontwoUnitedStatespatentsforanthraxvaccinetechnology,U.S.Patent6,316,006andU.S.Patent6,387,665.Bothofthesepatentsareownedbyhisemployeratthetime,theUnitedStatesArmy.OnMarch14,2003,IvinsandtwoofhiscolleaguesatUSAMRIIDreceivedtheDecorationforExceptionalCivilianService —thehighestawardgiventoDefenseDepartmentcivilianemployees—forhelpingsolvetechnicalproblemsinthemanufactureofanthraxvaccines.[32] Allegedinvolvementin2001anthraxattacksandinvestigations[edit] Mainarticle:2001anthraxattacks The2001anthraxattacksinvolvedthemailingofseverallettersproclaiming,"DeathtoAmerica ...DeathtoIsrael ...AllahisGreat",[33]andcontaminatedwithanthrax,totheofficesofU.S.SenatorsTomDaschleandPatrickLeahy,aswellastotheofficesofABCNews,CBSNews,NBCNews,theNewYorkPost,andtheNationalEnquirer.[34][35] Initialinvestigativerole[edit] Ivinsbecameinvolvedintheinvestigationoftheanthraxattacksbecausehewasregardedasaskilledmicrobiologist.[2]Startinginmid-October,heandhiscolleaguesworkedlonghourstestingsamplestodistinguishrealanthraxlettersfromthenumeroushoaxesthatweresentoutatthistime.[36]IvinsalsohelpedtheFBIanalyzethepowderymaterialrecoveredfromoneoftheanthrax-taintedenvelopessenttoaU.S.senator'sofficeinWashington,D.C.[2] ResultsoftheinvestigationwereinitiallydistributedtothepublicviaABCNews,claiming"fourwellplacedsources"hadconfirmedthat"traceamountsofthechemicaladditivesbentonite"werefoundintheanthraxsamples,andthatthiswasthechemicalsignatureofIraqi-madeanthrax.[33]However,itwaslaterconfirmedthatnobentonitewaseverfoundintheanthraxsamples.[33]WhileitispresumedthatIvinswasoneofABCNews'foursources,ABCrefusedtorevealtheiridentities,whichhascontributedtoamysterysurroundingIvins'roleintheinitialinvestigationanditswidelyreportedfindings.[33] 2002FortDetrickanthraxcontainmentbreach[edit] In2002,aninvestigationwascarriedoutasaresultofanincidentatFortDetrickwhereanthraxsporeshadescapedcarefullyguardedroomsintothebuilding'sunprotectedareas.[37]TheincidentcalledintoquestiontheabilityofUSAMRIIDtokeepitsdeadlyagentswithinlaboratorywallssevenmonthsaftertheanthraxmailings. AcoworkerreportedlytoldIvinsthatshewasconcernedshewasexposedtoanthraxsporeswhenhandlingananthrax-contaminatedletter.Ivinstestedthetechnician'sdeskareathatDecemberandfoundgrowththathadthehallmarksofanthrax.Hedecontaminatedherdesk,computer,keypadandmonitor,butdidnotnotifyhissuperiors.[37] 2008investigation[edit] Forsixyears,theFBIfocuseditsinvestigationonStevenHatfill,consideringhimtobethechiefsuspectintheattacks.InMarch2008,however,authoritiesexoneratedHatfillandsettledalawsuitheinitiatedfor$5.8million.[38]AccordingtoABCNews,someintheFBIconsideredIvinsasuspectasearlyas2002.[39]FBIDirectorRobertMuellerchangedleadershipoftheinvestigationinlate2006,andatthattimeIvinsbecamethemainfocusoftheinvestigation.[2] AfterHatfillwasnolongerconsideredasuspect,Ivinsbegan"showingsignsofseriousstrain".[40]Asaresultofhischangedbehavior,helostaccesstosensitiveareasathisjob.Ivinsbeganbeingtreatedfordepressionandexpressedsomesuicidalthoughts.[2]OnMarch19,2008,policefoundIvinsunconsciousathishomeinFrederickandsenthimtothehospital.[23] InJune2008,Ivinswasinvoluntarilycommittedtoapsychiatrichospital.TheFBIsaidthatduringaJune5grouptherapysessionthere,hehadaconversationwithawitness,duringwhichhemadeaseriesofstatementsabouttheanthraxmailingsthattheFBIsaidcouldbestbecharacterizedas"non-denialdenials".[41]Whenaskedabouttheanthraxattacksandwhetherhecouldhavehadanythingtodowiththem,theFBIsaidthatIvinsadmittedhesufferedfromlossofmemory,statingthathewouldwakeupdressedandwonderifhehadgoneoutduringthenight.Hisresponsesallegedlyincludedthefollowing: "IcantellyouIdon'thaveitinmyhearttokillanybody" "Idonothaveanyrecollectionofeverhavedoinganythinglikethat.Asamatteroffact,Idon'thavenocluehowto,howtomakeabio-weaponandIdon'twanttoknow." "Icantellyou,Iamnotakilleratheart" "IfIfoundoutIwasinvolvedinsomeway,and,and ..." "Idon'tthinkofmyselfasavicious,a,anastyevilperson." "Idon'tliketohurtpeople,accidentally,in,inanyway.And[severalscientistsatUSAMRIID]wouldn'tdothat.AndI,inmyrightmindwouldn'tdoit[laughs] ...Butit'sstill,butIstillfeelresponsibilitybecauseit[theanthrax]wasn'tlockedupatthetime ..." LateinJuly2008,investigatorsinformedIvinsofhisimpendingprosecutionforallegedinvolvementinthe2001anthraxattacksthatIvinshimselfhadpreviouslyassistedauthoritiesininvestigating.Itwasreportedthatthedeathpenaltywouldhavebeensoughtinthecase.[42]IvinsmaintainedhissecurityclearanceuntilJuly10;hehadbeenpubliclycriticalofthelaboratory'ssecurityproceduresforseveralyears.[43] W.RussellByrne,acolleaguewhoworkedinthebacteriologydivisionoftheFortDetrickresearchfacility,saidFBIagents"hounded"IvinsbytwiceraidinghishomeandthatIvinshadbeenhospitalizedfordepressionearlierinthemonth.[44]AccordingtoByrneandlocalpolice,Ivinshadbeenremovedfromhisworkplaceoutoffearsthathemightharmhimselforothers."Ithinkhewasjustpsychologicallyexhaustedbythewholeprocess",Byrnesaid.[45]"Therearepeoplewhoyoujustknowaretickingbombs",Byrnesaid."Hewasnotoneofthem."[46]However,TomIvins,wholastspoketohisbrotherin1985,said,"Itmakessense ...heconsideredhimselflikeagod."[45] TheLosAngelesTimessaidthatIvinsstoodtoprofitfromtheattacksbecausehewasaco-inventorontwopatentsforagenetically-engineeredanthraxvaccine.SanFrancisco-areabiotechnologycompanyVaxGenlicensedthevaccineandwonafederalcontractvaluedat$877.5milliontoprovidethevaccineundertheProjectBioshieldAct.[47]However,biologicalwarfareandanthraxvaccineexpertMerylNassexpressedskepticismaboutthispurportedmotive:"Historically,governmentemployeesdonotreceivetheseroyalties:thegovernmentdoes."[48] OnAugust6,2008,U.S.AttorneyJeffreyA.Taylor,officiallymadeastatementthatIvinswasthe"soleculprit"inthe2001anthraxattacks.[49]TaylorstatedthatIvinshadsubmittedfalseanthraxevidencetothrowinvestigatorsoffofhistrail,wasunabletoadequatelyexplainhislatelaboratoryworkinghoursaroundthetimeoftheattacks,triedtoframehisco-workers,hadimmunizedhimselfagainstanthraxinearlySeptember2001,wasoneofmorethan100peoplewithaccesstothesamestrainofanthraxusedinthekillings,andhadusedsimilarlanguageinanemailtothatinoneoftheanthraxmailings.[50]Ivinswasalsoreportedlyupsetthattheanthraxvaccinethathehadspentyearshelpingdevelopwasbeingpulledfromthemarket.[51] Death[edit] OnthemorningofJuly27,2008,Ivinswasagainfoundunconsciousathishome.HewastakentoFrederickMemorialHospitalanddiedonJuly29fromwhatwasthencalledanoverdoseofTylenollacedwithcodeine,[52]anapparentsuicide.Noautopsywasorderedfollowinghisdeathbecause,accordingtoanofficerinthelocalpolicedepartment,thestatemedicalexaminer"determinedthatanautopsywouldn'tbenecessary"basedonlaboratorytestresultsofbloodtakenfromthebody.[53]Asummaryofthepolicereportofhisdeath,releasedin2009,liststhecauseofdeathasliverandkidneyfailure,citinghispurchaseoftwobottlesofTylenolPM(containingdiphenhydramine),contradictingearlierreportsofTylenolwithcodeine.[54]Hisfamilydeclinedtoputhimonthelivertransplantlist,andhewasremovedfromlifesupport.[54] TheFBIdeclinedtocommentonthesituation.[55]Ivins'attorneyreleasedastatementsayingthatIvinshadco-operatedwiththeFBI'ssix-yearinvestigationandwasinnocent.[56] Anthraxinvestigation,post-death[edit] Criticismoftheofficialfindings[edit] PaulKemp,Ivins'attorney,statedthatthegovernment'scaseagainstIvinswas"notconvincing."JusticeDepartmentofficialDeanBoydstatedthatIvinsmailedanthraxtoNBCinretaliationforaninvestigationofIvins'laboratory'sworkonanthraxconductedbyGaryMatsumoto,aformerNBCNewsjournalist.Atthetime,however,MatsumotowasworkingforABC,notNBC.Also,Ivinspassedaliedetectortestinwhichhewasquestionedabouthispossibleparticipationintheanthraxattacks.BoydrespondedbysayingthattheFBInowbelievesthatIvinsusedcountermeasurestodeceivethepolygraphexaminers."Thereareclearlyalotofunansweredquestions,"saidSenatorChuckGrassley,whocalledforacongressionalinvestigationintotheallegationsthatIvinswastheanthraxkiller.[57] ThosewhoargueforIvins'innocencesaythattheanthraxusedintheattackswastoosophisticatedtobeproducedbyaloneresearcherwithoutrelevanttraining.RichardO.Spertzel,amicrobiologistwholedtheUnitedNations'biologicalweaponsinspectionsofIraq,wrotethattheanthraxusedcouldnothavecomefromthelabwhereIvinsworked.[58]"Inmyopinion,therearemaybefourorfivepeopleinthewholecountrywhomightbeabletomakethisstuff,andI'moneofthem,"saidSpertzel,whowasalsotheformerdeputycommanderofUSAMRIID.[59]"Andevenwithagoodlabandstafftohelprunit,itmighttakemeayeartocomeupwithaproductasgood."[59]ThesporesintheDaschleletterwere1.5to3micrometresacross,manytimessmallerthanthefinestknowngradeofanthraxproducedbyeithertheU.S.orSovietbioweaponsprograms.[59]Anelectronmicroscope,whichcostshundredsofthousandsofdollars,wouldbeneededtoverifythatthetargetsporesizehadbeenconsistentlyachieved.[59]Thepresenceoftheanti-clumpingadditivesilicondioxideintheanthraxsamplesalsosuggestsahighdegreeofsophisticationasspecialistsworkingatLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratorywereunabletoduplicatethispropertydespite56attempts.[60] WhilenotoutrightrejectingthetheoryofIvins'involvement,SenatorLeahysaidthat"ifheistheonewhosenttheletter,Idonotbelieveinanyway,shapeormannerthatheistheonlypersoninvolvedinthisattackonCongressandtheAmericanpeople.Idonotbelievethatatall."[61] Allegationsofmentalillness[edit] OnAugust6,2008,theFBIreleasedacollectionofemailswrittenbyIvins.[62]Insome,Ivinsdescribesepisodesofdepression,anxiety,andparanoiaforwhichhewasmedicated;[63]thesearereferencedinthesummaryofthecaseagainstIvins.ApsychiatristengagedbyTheNewYorkTimestoanalyzethereleaseddocumentsfoundevidenceofpsychoses,butcouldnotruleoutthepossibilitythatIvinswasfeigningorexaggeratingmentalillnessforpurposesofattentionorsympathy.[64] AUnitedStatesgovernmentinvestigativepanel,calledtheExpertBehavioralAnalysisPanel,issuedareportinMarch2011whichdetailedmoreofIvins'mentalhealthissues.Accordingtothepanel'sreport,theArmydidnotexamineIvins'backgroundadequatelybeforeclearinghimtoworkwithanthrax:suchclearanceshouldnothavebeengiven.Thereportendorsesthegovernment'simplicationofIvins:circumstantialevidencefromIvins'psychiatrichistorysupportedtheconclusionthatIvinswastheanthraxkiller.[65][66][67] AllegationsbyIvins'counselor[edit] SocialworkerJeanC.Duleyappliedforaprotectiveorder,writingthatIvinshadstalkedandthreatenedtokillherandhadalonghistoryofhomicidalthreats.[23]DuleystatedthatshehadtreatedIvinsforsixmonths,afterwhichshesaidhethreatenedto"gooutinablazeofglory".WhensheforwardedthisinformationtotheFBI,shesaidheleftrantsonhervoicemailthatblamedherforhislegalissues.[68] DuleyhadbeensettogivetestimonyagainstIvinsonAugust1,2008.[45]Ivins,however,hadnocriminalrecord,whereasDuleyhadahistoryofconvictionsfordrivingundertheinfluenceandchargesofbatteryofherex-husband.[69]Thechargesforcedhertoquitherjob,andattorneycostsuseduphersavings,accordingtoherfiancé.[69]Ina1999newspaperinterview,Duleydescribedherselfasaformermotorcyclegangmemberanddruguser:"Heroin.Cocaine.PCP.Younameit,Ididit."[70]AccordingtoanarticleoriginallyappearingintheFrederickNews-PostonAugust12,2009,DuleywasunderhousearrestwhenshetaperecordedIvins'allegedlythreateningmessages.[71]TheNews-Postalsomadeavailablearecordingoftheallegedlythreateningcalls.[72]Thenewspapercharacterizedthemessagesasnotbeingthreateningbutinstead"thesadramblingsofabrokenmanwhofeltbetrayed".[71] InherJuly2008restrainingorder,DuleyallegedthatIvinshadahistoryofthreats.Shefurtherallegeda"detailedhomicidalplan"tokillhisco-workersafterlearninghewasgoingtobeindictedoncapitalmurderchargesandstatedthat,uponhearingofhispossibleindictment,Ivinshadpurchasedagunandabulletproofvest.[73]Ivinswassubsequentlycommittedforpsychiatricevaluationandhishomewasraidedbyfederalagentswhoconfiscatedammunitionandabulletproofvest.[74]HewasreleasedfromhiscommittalonJuly24,fivedaysbeforehisdeath. StatementbyHenryS.Heine[edit] HenryS.Heine,amicrobiologistwhowasIvins'fellowresearcherattheUSAMRIID,toldaNationalAcademyofSciences(NAS)panelonApril22,2010,thatheconsidereditimpossiblethatIvinscouldhaveproducedtheanthraxusedintheattackswithoutdetection.[14]Heinetoldthe16-memberpanelthatproducingthequantityofsporesintheletterswouldhavetakenatleastayearofintensiveworkusingtheequipmentattheUSAMRIIDlaboratory.Suchaneffortwouldnothaveescapedcolleagues'notice,andlaboratorytechnicianswhoworkedcloselywithIvinshavetoldhimtheysawnosuchwork.[14]HeinealsostatedthatbiologicalcontainmentmeasureswhereIvinsworkedwereinadequatetopreventthesporesfromfloatingoutofthelaboratoryintoanimalcagesandoffices,saying"You'dhavehaddeadanimalsordeadpeople".[14] HeinesaidhedidnotdisputethattherewasageneticlinkbetweenthesporesinthelettersandtheanthraxinIvins'flask,whichledtheFBItoconcludethatIvinshadgrownthesporesfromasampletakenfromtheflask.Heinepointedoutthatsamplesfromtheflaskwerewidelyshared.AccusingIvinsoftheattacks,hesaid,wasliketracingamurdertotheclerkatthesportinggoodsshopwhosoldthebullets.[14]AskedbyreportersafterhistestimonywhetherhebelievedtherewasanychancethatIvinshadcarriedouttheattacks,Heinereplied,"Absolutelynot."AttheUSAMRIID,hesaid,"amongtheseniorscientists,noonebelievesit."[14] NationalAcademyofSciencesscientificevidencereview[edit] TheFBIaskedtheNAStoreviewtheBureau'sscientificworkonthecase.Apanelwascreated,chairedbyAliceP.Gast,presidentofLehighUniversity.[14]OnMay15,2011,thepanelreleaseditsfindings,which"conclude[d]thatthebureauoverstatedthestrengthofgeneticanalysislinkingthemailedanthraxtoasupplykeptbyBruceE.Ivins."[11] Callsforfurtherinvestigation[edit] FollowingthereleaseofanNASreportinFebruary2011,CongressmanRushD.Holt,Jr.(D-NJ),aphysicistfromwhosedistricttheanthraxlettersweremailed,re-introducedlegislation"tocreatea9/11-styleCommission,completewithsubpoenapower,withamandatetoreviewtheentirematter."[11]SenatorChuckGrassleytoldTheWashingtonPost:"Therearenomoreexcusesforavoidinganindependentreview."[11]JournalistGlennGreenwald,whowasvocalinhiscriticismoftheanthraxinvestigation,[69][75][76][77][78]arguedthat"[o]therthanadesiretoavoidfindingoutwhotheculpritwas(ortoavoidhavingtheFBI'scaseagainstIvinssubjectedtoscrutiny),there'snorationalreasontoopposeanindependentinvestigationintothismatter."[11] Interestsandbeliefs[edit] Personallife[edit] IvinswasaRomanCatholic.TheNews-PostmadepublicseveralletterstotheeditorwrittenbyIvinsdealingwithhisreligiousviews.[79]ThesewerecitedintheDepartmentofJusticesummaryofthecaseagainstIvinsassuggestingthathemayhaveharboredagrudgeagainstpro-choiceCatholicsenatorsDaschleandLeahy,recipientsofanthraxmailings.[63]Inaletter,Ivinsstated,"Bybloodandfaith,JewsareGod'schosen,andhavenoneedfor'dialogue'withanygentile."[80]IvinspraisedarabbiforrefusingadialoguewithaMuslimcleric.[80] Ivins'spastimesincludedplayingkeyboardathislocalchurch,SaintJohntheEvangelist;[1]hewasamemberoftheAmericanRedCross;[1]hewasanavidjugglerandfounderoftheFrederickJugglers.[23]IvinsplayedkeyboardsinaCelticbandandwouldoftencomposeandplaysongsforcoworkerswhoweremovingtonewjobs.[23][25] KappaKappaGammasorority[edit] IvinswasreportedlyobsessedwiththecollegesororityKappaKappaGamma(KKG)eversincehewasrebuffedbyawomaninthesororityduringhisdaysasastudentatUniversityofCincinnati,[81][82]includingeditstoWikipediaonthetopic.[81] TheFBIsaid,becauseanthraxsporeswerefoundinapostaldropboxlocated300feet(91 m)awayfromPrincetonUniversity'sKKGstoragefacility(wherethesororitykeepsrushparaphernalia,initiationrobesandothermaterials),thattheanthraxlacedlettershadbeenmailedfromthatdropbox.[83]However,noevidencewasfoundtoplaceIvinsinPrinceton,NewJersey,onthedaythelettersweremailed.[81]KatherineBreckinridgeGraham,anadvisortoKKG'sPrincetonchapter,statedthattherewasnothingtoindicatethatanyofthesororitymembershadanythingtodowithIvins.[82]OfficialsclaimthatthesororitylinkhelpsexplainwhythelettersweremailedfromPrinceton,200miles(320 km)fromtheUSAMRIIDlaboratorywhereIvinsworkedandwhereitisclaimedtheanthraxwasproduced. AUnitedStatesgovernmentinvestigativepanel,calledtheExpertBehavioralAnalysisPanel,issuedareportinMarch2011whichdetailedmoreofIvins'obsessionwiththesorority.Accordingtothepanel'sreport,IvinstormentedaKKGmemberattheUniversityofNorthCarolinanamedNancyHaigwood.Ivinsstolehernotebook,whichdocumentedherresearchforherdoctoralstudiesandvandalizedherresidence.[65] Biography[edit] In2011,journalistDavidWillman'sbookonIvins,TheMirageMan:BruceIvins,theAnthraxAttacks,andAmerica'sRushtoWar,waspublished.ThebookdetailsIvins'troubledhistoryandmentalproblems.[84] Patents[edit] U.S.Patent6,316,006November13,2001AsporogenicBanthracisexpressionsystem U.S.Patent6,387,665May14,2002Methodofmakingavaccineforanthrax References[edit] ^abcdefghi"Obituary:Dr.BruceEdwardsIvins".FrederickNews-Post.July31,2008.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust5,2008.RetrievedAugust1,2008. ^abcdefgWillman,David(August1,2008)."Apparentsuicideinanthraxcase".LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedAugust1,2008. ^Apuzzo,Matt;Dishneau,David(August1,2008)."U.S.wanteddeathpenaltyinanthraxcase".AssociatedPress.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust7,2008.RetrievedAugust1,2008.Federalprosecutorsinvestigatingthe2001anthraxattackswereplanningtoindictandseekthedeathpenaltyagainstatopArmymicrobiologistwhowasdevelopingavaccineagainstthedeadlytoxin. ^Willman,David(September18,2008)."SenatorsquestionFBI'shandlingofanthraxinquiry".LosAngelesTimes.ISSN 0458-3035.RetrievedSeptember23,2008.Ivins,62,committedsuicideJuly29.Hisformerlawyershavesaidtheywouldhavewonhisacquittalatatrial. ^Jordan,LaraJakes;Dishneau,David(August1,2008)."AnthraxscientistcommitssuicideasFBIclosesin".AssociatedPress.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember13,2009.RetrievedAugust1,2008.AtopU.S.biodefenseresearcherapparentlycommittedsuicidejustastheJusticeDepartmentwasabouttofilecriminalchargesagainsthimintheanthraxmailingsthattraumatizedthenationintheweeksfollowingtheSept.11,2001,terroristattacks,accordingtoapublishedreport. ^CarrieJohnson,MaryBethSheridanandWilliamBranigin(August6,2008)."OfficialsSayScientistWasSolelyResponsibleforAnthraxAttacks".TheWashingtonPost. ^"Government'sOmnibusMotiontoUnsealSearchWarrantsandAccompanyingDocuments,andMemorandumofLawInSupportThereof"(PDF).USDistrictCourtfortheDistrictofColumbia.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onAugust9,2008.RetrievedAugust8,2008. ^JobyWarrick(February20,2010)."FBIinvestigationof2001anthraxattacksconcluded;U.S.releasesdetails".TheWashingtonPost. ^"AMERITHRAXInvestigativeSummary"(PDF).UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice.February19,2010. ^"WidowofanthraxvictimdoubtsFBI'sconclusion".TheWallStreetJournal.AssociatedPress.May19,2011.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay26,2011.RetrievedJune2,2011. ^abcdefgGreenwald,Glenn(February16,2011)."SeriousdoubtcastonFBI'santhraxcaseagainstBruceIvans".Salon.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. ^abGordon,Greg(May26,2011)."CongressmanpressesFBIforanthraxinformation".MiamiHerald.[deadlink] ^abLengel,Allan(May26,2011)."Rep.NadlerCriticizesFBIinLettertoDirectorMuellerOverAnthraxProbe".Ticklethewire.com.(includescompletetextofletterfromRep.JerroldNadler). ^abcdefgScottShane(April23,2010)."ColleagueDisputesCaseAgainstAnthraxSuspect".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedApril23,2010. ^"National-Academies.org-WheretheNationTurnsforIndependent,ExpertAdvice".nationalacademies.org. ^AliceP.Gast,chair,DavidA.Relman,vicechair,OpeningstatementforReviewoftheScientificApproachesUsedDuringtheFBI'sInvestigationofthe2001AnthraxLetters,NationalResearchCouncil,BoardonLifeSciences,CommitteeonScience,Technology,andLaw,February15,2011. ^"AnthraxpanelledbyGastreleasesreport".LehighUniversity.February15,2011.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. ^"PublicBriefingofNationalResearchCouncilReviewofScienceinFBI'sAnthraxCase(video)".NationalResearchCouncil.February15,2011.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly17,2011–viaTVWorldwide. ^Shane,Scott(February15,2011)."ReviewFaultsF.B.I.'sScientificWorkinAnthraxInvestigation".TheNewYorkTimes. ^Gordon,Greg(May19,2011)."FBIlabreportsonanthraxattackssuggestanothermiscue".McClatchyNewspapers.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay29,2011. ^Gordon,Greg(May19,2011)."Disturbingquestionshauntanthraxkillingsinquiry".TheKansasCityStar.[deadlink] ^abWillman,David(May29,2011)."TheAnthraxKillings:ATroubledMind".LosAngelesTimes. ^abcdefghWarrick,Joby;MarilynW.Thompson;NelsonHernandez(August2,2008)."AScientist'sQuietLifeTookADarkerTurn".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedAugust3,2008. ^Willman,David(2011).TheMirageMan:BruceIvins,theAnthraxAttacks,andAmerica'sRushtoWar.RandomHousePublishingGroup.p. 18.ISBN 978-0-345-53021-9. ^abcAbruzzese,Sarah;EricLipton(August2,2008)."InDeathOfSuspect,ADarkEndForAFamilyManAndCommunityVolunteer".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedAugust3,2008. ^Dishneau,David(August2,2008)."Ivinshadmildpersona,butsomesawdarkside".SanFranciscoChronicle.AssociatedPress.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember14,2009. ^Hucher,N.;Decroix,B.;Daïch,A.(June29,2001)."Ivins".TheJournalofOrganicChemistry.PubMed.66(13):4695–4703.doi:10.1021/jo0156316.PMID 11421795.RetrievedAugust4,2008. ^"Anthraxsuspectwasaprolificscientificauthor".AssociatedPress.August4,2004.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust7,2008.RetrievedAugust5,2008.SuspectedanthraxmailerBruceIvinswasaprolificcontributortoresearcharticlesinthearcanefieldofdeadlypathogens,andwasnamedasaco-authorinmorethan40studiespublishedinscientificjournalssincethelate1960s. ^IvinsBE,WyrickPB(November1978)."ResponseofC3H/HeJandC3H/HeNmiceandtheirperitonealmacrophagestothetoxicityofChlamydiapsittacielementarybodies".Infect.Immun.22(2):620–2.doi:10.1128/IAI.22.2.620-622.1978.PMC 422200.PMID 730377. ^WyrickPB,BrownridgeEA,IvinsBE(March1978)."InteractionofChlamydiapsittaciwithmouseperitonealmacrophages".Infect.Immun.19(3):1061–7.doi:10.1128/IAI.19.3.1061-1067.1978.PMC 422296.PMID 565339. ^abVietri,N.J.;Purcell,BK;Lawler,JV;Leffel,EK;Rico,P;Gamble,CS;Twenhafel,NA;Ivins,BE;et al.(May2006)."Short-coursepostexposureantibioticprophylaxiscombinedwithvaccinationprotectsagainstexperimentalinhalationalanthrax".Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.103(20):7813–6.Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.7813V.doi:10.1073/pnas.0602748103.PMC 1472527.PMID 16672361. ^VanderLinden,Caree(March19,2003)."USAMRIIDemployeesearntopcivilianaward".dcmilitary.com.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary21,2013.RetrievedAugust1,2008. ^abcdGreenwald,Glenn(August1,2008)."VitalunresolvedanthraxquestionsandABCNews".Salon.RetrievedAugust20,2017. ^Revkin,AndrewC.;Canedy,Dana(December5,2001)."ANationChallenged:TheDisease.AnthraxPervadesFloridaSite,andExpertsSeeLikenesstoThatSenttoSenators".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedAugust1,2008. ^"Timeline:HowTheAnthraxTerrorUnfolded".NPR.org.August1,2008.RetrievedAugust1,2008. ^Swarns,Rachel;Lipton,Eric(August7,2008)."FromaHelpertotheSuspectintheAnthraxCase".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. ^abWalker,Allison(April16,2008)."Whatwentwrong".FrederickNews-Post.RetrievedJune2,2011. ^"AnthraxScientistReportedtoKillSelf".AssociatedPress.August1,2008.RetrievedAugust3,2008.Lastmonth,theJusticeDepartmentclearedIvins'colleague,StevenHatfill,whohadbeenwronglysuspectedinthecase,andpaidhim$5.8million.[deadlink] ^Ross,Brian(August1,2008)."AnthraxSuspectUnderScrutinySince2002".ABCNews.RetrievedAugust3,2008.BruceE.Ivins,hadbeenundersuspicionbysomeFBIagentssinceearly2002whenanthraxsporeswerefoundnearhisdesk,butFBIsupervisorsweremorefocusedthenonanotherscientist,StevenHatfill,anddismissedconcernsaboutIvins,federallawenforcementsourcestellABCNews. ^Willman,David(August1,2008)."Apparentsuicideinanthraxcase".LosAngelesTimes.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary31,2009.RetrievedAugust11,2008. ^"AMERITHRAXInvestigativeSummary"(PDF).UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice.February19,2020.pp. 70–71.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. ^Thompson,MarilynW.;Goldstein,Amy(August2,2008)."Scientistinanthraxcasehaddarkerside".TheBostonGlobe.RetrievedAugust1,2008.However,severalUSofficialssaidprosecutorshadbeenclosinginonIvinsandplannedtoseekanindictmentandthedeathpenalty. ^Carrie,Johnson;Thompson,MarilynW.;Warrick,Joby(August4,2008)."ResearcherKeptSecurityClearanceasFBIClosedIn".TheWashingtonPost. ^Gallucci-White,Gina(August1,2008)."DetrickanthraxscientistcommitssuicideasFBIclosesin".FrederickNews-Post.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust11,2008.RetrievedAugust11,2008. ^abc"Twoportraitsofanthraxsuspect:Somesayhehadmildpersona,brothersays:Heconsideredhimself'agod'".NBCNews.AssociatedPress.August1,2008.RetrievedAugust31,2011. ^CurtissHanley,Delinda(September–October2002)."WhileMediaSpotlightsOneAnthraxSuspect,AnotherIsTooHottoTouch".WashingtonReportonMiddleEastAffairs.p. 18. ^Williams,David(August2,2008)."AnthraxscientistBruceIvinsstoodtobenefitfromapanic".LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedAugust1,2008.Ivinsislistedasaco-inventorontwopatentsforageneticallyengineeredanthraxvaccine,federalrecordsshow.Separately,Ivinsalsoislistedasaco-inventoronanapplicationtopatentanadditiveforvariousbiodefensevaccines. ^SourcingAnthraxVaccine –postsbyMerylNass,M.D.,August2,2008. ^"Prosecutorcallsresearchersoleculpritin2001anthraxattacks".CNN.August6,2008.RetrievedAugust6,2008.AfederalprosecutordeclaredArmybiologicalweaponsresearcherBruceIvinsthesoleculpritinthe2001anthraxattacksWednesday,afterreleasingastackofdocumentsfroma"herculean"investigationthatlastednearlysevenyears. ^Johnson,Carrie;DelQuentin,Wilber;Eggen,Dan(August7,2008)."GovernmentAssertsIvinsActedAlone".TheWashingtonPost.p. 1. ^Lipton,Eric(August8,2008)."DoubtsPersistAmongAnthraxSuspect'sColleagues".TheNewYorkTimes.p. 13.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. ^Shane,Scott;Lichtblau,Eric(August2,2008)."ManSuspectedinAnthraxAttacksSaidtoCommitSuicide".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedAugust1,2008. ^"ScientistinAnthraxCaseSaidtoHaveKilledHimself".Bloomberg.August1,2008.RetrievedAugust1,2008.Basedonlaboratorytestresultsofbloodtakenfromthebody,thestatemedicalexaminer'determinedthatanautopsywouldn'tbenecessary'todeterminethecauseofdeath,Martyaksaid. ^abAndyshak,Ashley(January6,2009)."DetailsofIvins'deathreleasedinpolicereport".FrederickNews-Post. ^"U.S.scientistinanthraxinvestigationreportedlykillshimself".TheNewYorkTimes.August1,2008.RetrievedOctober26,2021. ^Kemp,PaulF.;DeGonia,ThomasM.(August1,2008)."StatementfromAttorneysRepresentingDr.BruceIvinsDuringAnthraxInvestigation".VenableLLP.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust15,2008.RetrievedAugust1,2008.Forsixyears,Dr.Ivinsfullycooperatedwiththatinvestigation,assistingthegovernmentineverywaythatwasaskedofhim.Hewasaworld-renownedandhighlydecoratedscientistwhoservedhiscountryforover33yearswiththeDepartmentoftheArmy. ^Isikoff,Michael(August8,2008)."AnthraxCaseAgainstIvinsWasn'taSlamDunk".Newsweek.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. ^Spertzel,Richard(August5,2008)."BruceIvinsWasn'ttheAnthraxCulprit".TheWallStreetJournal.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary18,2015.RetrievedOctober4,2011. ^abcdGugliotta,Guy(October28,2002)."FBI'sTheoryOnAnthraxIsDoubted".TheWashingtonPost. ^Epstein,EdwardJay(January24,2010)."TheAnthraxAttacksRemainUnsolved".TheWallStreetJournal. ^LaraJakesJordan(September17,2008)."Leahy:AnthraxSuspectDidNotActAlone".TheHuffingtonPost.RetrievedJune7,2010. ^"AmerithraxCourtDocuments".UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust17,2008. ^ab"Affidavitinsupportofsearchwarrant"(PDF).UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice.October31,2007.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onAugust9,2008. ^Lipton,Eric(August6,2008)."InAnthraxScientist'sE-Mail,HintsofDelusions".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedJanuary5,2009.Itwaspossible,Dr.Rappaportsaid,thathewasfakinghismentalailment,inanefforttodrawattentiontohimself. ^abWillman,David(March23,2011)."ReportFaultsArmyInAnthraxAttacks".LosAngelesTimes.p. 1. ^Bhattacharjee,Yudhijit(April1,2011)."ArmyMissedWarningSignsAboutAllegedAnthraxMailer".Science.AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.332(6025):27.Bibcode:2011Sci...332...27B.doi:10.1126/science.332.6025.27.PMID 21454766. ^Bhattacharjee,Yudhijit(February18,2011)."ScienceinIvinsCaseNotIronclad,NRCSays".Science.AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.331(6019):835.Bibcode:2011Sci...331..835B.doi:10.1126/science.331.6019.835.PMID 21330501. ^"Therapist:Anthraxsuspecttriedtopoisonpeople".AssociatedPress.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust14,2008.RetrievedAugust4,2008.BruceE.Ivins,thelatemicrobiologistsuspectedinthe2001anthraxattacks,toldhispsychotherapistafterlearninghewasabouttobeindictedthat"hewasgoingtogooutinablazeofglory,thathewasgoingtotakeeverybodyoutwithhim,"shesaid. ^abcGreenwald,Glen(August4,2008)."Additionalkeyfactsre:theanthraxinvestigation".Salon. ^Goldstein,Amy,"TalesofAddiction,Anxiety,Ranting",TheWashingtonPost,August6,2008.ArchivedApril4,2017,attheWaybackMachine ^abHeerbrandt,Katherine(August12,2009)AShockingMockeryArchivedSeptember7,2011,attheWaybackMachine,FrederickNews-Post. ^"PhonemessagesfromBruceIvinstohistherapist".FrederickNews-Post.August12,2009.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch13,2012. ^"Therapist:Ivinsdescribedplottokillcolleagues".CNN.August2,2008.RetrievedAugust2,2008. ^"Dr.Doom'sLong,'Derange'Trip",NewYorkPost,August7,2008. ^Greenwald,Glenn(August1,2008)VitalunresolvedanthraxquestionsandABCNews,Salon ^Greenwald,Glenn(August5,2008)TheFBI'semerging,leakingcaseagainstIvins,Salon ^Greenwald,Glenn(August6,2008)TheFBI'sselectivereleaseofdocumentsintheanthraxcase,Salon ^Greenwald,Glenn(August10,2008)What'stheanswertothis?,Salon ^"Ivins:Archivedletterstotheeditor",FrederickNews-Post.August1,2008 ^ab"IvinsbelievedJewswereGod'schosen".JewishTelegraphicAgency.August4,2008.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary29,2009.RetrievedAugust22,2008. ^abcShane,Scott(January4,2009)."PortraitEmergesofAnthraxSuspect'sTroubledLife".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedJanuary3,2009. ^ab"FBI:AnthraxsuspectIvinsobsessedwithKappa".TheDailyPrincetonian.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember17,2008.RetrievedNovember19,2008. ^Westmoreland,Matt(August7,2008)."Anthraxsuspect'slawyer:Kappaobsessionisnotproof".TheDailyPrincetonian.PrincetonUniversity. ^Temple-Raston,Dina(August14,2011)."MadScientistHidesInPlainSight".TheWashingtonPost.p. B6. Externallinks[edit] WikinewshasnewscoverageofBruceIvins: Suspectin2001anthraxattackdiesofapparentsuicideUSgovernmentpointstodeadscientistas'loneanthraxattacker'AllegedAnthraxkillerBruceIvinsreportedlymadeeditstoWikipedia PubMedIvinsBEasauthor GoogleScholarBruceE.Ivinspublications "AmerithraxCourtDocuments".UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust17,2008. 2008CourtDocumentsandDOJReportinconvenientform Shachtman,Noah(March24,2011)."AnthraxRedux:DidtheFedsNabtheWrongGuy?".Wired.RetrievedFebruary13,2020. NewsarticlesofBruceIvinsintheFrederickNews-Post WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoBruceEdwardsIvins. AuthoritycontrolGeneral ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Nationallibraries UnitedStates Poland Other FacetedApplicationofSubjectTerminology Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Edwards_Ivins&oldid=1063759820" Categories:1946births2008suicides2001anthraxattacksAmericanmedicalresearchersAmericanmicrobiologistsDrug-relatedsuicidesinMarylandJugglersPeoplefromFrederick,MarylandPeoplefromLebanon,OhioTerrorismintheUnitedStatesUniversityofCincinnatialumniVaccinologistsCatholicsfromOhioCatholicsfromMarylandSuspectedcriminalsSuspectedserialkillersHiddencategories:AllarticleswithdeadexternallinksArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromSeptember2011ArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromJune2016ArticleswithdeadexternallinksfromAugust2010WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataWikipediapagesmove-protectedduetovandalismUsemdydatesfromFebruary2020ArticleswithhCardsCommonscategorylinkisonWikidataArticleswithISNIidentifiersArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithWORLDCATIDidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithPLWABNidentifiersArticleswithFASTidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةČeštinaDeutschFrançaisItalianoMagyarNederlands日本語SimpleEnglishСрпски/srpskiSuomi Editlinks