Crystal Field Theory - GeeksforGeeks
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According to the crystal field theory, the metal ion is surrounded by an electric field created by the ligands. · In a complex, the attraction ...
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29Dec,2021Acoordinationcompoundconsistsofametalatomorionatthecentre,surroundedbyanumberofoppositelychargedionsorneutralmolecules.Acoordinateconnectionconnectstheseionsormoleculestothemetalatomorion.Whendissolvedinwater,theydonotdissociateintosimpleions.CrystalFieldTheoryH.BetheandV.Bleckproposedthecrystalfieldtheory(CFT).Thistheorydescribesmetalcomplexes’bonding,characteristics,electronicspectra,andmagnetismingreaterdetail.Crystalfieldsplittingistheconversionoffivedegenerated-orbitalsofametalionintodifferentsetsoforbitalswithvaryingenergiesinthepresenceofacrystalfieldofligands.Crystalfieldtheoryisfoundedonthesplittingofcrystalfields.PostulatesofCrystalFieldTheoryAccordingtothecrystalfieldtheory,themetalionissurroundedbyanelectricfieldcreatedbytheligands.Inacomplex,theattractionbetweenthecoremetalandtheligandissolelyelectrostatic.Themetalionistargetedbythenegativeendofthedipoleoftheneutralmoleculeligand.Thetransitionmetalorionisapositiveionwiththesamechargeastheoxidationstate.Aspecifiednumberofligandssurroundthetransitionmetalatomorion,whichcanbenegativeionsorneutralmoleculeswithlonepairsofelectrons.Theligandsactaspointchargesthatgenerateanelectricfield.Theenergyoftheorbitalsonthemetalatomorionsischangedbythiselectricfield.Theelectronsonthecentralmetalionoccupythed-orbitalsasfarawayaspossiblefromthedirectionofapproachoftheligandduetotherepulsiveattractionbetweenthecentralmetalionandtheligand.Themetalorbitalandtheligandorbitalhavenointeraction.Allorbitalshavethesameenergyinanisolatedmetalatomorion,i.e.,allfivedorbitals(dxy,dxz,dyz,dx2–y2anddz2)aredegenerate.Thed-orbitalsremaindegeneratewhenthecoremetalatomorionissurroundedbyasphericallysymmetricalfieldofnegativecharges.Therepulsionbetweenthefieldandtheelectrononthemetalatomorion,however,raisestheenergyoftheorbitals.Thed-orbitalsareinfluenceddifferentlyinmosttransitionmetalcomplexes,andtheirdegeneracyislostduetothefieldproducedbytheunsymmetricalligand.SpectrochemicalSeriesThetypeoftheliganddeterminesthecrystalfieldsplitting.Weakfieldligandsareligandsthatcausejustaminorcrystalfieldsplitting.Strongfieldligandsareligandsthatgenerateahighcrystalfieldsplitting.Thespectrochemicalseriesisthegroupingofcommonligandsinascendingorderofcrystalfieldsplitting(Δ).Inincreasingorderofcrystalfieldsplitting,thespectrochemicalseriesis:I–
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