Food safety - Wikipedia

Food safety (or food hygiene) is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent ... Foodsafety FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Scientificdiscipline NottobeconfusedwithFoodsecurity. Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Foodsafety" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(May2017)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) FDAlabtestsseafoodformicroorganisms Foodsafety Terms Foodborneillness Goodmanufacturingpractice(GMP) Hazardanalysisandcriticalcontrolpoints(HACCP) Hazardanalysisandrisk-basedpreventivecontrols(HARPC) Criticalcontrolpoint Criticalfactors FATTOM pH Wateractivity(aw) Bacterialpathogens Clostridiumbotulinum Escherichiacoli Listeria Salmonella Vibriocholerae Cronobacterspp Viralpathogens Enterovirus HepatitisA Norovirus Rotavirus Parasiticpathogens Cryptosporidium Entamoebahistolytica Giardia Trichinella vte Foodsafety(orfoodhygiene)isusedasascientificmethod/disciplinedescribinghandling,preparation,andstorageoffoodinwaysthatpreventfood-borneillness.Theoccurrenceoftwoormorecasesofasimilarillnessresultingfromtheingestionofacommonfoodisknownasafood-bornediseaseoutbreak.[1]Thisincludesanumberofroutinesthatshouldbefollowedtoavoidpotentialhealthhazards.Inthisway,foodsafetyoftenoverlapswithfooddefensetopreventharmtoconsumers.Thetrackswithinthislineofthoughtaresafetybetweenindustryandthemarketandthenbetweenthemarketandtheconsumer.Inconsideringindustrytomarketpractices,foodsafetyconsiderationsincludetheoriginsoffoodincludingthepracticesrelatingtofoodlabeling,foodhygiene,foodadditivesandpesticideresidues,aswellaspoliciesonbiotechnologyandfoodandguidelinesforthemanagementofgovernmentalimportandexportinspectionandcertificationsystemsforfoods.Inconsideringmarkettoconsumerpractices,theusualthoughtisthatfoodoughttobesafeinthemarketandtheconcernissafedeliveryandpreparationofthefoodfortheconsumer. Foodcantransmitpathogenswhichcanresultintheillnessordeathofthepersonorotheranimals.Themaintypesofpathogensarebacteria,viruses,mold,andfungus.Foodcanalsoserveasagrowthandreproductivemediumforpathogens.Indevelopedcountriesthereareintricatestandardsforfoodpreparation,whereasinlesserdevelopedcountriestherearefewerstandardsandlessenforcementofthosestandards.Evenso,hereintheUS,in1999,5,000deathsperyearwererelatedtofoodbornepathogens.[2]Anothermainissueissimplytheavailabilityofadequatesafewater,whichisusuallyacriticaliteminthespreadingofdiseases.[3]Intheory,foodpoisoningis100%preventable.Howeverthiscannotbeachievedduetothenumberofpersonsinvolvedinthesupplychain,aswellasthefactthatpathogenscanbeintroducedintofoodsnomatterhowmanyprecautionsaretaken. Contents 1Issues 2Foodcontamination 2.1Physicalcontamination 2.2Chemicalcontamination 2.3Biologicalcontamination 3Safefoodhandlingprocedures(frommarkettoconsumer) 4Incidence 5Regulationsbyjurisdictionandagency 5.1WHOandFAO 5.2Australia 5.3China 5.4EuropeanUnion 5.5France 5.6Germany 5.7Greece 5.8HongKong 5.9Hungary 5.10India 5.11NewZealand 5.12Pakistan 5.13SouthKorea 5.13.1KoreaFood&DrugAdministration 5.13.2NationalInstituteofFoodandDrugSafetyEvaluation 5.14Taiwan 5.15Turkey 5.16UnitedKingdom 5.17UnitedStates 5.17.1Federallevelregulation 5.17.2USlegislationhistory 5.17.2.1Industrypressure 5.17.3Stateandlocalregulation 5.18Vietnam 6Manufacturingcontrol 6.1HACCPguidelines 7Consumerlabeling 7.1UnitedKingdom 7.2UnitedStates 7.3AustraliaandNewZealand 8Seealso 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks Issues[edit] Foodsafetyissuesandregulationsconcern: Agricultureandanimalhusbandrypractices Foodmanufacturingpractices Foodadditives Novelfoods Geneticallymodifiedfoods Foodlabel Foodcontamination Foodcontamination[edit] Foodcontaminationhappenswhenfoodsarecorruptedwithanothersubstance.ItcanhappenIntheprocessofproduction,transportation,packaging,storage,sales,andcookingprocess.Contaminationcanbephysical,chemical,orbiological.[4] Physicalcontamination[edit] Physicalcontaminants(or‘foreignbodies’)areobjectssuchashair,plantstalksorpiecesofplasticandmetal.[5]Whenaforeignobjectentersfood,itisaphysicalcontaminant.[5]Iftheforeignobjectsarebacteria,bothaphysicalandbiologicalcontaminationwilloccur. Commonsourcesofphysicalcontaminationsare:hair,glassormetal,pests,jewelry,dirt,andfingernails.[5] Chemicalcontamination[edit] Chemicalcontaminationhappenswhenfoodiscontaminatedwithanaturalorartificialchemicalsubstance.[4]Commonsourcesofchemicalcontaminationcaninclude:pesticides,herbicides,veterinarydrugs,contaminationfromenvironmentalsources(water,airorsoilpollution),cross-contaminationduringfoodprocessing,migrationfromfoodpackagingmaterials,presenceofnaturaltoxins,oruseofunapprovedfoodadditivesandadulterants.[6] Biologicalcontamination[edit] Ithappenswhenthefoodhasbeencontaminatedbysubstancesproducedbylivingcreatures,suchashumans,rodents,pestsormicroorganisms.[7]Thisincludesbacterialcontamination,viralcontamination,orparasitecontaminationthatistransferredthroughsaliva,pestdroppings,bloodorfecalmatter.[7]Bacterialcontaminationisthemostcommoncauseoffoodpoisoningworldwide.[7]Ifanenvironmentishighinstarchorprotein,water,oxygen,hasaneutralpHlevel,andmaintainsatemperaturebetween5°Cand60°C(dangerzone)forevenabriefperiodoftime(~0–20minutes),[8]bacteriaarelikelytosurvive.[9] Exampleofbiologicalcontamination:TaintedRomaineLettuce InAprilandMay2018,26statesintheUnitedStatessufferedanoutbreakofthebacteriastrainE.coliO157:H7.[10]SeveralinvestigationsshowthecontaminationmighthavecomefromtheYuma,Arizona,growingregion.[11]Thisoutbreak,whichbeganApril10,isthelargestUSflare-upofE.coliinadecade.[12]OnepersoninCaliforniahasdied.[10]Atleast14ofthepeopleaffecteddevelopedkidneyfailure.[10]ThemostcommonsymptomsofE.coliincludediarrhea,bloodydiarrhea,abdominalpain,nauseaandvomiting.[10] Safefoodhandlingprocedures(frommarkettoconsumer)[edit] Thefivekeyprinciplesoffoodhygiene,accordingtoWHO,are:[13] Preventcontaminatingfoodwithpathogensspreadingfrompeople,pets,andpests. Separaterawandcookedfoodstopreventcontaminatingthecookedfoods. Cookfoodsfortheappropriatelengthoftimeandattheappropriatetemperaturetokillpathogens. Storefoodatthepropertemperature. Usesafewaterandsaferawmaterials. Properstorage,sanitarytoolsandworkspaces,heatingandcoolingproperlyandtoadequatetemperatures,andavoidingcontactwithotheruncookedfoodscangreatlyreducethechancesofcontamination.Tightlysealedwaterandairproofcontainersaregoodmeasurestolimitthechancesofbothphysicalandbiologicalcontaminationduringstorage.Usingclean,sanitarysurfacesandtools,freeofdebris,chemicals,standingliquids,andotherfoodtypes(differentthanthekindcurrentlybeingprepared,i.e.mixingvegetables/meatsorbeef/poultry)canhelpreducethechanceofallformsofcontamination.However,evenifallprecautionshavebeentakenandthefoodhasbeensafelypreparedandstored,bacteriacanstillformovertimeduringstorage.Foodshouldbeconsumedwithinonetoseven(1-7)dayswhileithasbeenstoredinacoldenvironment,oronetotwelve(1-12)monthsifitwasinafrozenenvironment(ifitwasfrozenimmediatelyafterpreparation).[14][15]Thelengthoftimebeforeafoodbecomesunsafetoeatdependsonthetypeoffooditis,thesurroundingenvironment,andthemethodwithwhichitiskeptoutofthedangerzone. Alwaysrefrigerateperishablefoodwithin2hours—1hourwhenthetemperatureisabove90°F(32.2°C). Checkthetemperatureofyourrefrigeratorandfreezerwithanappliancethermometer.Therefrigeratorshouldbeat40°F(4.4°C)orbelowandthefreezerat0°F(-17.7°C)orbelow.[16] Forexample,liquidfoodslikesoupkeptinahotslowcooker(149°For65°C)maylastonlyafewhoursbeforecontamination[citationneeded],butfreshmeatslikebeefandlambthatarepromptlyfrozen(-2°C)canlastuptoayear.Thegeographicallocationcanalsobeafactorifitisincloseproximitytowildlife.Animalslikerodentsandinsectscaninfiltrateacontainerorprepareaifleftunattended.Anyfoodthathasbeenstoredwhileinanexposedenvironmentshouldbecarefullyinspectedbeforeconsuming,especiallyifitwasatriskofbeingincontactwithanimals.Considerallformsofcontaminationwhendecidingifafoodissafeorunsafe,assomeformsorcontaminationwillnotleaveanyapparentsigns.Bacteriamaynotbevisibletothenakedeye,debris(physicalcontamination)maybeunderneaththesurfaceofafood,andchemicalsmaybeclearortasteless;thecontaminatedfoodmaynotchangeinsmell,texture,appearance,ortaste,andcouldstillbecontaminated.Anyfoodsdeemedcontaminatedshouldbedisposedofimmediately,andanysurroundingfoodshouldbecheckedforadditionalcontamination. ISO22000isastandarddevelopedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationdealingwithfoodsafety.ThisisageneralderivativeofISO9000. TheISO22000internationalstandardspecifiestherequirementsforafoodsafetymanagementsystemthatinvolvesinteractivecommunication,systemmanagement,prerequisiteprograms,HACCPprinciples.ISO22000wasfirstpublishedin2005.Itistheculminationofallpreviousattemptsfrommanysourcesandareasoffoodsafetyconcerntoprovideanendproductthatissafeaspossiblefrompathogensandothercontaminants.Every5yearsstandardsarereviewedtodeterminewhetherarevisionisnecessary,toensurethatthestandardsremainasrelevantandusefultobusinessesaspossible.[17] Incidence[edit] WorldHealthOrganization A2003WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)reportconcludedthatabout30%ofreportedfoodpoisoningoutbreaksintheWHOEuropeanRegionoccurinprivatehomes.[18]AccordingtotheWHOandCDC,intheUSAalone,annually,thereare76millioncasesoffoodborneillnessleadingto325,000hospitalizationsand5,000deaths.[19] Regulationsbyjurisdictionandagency[edit] WHOandFAO[edit] In1963,theWHOandFAOpublishedtheCodexAlimentariuswhichservesasanguidelinetofoodsafety.[20] However,accordingtoUnit04-CommunicationofHealth&ConsumersDirectorate-GeneraloftheEuropeanCommission(SANCO): "TheCodex,whilebeingrecommendationsforvoluntaryapplicationbymembers,Codexstandardsserveinmanycasesasabasisfornationallegislation.ThereferencemadetoCodexfoodsafetystandardsintheWorldTradeOrganizations'AgreementonSanitaryandPhytosanitarymeasures(SPSAgreement)meansthatCodexhasfarreachingimplicationsforresolvingtradedisputes.WTOmembersthatwishtoapplystricterfoodsafetymeasuresthanthosesetbyCodexmayberequiredtojustifythesemeasuresscientifically." So,anagreementmadein2003,signedbyallmemberstates,inclusiveallEU,inthecodexStanCodex240–2003forcoconutmilk,sulphitecontainingadditiveslikeE223andE224areallowedtill30 mg/kg,doesNOTmean,theyareallowedintotheEU,seeRapidAlertSystemforFoodandFeed(RASFF)entriesfromDenmark:2012.0834;2011.1848;en2011.168,"sulphiteunauthorisedincoconutmilkfromThailand".SameforpolysorbateE435:see2012.0838fromDenmark,unauthorisedpolysorbatesincoconutmilkand,2007.AICfromFrance.OnlyforthelattertheEUamendeditsregulationswith(EU)No583/2012per2July2012toallowthisadditive,alreadyusedfordecadesandabsolutelynecessary. Australia[edit] Mainarticle:FoodsafetyinAustralia FoodStandardsAustraliaNewZealandrequiresallfoodbusinessestoimplementfoodsafetysystems.Thesesystemsaredesignedtoensurefoodissafetoconsumeandhalttheincreasingincidenceoffoodpoisoning,andtheyincludebasicfoodsafetytrainingforatleastonepersonineachbusiness. Foodsafetytrainingisdeliveredinvariousformsby,amongotherorganisations,RegisteredTrainingOrganisations(RTOs),afterwhichstaffareissuedanationallyrecognisedunitofcompetencycodeontheircertificate. Basicfoodsafetytrainingincludes: Understandingthehazardsassociatedwiththemaintypesoffoodandtheconditionstopreventthegrowthofbacteriawhichcancausefoodpoisoningandtopreventillness. Potentialproblemsassociatedwithproductpackagingsuchasleaksinvacuumpacks,damagetopackagingorpestinfestation,aswellasproblemsanddiseasesspreadbypests. Safefoodhandling.Thisincludessafeproceduresforeachprocesssuchasreceiving,re-packing,foodstorage,preparationandcooking,coolingandre-heating,displayingproducts,handlingproductswhenservingcustomers,packaging,cleaningandsanitizing,pestcontrol,transportanddelivery.Alsocoverspotentialcausesofcrosscontamination. Cateringforcustomerswhoareparticularlyatriskoffood-borneillness,aswellasthosewithallergiesorintolerance. Correctcleaningandsanitizingprocedures,cleaningproductsandtheircorrectuse,andthestorageofcleaningitemssuchasbrushes,mopsandcloths. Personalhygiene,handwashing,illness,andprotectiveclothing. FoodsafetystandardsandrequirementsaresetoutatthenationallevelintheFoodStandardsCode,andbroughtintoforceineachstateandterritorybystate-basedActsandRegulations.Legislationmeansthatpeopleresponsibleforsellingorservingunsafefoodmaybeliableforheavyfines. China[edit] Mainarticle:FoodsafetyinChina FoodsafetyisagrowingconcerninChineseagriculture.TheChinesegovernmentoverseesagriculturalproductionaswellasthemanufactureoffoodpackaging,containers,chemicaladditives,drugproduction,andbusinessregulation.Inrecentyears,theChinesegovernmentattemptedtoconsolidatefoodregulationwiththecreationoftheStateFoodandDrugAdministrationin2003,andofficialshavealsobeenunderincreasingpublicandinternationalpressuretosolvefoodsafetyproblems.However,itappearsthatregulationsarenotwellknownbythetrade.Labelsusedfor"green"food,"organic"foodand"pollution-free"foodarenotwellrecognizedbytradersandmanyareunclearabouttheirmeaning.AsurveybytheWorldBankfoundthatsupermarketmanagershaddifficultyinobtainingproducethatmetsafetyrequirementsandfoundthatahighpercentageofproducedidnotcomplywithestablishedstandards.[21] Traditionalmarketingsystems,whetherinChinaortherestofAsia,presentlyprovidelittlemotivationorincentiveforindividualfarmerstomakeimprovementstoeitherqualityorsafetyastheirproducetendstogetgroupedtogetherwithstandardproductsasitprogressesthroughthemarketingchannel.Directlinkagesbetweenfarmergroupsandtradersorultimatebuyers,suchassupermarkets,canhelpavoidthisproblem.Governmentsneedtoimprovetheconditionofmanymarketsthroughupgradingmanagementandreinvestingmarketfeesinphysicalinfrastructure.Wholesalemarketsneedtoinvestigatethefeasibilityofdevelopingseparatesectionstohandlefruitsandvegetablesthatmeetdefinedsafetyandqualitystandards.[22] EuropeanUnion[edit] TheparliamentoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)makeslegislationintheformofdirectivesandregulations,manyofwhicharemandatoryformemberstatesandwhichthereforemustbeincorporatedintoindividualcountries'nationallegislation.Asaverylargeorganisationthatexiststoremovebarrierstotradebetweenmemberstates,andintowhichindividualmemberstateshaveonlyaproportionalinfluence,theoutcomeisoftenseenasanexcessivelybureaucratic'onesizefitsall'approach.However,inrelationtofoodsafetythetendencytoerronthesideofmaximumprotectionfortheconsumermaybeseenasapositivebenefit.TheEUparliamentisinformedonfoodsafetymattersbytheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority. Individualmemberstatesmayalsohaveotherlegislationandcontrolsinrespectoffoodsafety,providedthattheydonotpreventtradewithotherstates,andcandifferconsiderablyintheirinternalstructuresandapproachestotheregulatorycontroloffoodsafety. From13December2014,newlegislation-theEUFoodInformationforConsumersRegulation1169/2011-requirefoodbusinessestoprovideallergyinformationonfoodsoldunpackaged,inforexamplecateringoutlets,delicounters,bakeriesandsandwichbars.[23]Afurtheradditiontothe2014legislation,named'Natasha'sLaw'willcomeintoforceon1stOctoberintheUKandNI.FollowingthedeathofNatashaEdnan-Laperouse,whotragicallylostherlifeaftereatingasandwichcontainingtheallergensesame,foodspre-packedonpremisesfordirectsalewillrequireindividualingredientslabelling-thisreplacesthehistoricrequirementforoutletstoprovideingredientsinformationforthesetypesoffooduponrequest[24] France[edit] Agencenationaledesécuritésanitairedel'alimentation,del'environnementetdutravail(ANSES)isaFrenchgovernmentalagencydealingwithfoodsafety. Germany[edit] TheFederalMinistryofFood,AgricultureandConsumerProtection(BMEL)[25]isaFederalMinistryoftheFederalRepublicofGermany. History:FoundedasFederalMinistryofFood,AgricultureandForestingin1949,thisnamedidnotchangeuntil2001.ThenthenamechangedtoFederalMinistryofConsumerProtection,FoodandAgriculture.At22November2005,thenamegotchangedagaintoitscurrentstate:FederalMinistryofFood,AgricultureandConsumerProtection.Thereasonforthislastchangewasthatalltheresortsshouldgetequalrankingwhichwasachievedbysortingtheresortsalphabetically. Vision:Abalancedandhealthydietwithsafefood,distinctconsumerrightsandconsumerinformationforvariousareasoflife,andastrongandsustainableagricultureaswellasperspectivesforourruralareasareimportantgoalsoftheFederalMinistryofFood,AgricultureandConsumerProtection(BMELV). TheFederalOfficeofConsumerProtectionandFoodSafetyisunderthecontroloftheFederalMinistryofFood,AgricultureandConsumerProtection.Itexercisesseveralduties,withwhichitcontributestosaferfoodandtherebyintensifieshealth-basedconsumerprotectioninGermany.FoodcanbemanufacturedandsoldwithinGermanywithoutaspecialpermission,aslongasitdoesnotcauseanydamageonconsumers’healthandmeetsthegeneralstandardssetbythelegislation.However,manufacturers,carriers,importersandretailersareresponsibleforthefoodtheypassintocirculation.Theyareobligedtoensureanddocumentthesafetyandqualityoftheirfoodwiththeuseofin-housecontrolmechanisms. Greece[edit] InGreece,theHellenicFoodAuthority(EFET)governingbodysupervisedbytheMinistryoftheEnvironmentandEnergy(Greek:ΥπουργείοΠεριβάλλοντοςκαιΕνέργειας),itisinchargeofensuringfoodsoldissafeandfitforconsumption.Itcontrolsthefoodbusinessoperatorsincludingagriculturalproducers,foodprocessors,retailers,caterers,inputmaterialsuppliersandprivatelaboratories. HongKong[edit] InHongKongSAR,theFoodandEnvironmentalHygieneDepartmentisinchargeofensuringfoodsoldissafeandfitforconsumption. Hungary[edit] InHungary,theNationalFoodChainSafetyOfficecontrolsthefoodbusinessoperatorsincludingagriculturalproducers,foodprocessors,retailers,caterers,inputmaterialsuppliersandprivatelaboratories.[26]Itsactivitiesalsocoverriskassessment,riskcommunicationandrelatedresearch.[27] India[edit] FoodSafetyandStandardsAuthorityofIndia,establishedundertheFoodSafetyandStandardsAct,2006,istheregulatingbodyrelatedtofoodsafetyandlayingdownofstandardsoffoodinIndia. NewZealand[edit] Seealso:FoodsafetyinNewZealand TheNewZealandFoodSafetyAuthority(NZFSA),orTePouOrangaKaiOAotearoaistheNewZealandgovernmentbodyresponsibleforfoodsafety.NZFSAisalsothecontrollingauthorityforimportsandexportsoffoodandfood-relatedproducts.TheNZFSAasof2012isnowadivisionoftheMinistryforPrimaryIndustries(MPI)andisnolongeritsownorganization. Pakistan[edit] ThePureFoodOrdinance1960consolidatesandamendsthelawinrelationtothepreparationandthesaleoffoods.Itsaimistoensurepurityoffoodbeingsuppliedtopeopleinthemarketand,therefore,providesforpreventingadulteration. PakistanHotelsandRestaurantAct,1976appliestoallhotelsandrestaurantsinPakistanandseekstocontrolandregulatethestandardofservice(s)byhotelsandrestaurants.Inadditiontootherprovisions,undersection22(2),thesaleoffoodorbeveragesthatarecontaminated,notpreparedhygienicallyorservedinutensilsthatarenothygienicorcleanisanoffense.[28] SouthKorea[edit] KoreaFood&DrugAdministration[edit] KoreaFood&DrugAdministration(KFDA)[29]isworkingforfoodsafetysince1945.ItispartoftheGovernmentofSouthKorea. IOAS[30]-OrganicCertificationBodiesRegisteredinKFDA:"Organic"orrelatedclaimscanbelabelledonfoodproductswhenorganiccertificatesareconsideredasvalidbyKFDA.KFDAadmitsorganiccertificateswhichcanbeissuedby1)IFOAM(InternationalFederationofOrganicAgricultureMovement)accreditedcertificationbodies2)Governmentaccreditedcertificationbodies –328bodiesin29countrieshavebeenregisteredinKFDA. FoodImportReport:AccordingtoFoodImportReport,[31]itissupposedtoreportorregisterwhatyouimport.Competentauthorityisasfollows: Product Authority ImportedAgriculturalProducts,ProcessedFoods,FoodAdditives,Utensils,Containers&PackagesorHealthFunctionalFoods KFDA(KoreaFoodandDrugAdministration) ImportedLivestock,Livestockproducts(includingDairyproducts) NVRQS(NationalVeterinaryResearchandQuarantineService) Packagedmeat,milk&dairyproducts(butter,cheese),hamburgerpatties,meatballandotherprocessedproductswhicharestipulatedbyLivestockSanitationManagementAct NVRQS(NationalVeterinaryResearchandQuarantineService) ImportedMarineproducts;fresh,chilled,frozen,salted,dehydrated,evisceratedmarineproducewhichcanberecognizeditscharacteristics NFIS(NationalFisheriesProductsQualityInspectionService) NationalInstituteofFoodandDrugSafetyEvaluation[edit] NationalInstituteofFoodandDrugSafetyEvaluation(NIFDS)[32]isfunctioningaswell. TheNationalInstituteofFoodandDrugSafetyEvaluationisanationalorganizationfortoxicologicaltestsandresearch.UndertheKoreaFood&DrugAdministration,theInstituteperformsresearchontoxicology,pharmacology,andriskanalysisoffoods,drugs,andtheiradditives.TheInstitutestrivesprimarilytounderstandimportantbiologicaltriggeringmechanismsandimproveassessmentmethodsofhumanexposure,sensitivities,andriskby(1)conductingbasic,applied,andpolicyresearchthatcloselyexaminesbiologicallytriggeringharmfuleffectsontheregulatedproductssuchasfoods,foodadditives,anddrugs,andoperatingthenationaltoxicologyprogramforthetoxicologicaltestdevelopmentandinspectionofhazardouschemicalsubstancesassessments.TheInstituteensuressafetybyinvestigationandresearchonsafetybyitsownresearchers,contractresearchbyexternalacademiciansandresearchcenters. Taiwan[edit] InTaiwan,theMinistryofHealthandWelfareinchargeofFoodandDrugSafety,alsoevaluatethecateringindustrytomaintenancethefoodproductquality.[33]Currently,US$29.01millionbudgetisallocatedeachyearforfoodsafety-relatedefforts.[34] Turkey[edit] InTurkey,theMinistryofAgricultureandForestry,isinchargeoffoodsafetyandtheyprovidetheirmissionas"toensureaccesstosafefoodandhigh-qualityagriculturalproductsneededbyTurkeyandworldmarkets"amongotherresponsibilities.Theinstitutionitselfhasresearchandreferencelaboratoriesacrossthecountryhelpingthecontrolandinspectionoffoodsafetyaswellasreviewingandupdatingthecurrentregulationsandlawsaboutfoodsafetyconstantly.[35] UnitedKingdom[edit] IntheUKtheFoodStandardsAgencyisanindependentgovernmentdepartmentresponsibleforfoodsafetyandhygieneacrosstheUK.[36]Theyworkwithbusinessestohelpthemproducesafefood,andwithlocalauthoritiestoenforcefoodsafetyregulations.In2006foodhygienelegislationchangedandnewrequirementscameintoforce.ThemainrequirementresultingfromthischangeisthatanyonewhoownsorrunafoodbusinessintheUKmusthaveadocumentedFoodSafetyManagementSystem,whichisbasedontheprinciplesofHazardAnalysisCriticalControlPointHACCP.[37]Furthermore,accordingtoUKlegislation,foodhandlersandtheirsupervisorsmustbeadequatelytrainedinfoodsafety.Althoughfoodhandlersarenotlegallyobligedtoholdacertificatetheymustbeabletodemonstratetoahealthofficerthattheyreceivedtrainingonthejob,havepriorexperience,andhavecompletedself-study.Inpractice,theself-studycomponentiscoveredviaaFoodHygiene&Safetycertificate.[38]CommonoccupationswhichfallunderthisobligationareNannys,childminders,teachers,foodmanufacturers,chefs,cooksandcateringstaff.[39] Inearly2019,aspartofUS-UKnegotiationstoarriveatatradedealpriortoBrexit,theTrumpadministrationaskedtheUKtoeliminateitsexistingbanonchlorinatedchicken,geneticallymodifiedplantsandhormone-injectedbeef,productsthattheUSwouldliketosellintheUK.[40] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:FoodsafetyintheUnitedStates USFDAscientisttestsforSalmonella TheUSfoodsystemisregulatedbynumerousfederal,stateandlocalofficials.Since1906tremendousprogresshasbeenmadeinproducingsaferfoodsascanbeseeninthesectionbelow.Still,ithasbeencriticizedaslackingin"organization,regulatorytools,andnotaddressingfoodborneillness."[41] Federallevelregulation[edit] TheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)publishestheFoodCode,amodelsetofguidelinesandproceduresthatassistsfoodcontroljurisdictionsbyprovidingascientificallysoundtechnicalandlegalbasisforregulatingtheretailandfoodserviceindustries,includingrestaurants,grocerystoresandinstitutionalfoodserviceproviderssuchasnursinghomes.RegulatoryagenciesatalllevelsofgovernmentintheUnitedStatesusetheFDAFoodCodetodeveloporupdatefoodsafetyrulesintheirjurisdictionsthatareconsistentwithnationalfoodregulatorypolicy.AccordingtotheFDA,48of56statesandterritories,representing79%oftheUSpopulation,haveadoptedfoodcodespatternedafteroneofthefiveversionsoftheFoodCode,beginningwiththe1993edition.[42] IntheUnitedStates,federalregulationsgoverningfoodsafetyarefragmentedandcomplicated,accordingtoaFebruary2007reportfromtheGovernmentAccountabilityOffice.[43]Thereare15agenciessharingoversightresponsibilitiesinthefoodsafetysystem,althoughthetwoprimaryagenciesaretheUSDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)FoodSafetyandInspectionService(FSIS),whichisresponsibleforthesafetyofmeat,poultry,andprocessedeggproducts,andtheFDA,whichisresponsibleforvirtuallyallotherfoods. TheFoodSafetyandInspectionServicehasapproximately7,800inspectionprogrampersonnelworkinginnearly6,200federallyinspectedmeat,poultryandprocessedeggestablishments.FSISischargedwithadministeringandenforcingtheFederalMeatInspectionAct,thePoultryProductsInspectionAct,theEggProductsInspectionAct,portionsoftheAgriculturalMarketingAct,theHumaneSlaughterAct,andtheregulationsthatimplementtheselaws.FSISinspectionprogrampersonnelinspecteveryanimalbeforeslaughter,andeachcarcassafterslaughtertoensurepublichealthrequirementsaremet.Infiscalyear(FY)2008,thisincludedabout50billionpoundsoflivestockcarcasses,about59billionpoundsofpoultrycarcasses,andabout4.3billionpoundsofprocessedeggproducts.AtUSborders,theyalsoinspected3.3billionpoundsofimportedmeatandpoultryproducts.[44] USlegislationhistory[edit] FDAofficialinspectingacandyfactoryc.1911 RecognitionoffoodsafetyissuesandattemptstoaddressthembeganafterUptonSinclairpublishedthenovelTheJunglein1906.ItwasafictionalaccountofthelivesofimmigrantsintheindustrialcitiesintheUSaroundthistime.SinclairspentninemonthsundercoverasanemployeeinaChicagomeatplantdoingresearch.ThebookinadvertentlyraisedpublicconcernaboutfoodsafetyandsanatizationoftheChicagomeatpackingindustry.UponreadingTheJungle,PresidentTheodoreRooseveltcalledonCongresstopassthePureFoodandDrugActandtheFederalMeatInspectionAct(FMIA),whichpassedin1906and1907respectively.[45]TheselawswerethefirsttoaddressfoodsafetyintheUSMisbrandingandadulterationweredefinedastheyconcernedfoodadditivesandtruthinlabeling.Foodpreservativessuchasformaldehydeandboraxusedtodisguiseunsanitaryproductionprocesseswerealsoaddressed. ThefirsttestandmajorcourtbattleinvolvingthePureFoodandDrugActwasUnitedStatesv.FortyBarrels&TwentyKegsofCoca-Cola,anattempttooutlawCoca-Coladuetoitsexcessivecaffeinecontent.TheMeatInspectionActledtotheformationoftheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA).Between1906and1938,actswerecreatedthatmonitoredfoodcolorationadditives,andotherchemicaladditivessuchaspreservatives,aswellasfoodlabelingandfoodmarketing. Duringthewinterof1924–1925,theworstfood-borneillnesstodateintheUSoccurredbecauseofimproperhandlingofoysters.[46]Thisproducedatyphoidfeverepidemic,andfood-borneillnessoutbreaksgainednationalattention.Unfortunately,itwasnotuntil1969thattheFDAbegansanitizationprogramsspecificallyforshellfishandmilk,andbeganitsfocusandimplementationonthefoodserviceindustryasawhole. In1970theCenterforDiseaseControl(CDC)begankeepingrecordsonfood-borneillnessdeaths.Thiswasthebeginningofeffectiverecordkeepingthatcouldbeusedtocontrolandpreventsimilaroutbreaksinthefuture.ThefirstmajorfoodrecallintheUSwascausedbycannedmushroomsin1973.[47]ThisoutbreakofbotulismproducedtheNationalBotulismSurveillanceSystem.ThissystemcollectedthedataonallconfirmedcasesofbotulismintheUSThisledtoprocessingregulationsforlow-acidfoodstoensureproperheattreatingofcannedfoods.TheJackintheBoxE.colioutbreakof1993ledtheClintonadministrationtoput$43millionintotheFoodSafetyInitiativetocreatemanyofthecommonspecificregulationsinplacetoday.Thisinitiativeproducedregulationsonseafood,meat,poultry,andshell-eggs.ThisinitiativeproducedaprogramforDNAfingerprintingtohelptrackoutbreaksandtodeterminetheirsource.ItalsocalledforacooperativedetectionandresponseeffortbetweentheCDC,FDA,USDAandlocalagenciescalledFoodNet.[48] In2011theFoodSafetyModernizationAct(FSMA)producedwhatisconsideredthemostsignificantfoodsafetylegislationinover70years.Thesignificantdifferencebetweenthisandpreviousactswasthatitshiftedtofocusfromresponseandcontainmentoffood-bornediseaseoutbreakstotheirprevention.ThisactisstillintheearlyimplementationphasebutgivestheFDAauthoritytoregulatethewayfoodsaregrown,processed,andharvested. Industrypressure[edit] TherehavebeenconcernsovertheefficacyofsafetypracticesandfoodindustrypressureonUSregulators.AstudyreportedbyReutersfoundthat"thefoodindustryisjeopardizingUSpublichealthbywithholdinginformationfromfoodsafetyinvestigatorsorpressuringregulatorstowithdraworalterpolicydesignedtoprotectconsumers".A2010surveyfoundthat25%ofUSgovernmentinspectorsandscientistssurveyedhadexperiencedduringthepastyearcorporateinterestsforcingtheirfoodsafetyagencytowithdrawortomodifyagencypolicyoractionthatprotectsconsumers.Scientistsobservedthatmanagementundercutsfieldinspectorswhostandupforfoodsafetyagainstindustrypressure.AccordingtoDr.DeanWyatt,aUSDAveterinarianwhooverseesfederalslaughterhouseinspectors,"Upperlevelmanagementdoesnotadequatelysupportfieldinspectorsandtheactionstheytaketoprotectthefoodsupply.Notonlyistherelackofsupport,butthere'soutrightobstruction,retaliationandabuseofpower."[49]Agrowingnumberoffoodandbeveragemanufacturersareimprovingfoodsafetystandardsbyincorporatingafoodsafetymanagementsystemwhichautomatesallstepsinthefoodqualitymanagementprocess.[50] Stateandlocalregulation[edit] FDAofficialandNewJerseystateinspectorreviewharvestofclams AnumberofUSstateshavetheirownmeatinspectionprogramsthatsubstituteforUSDAinspectionformeatsthataresoldonlyin-state.[51]Certainstateprogramshavebeencriticizedforundueleniencytobadpractices.[52]Contrastingly,therearesomestate-levelprogramsthatsupplementFederalinspectionsratherthanreplacingthem.Saidprogramsgenerallyoperatewiththegoalofincreasingconsumerconfidenceintheirstate'sproduce,playaroleininvestigatingoutbreaksoffood-bornediseasebacteria-suchasinthe2006outbreakofpathogenicEscherichiacoliO157:H7[53]-andpromotebetterfoodprocessingpracticestoeliminatefood-bornethreats.[54]Additionally,severalstateswhicharemajorproducersoffreshfruitsandvegetables(includingCalifornia,ArizonaandFlorida)havetheirownstateprogramstotestproduceforpesticideresidues.[55] ThefoodsystemrepresentsoneofthemostsignificantcomponentsoftheU.S.economy.Itaffectsthesocialandeconomicwell-beingofnearlyallAmericansandplaysasignificantroleinthewell-beingoftheglobalcommunity.TheU.S.foodandfibersystemaccountedfor18percentofemployment4percentofimportedgoods,and11percentofexportsin2011.TherelativeeconomiccontributionofeachvariousstepoftheU.S.foodsupplychainhaschangedsignificantlyoverthepast100years.Generallyspeaking,theeconomicimportanceofthefarmproductionsubsectorhassteadilydiminishedrelativetothesharesoftheothercomponentsofthefoodsupplychain. Restaurantsandotherretailfoodestablishmentsfallunderstatelawandareregulatedbystateorlocalhealthdepartments.Typicallytheseregulationsrequireofficialinspectionsofspecificdesignfeatures,bestfood-handlingpractices,andcertificationoffoodhandlers.[56][57]Insomeplacesalettergradeornumericalscoremustbeprominentlypostedfollowingeachinspection.[58]Insomelocalities,inspectiondeficienciesandremedialactionarepostedontheInternet.[59]Inaddition,statesmaymaintainandenforcetheirownmodeloftheFDAFoodCode.Forexample,CaliforniamaintainstheCaliforniaRetailFoodCode(CalCode),whichispartoftheHealthandSafetyCodeandisbasedonmostcurrentandsafefoodhandlingpracticesintheretailindustry.[60] Ithasbeenarguedthatrestauranthygieneratings,thoughusefulattimes,arenotinformativeenoughforconsumers.[61] Vietnam[edit] TheVietnamFoodAdministrationisreaformanagingfoodhygiene,safety,andqualityandhasmadesignificantprogresssinceitsestablishmentin1999.FoodsafetyremainsahighpriorityinVietnamwiththegrowthofexportmarketsandincreasingfoodimportsraisingtheneedtorapidlybuildcapacityoftheFoodAdministrationinordertoreducethreatsoffoodbornedisease.TheFoodAdministrationhasdemonstratedcommitmenttothefoodsafetychallengesitfaces,andhasembarkedonaninnovativecapacitybuildingactivitywithtechnicalassistancefromtheWorldHealthOrganization.[62] Manufacturingcontrol[edit] HACCPguidelines[edit] MeatandPoultrymanufacturersarerequiredtohaveaHACCPplaninaccordancewith9CFRpart417.[63] JuicemanufacturersarerequiredtohaveaHACCPplaninaccordancewith21CFRpart120.[63] SeafoodmanufacturersarerequiredtohaveaHACCPplaninaccordancewith21CFRpart123.[63] Consumerlabeling[edit] Mainarticle:Listoffoodlabelingregulations UnitedKingdom[edit] FoodstuffsintheUKhaveoneoftwolabelstoindicatethenatureofthedeteriorationoftheproductandanysubsequenthealthissues.EHOFoodHygienecertificationisrequiredtoprepareanddistributefood.Whilethereisnospecifiedexpirydateofsuchaqualificationthechangesinlegislationitissuggestedtoupdateeveryfiveyears. Bestbeforeindicatesafuturedatebeyondwhichthefoodproductmaylosequalityintermsoftasteortextureamongstothers,butdoesnotimplyanyserioushealthproblemsiffoodisconsumedbeyondthisdate(withinreasonablelimits). Usebyindicatesalegaldatebeyondwhichitisnotpermissibletosellafoodproduct(usuallyonethatdeterioratesfairlyrapidlyafterproduction)duetothepotentialseriousnatureofconsumptionofpathogens.Leewayissometimesprovidedbyproducersinstatingdisplayuntildatessothatproductsarenotattheirlimitofsafeconsumptionontheactualdatestated(thislatterisvoluntaryandnotsubjecttoregulatorycontrol).Thisallowsforthevariabilityinproduction,storageanddisplaymethods. UnitedStates[edit] Withtheexceptionofinfantformulaandbabyfoodswhichmustbewithdrawnbytheirexpirationdate,Federallawdoesnotrequireexpirationdates.Forallotherfoods,exceptdairyproductsinsomestates,freshnessdatingisstrictlyvoluntaryonthepartofmanufacturers.Inresponsetoconsumerdemand,perishablefoodsaretypicallylabelledwithaSellbydate.[64]ItisuptotheconsumertodecidehowlongaftertheSellbydateapackageisusable.OthercommondatingstatementsareBestifusedby,Use-bydate,Expirationdate,Guaranteedfreshdate,andPackdate.[65]Whenused,freshnessdatingmustbevalidatedusingAOACguidelines.Althoughthisdatingrequiresproducttestingthroughouttheentiretimeframe,acceleratedshelflifetesting,usingelevatedtemperaturesandhumidity,canbeusedtodetermineshelflifebeforethelong-termresultscanbecompleted. AustraliaandNewZealand[edit] GuidetoFoodLabellingandOtherInformationRequirements:ThisguideprovidesbackgroundinformationonthegenerallabellingrequirementsintheCode.Theinformationinthisguideappliesbothtofoodforretailsaleandtofoodforcateringpurposes.Foodsforcateringpurposesmeansthosefoodsforuseinrestaurants,canteens,schools,caterersorself-cateringinstitutions,wherefoodisofferedforimmediateconsumption.LabellingandinformationrequirementsinthenewCodeapplybothtofoodsoldorpreparedforsaleinAustraliaandNewZealandandfoodimportedintoAustraliaandNewZealand. WarningandAdvisoryDeclarations,IngredientLabelling,DateMarking,NutritionInformationRequirements,LegibilityRequirementsforFoodLabels,PercentageLabelling,InformationRequirementsforFoodsExemptfromBearingaLabel.[66][67] Seealso[edit] foodportal Cookingportal Adulteratedfood Asepticprocessing Biosecurity CodexAlimentarius Dangerzone(foodsafety) Directorate-GeneralforHealthandFoodSafety EMPRESFoodSafety EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority Five-secondrule FoodandBioprocessTechnology Foodchemistry Foodengineering Foodgrading Foodmicrobiology Foodpackaging Foodrheology FoodSafetyandInspectionService FoodSafetyAuthority(disambiguation) Foodsampling Foodspoilage Foodtechnology GlobalFoodSafetyInitiative Infantfoodsafety InternationalFoodSafetyNetwork ISO22000 Listoffoodsafetyorganisations Opticalsorting References[edit] ^TexasFoodEstablishmentRules.TexasDSHSwebsite:TexasDepartmentofStateHealthServices.2015.p. 6. ^Morris,Glenn(2011)."HowSafeIsOurFood?".EmergingInfectiousDiseases.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.17(1):126–128.doi:10.3201/eid1701.101821.PMC 3375763.PMID 21192873.Retrieved12November2021. ^Shiklomanov,I.A.(2000)."AppraisalandAssessmentofWorldWaterResources"(PDF).WaterInternational.InternationalWaterResourcesAssociation.pp. 11–32. ^ab"WhatisFoodContamination?".Retrieved10June2018. ^abc"Physicalcontaminantsinfood,identificationandpreventionatCampdenBRI".www.campdenbri.co.uk.Retrieved10June2018. ^"ModernAnalysisofChemicalContaminantsinFood-FoodSafetyMagazine".www.foodsafetymagazine.com.Retrieved10June2018. ^abc"Whatarethedifferenttypesoffoodcontamination?".Retrieved10June2018. ^"DangerZone".www.fsis.usda.gov.Retrieved21November2018. ^"FoodSafetyandtheDifferentTypesofFoodContamination".Retrieved23June2018. ^abcd"NorthDakotaconfirmsE.colioutbreakcase;26stateshit|FoodSafetyNews".FoodSafetyNews.6May2018.Retrieved22June2018. ^Hoffman,Jan."RomaineRiddle:WhytheE.ColiOutbreakEludesFoodInvestigators".Retrieved23June2018. ^"FDAmayneverfindsourceofRomaineE.colioutbreak".TheMercuryNews.31May2018.Retrieved22June2018. ^"Preventionoffoodbornedisease:Fivekeystosaferfood".WorldHealthOrganization.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25March2006.Retrieved10December2010. ^Zeratsky,Katherine."Howlongcanyousafelykeepleftoversintherefrigerator?".MayoClinic.KatherineZeratsky,R.D.,L.D.Retrieved21November2018. ^"StorageTimesfortheRefrigeratorandFreezer".FoodSafety.gov.Retrieved21November2018. ^"BasicsforHandlingFoodSafely".USDAFoodSafetyandInspectionService.24March2015. ^"ISO22000FoodSafetyManagement".ISO.1July2017.Retrieved25November2017. ^"SeveralfoodbornediseasesareincreasinginEurope".WorldHealthOrganization.16December2003.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16April2005. ^"Foodsafetyandfoodborneillness".WorldHealthOrganization.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27February2004.Retrieved10December2010. ^"CodexAlimentariusandFoodHygiene".CodexAlimentarius.FoodandAgricultureOrganisationoftheUnitedNations.Retrieved15October2007. ^"China'sCompliancewithFoodSafetyRequirementsforFruitsandVegetables:PromotingFoodSafety,Competitiveness,andPovertyReduction"(PDF).WorldBankandChinaAgriculturePress.2005. ^Shepherd,AndrewW.(2006)."QualityandsafetyinthetraditionalhorticulturalmarketingchainsofAsia"(PDF).Rome:FoodandAgricultureOrganisationoftheUnitedNations. ^"Allergyandintolerance:guidanceforbusinesses-FoodStandardsAgency".www.food.gov.uk.FoodStandardsAgency. ^"PreparingforNatasha'sLaw–Knowledge". ^"GermanFederalMinistryofFood,AgricultureandConsumerProtection".BundesministeriumfürErnährung,LandwirtschaftundVerbraucherschutz. ^Kft.,WoltersKluwer."2008.éviXLVI.törvény-azélelmiszerláncróléshatóságifelügyeletéről".Archivedfromtheoriginalon29March2017.Retrieved9May2017. ^"Élelmiszerlánc-biztonságistratégia2013–2022-Stratégiaazélelmiszerláncbiztonságáért".elbs.hu(inHungarian).Retrieved9May2017. ^Siraj,Mazhar(2004)."FoodSafetyLegislationinPakistan".ConsumerRightsCommissionofPakistan.Archivedfromtheoriginal(DOC)on20July2011.Retrieved3November2010. ^"MinistryofFoodandDrugSafety".KoreaFoodandDrugA.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14December2007.Retrieved11December2010. ^"IFOAMAccreditedCertificationBodies"(PDF).InternationalOrganicAccreditationService.KoreaFoodandDrugAdministration.14February2008.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on10March2016.Retrieved11December2010. ^"FoodsImportReportGuide"(PDF).KoreaFoodandDrugAdministration.22October2010.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on8March2016.Retrieved11December2010. ^"NationalInstituteofFoodandDrugSafetyEvaluation".Korea:NationalInstituteofFoodandDrugSafetyEvaluation. ^"TaiwanMinistryofHealthandWelfarewebsite2015.9".www.mohw.gov.tw. ^"Taiwantoincreasefoodsafetybudgetby50%for2017:president-Politics-FOCUSTAIWAN-CNAENGLISHNEWS". ^"RepublicOfTurkeyMinistryOfAgricultureAndForestry".tarimorman.gov.tr.13December2019. ^"AboutUs".FoodStandardsAgency. ^"FoodHygieneGuidelines"(PDF).Pip.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on4March2016.Retrieved11December2014. ^"FoodHygieneTraining".westminster.gov.uk.10February2021.Retrieved28April2021. ^"Level2food&hygiene".essentialfoodhygiene.co.uk.Retrieved28April2021. ^Ellsmoor,James."TrumpAsksUKToDropFoodAndEnvironmentStandardsToSecurePost-BrexitTradeDeal".Forbes.Retrieved8March2019. ^Becker,Geoffrey(10April2010),TheFederalFoodSafetySystem:Aprimer,CongressionalResearchService ^"FDAFoodCode".FoodandDrugAdministration.5October2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13May2009.Retrieved1September2008. ^"High-RiskDesignationCanBringNeededAttentiontoFragmentedSystem"(PDF).FederalOversightofFoodSafety.GovernmentAccountabilityOffice. ^"FSISTestimony,March11,2009"(PDF).UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureFoodSafetyandInspectionService.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on19April2009.Retrieved21April2009. ^FoodandDrugAdministration(5October2017)."PartI:The1906FoodandDrugsActandItsEnforcement".FoodandDrugAdministration.Retrieved24November2017. ^FoodSafetyNews(28March2012)."Oyster-BorneTyphoidFeverKilled150inWinterof1924-25".FoodSafetyNews.Retrieved24November2017. ^TheNewYorkTimes(19February1973)."F.D.A.IsRecallingMoreMushroomsForBotulismCheck".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved24November2017. ^CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention(3March2017)."FoodBorneDiseaseActiveSurveillanceNetwork(FoodNet)".CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Retrieved24February2017. ^"IndustryHasSwayOverFoodSafetySystem:USStudy".Reuters.14September2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14September2010.AltURL ^Kuchinski,Kelly."CanAutomationReducetheRiskofFoodRecalls?".Retrieved27July2015. ^"FSISStateInspectionPrograms".UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureFoodSafetyandInspectionService.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9April2013. ^"USDAAllowedStateMeatInspectionProgramsToOperateEvenAfterFindingCuttingBoardsContaminatedWithOldMeatAndSoot-LikeResiduesOnSwineCarcasses"(PDF).ConsumerFederationofAmerica.28September2006. ^"StateHealthDepartmentannouncestestresultsmatchgeneticfingerprintstoE.colioutbreak".Pressreleases.CaliforniaDepartmentofHealthServices.12October2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7November2006.ben0987,8765 ^"CDHSEducationTrainingUnit".CaliforniaDepartmentofHealthServices.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26December2007.Retrieved14December2007. ^"Pesticidesandfood:Howwetestforsafety"(PDF).CaliforniaDepartmentofPesticideRegulation.June2003. ^"FoodHandlersCardHelp".FoodHandlersCardHelp. ^"NewYorkRestaurantInspectionInformation".TheNewYorkCityDepartmentofHealthandMentalHygiene.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10December2005. ^"NYCHealthDept.LaunchesRestaurantCleanlinessCertificate".HealthyLiving-NYC. ^"AGuidetoFoodSafetyPracticesinVirginiaRestaurants".FairfaxHealthDistrict.HealthSpace.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29October2007.Retrieved14December2007. ^"CaliforniaRetailFoodCode(CalCode)".www.emd.saccounty.net. ^"Doesthefoodsafetyrankingsystemactasanudge?". ^"FAO-WHOGlobalForumofFoodSafetyRegulators-Proceedings".www.fao.org. ^abcQuerl,Joshua(1January2020)."FoodSafety&HACCPPlanDevelopment&Implementation".QualityControlSolutions.Retrieved1January2020. ^"Expiration,Use-by,andSell-byDates,Part1:Expirationdatingisnotfederallyrequiredonallproducts".HomeCooking.About.com. ^"Expiration,Use-by,andSell-byDates,Part2:Decipheringfoodexpirationcodescanbetricky".HomeCooking.About.com. ^"GuidetoFoodLabellingandOtherInformationRequirements".OverviewofFoodLabelling.FoodStandardsAustraliaNewZealand.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20November2010.Retrieved11December2010. ^"WarningandAdvisoryStatementsandDeclarationsUserGuidetoStandard1.2.3 –MandatoryWarningandAdvisoryStatementsandDeclarations"(PDF).FoodStandardsAustraliaNewZealand.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on16December2011.Retrieved15September2010. Furtherreading[edit] Fortin,NealD.(2017).FoodRegulation:Law,Science,Policy,andPractice(2nd ed.).Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.ISBN 9781118964477.LCCN 2016031565.OCLC 976412308.Retrieved18June2017. Satin,Morton(2008).Foodalert!:theultimatesourcebookforfoodsafety(2nd ed.).NewYork,NY:FactsOnFile.ISBN 9780816069682. Clute,Mark(October2008).FoodIndustryQualityControlSystems.CRCPress.ISBN 978-0-8493-8028-0. Journals ComprehensiveReviewsinFoodScienceandFoodSafety,ISSN 1541-4337(electronic)ISSN 1541-4337(paper),BlackwellPublishing FoodControl,ISSN 0956-7135,Elsevier FoodandChemicalToxicology,ISSN 0278-6915,Elsevier FoodPolicy,ISSN 0306-9192,Elsevier JournalofFoodProtection,ISSN 0362-028X,InternationalAssociationforFoodProtection JournalofFoodSafety,ISSN 1745-4565(electronic)ISSN 0149-6085(paper),BlackwellPublishing JournalofFoodservice,ISSN 1745-4506(electronic)ISSN 1748-0140(paper),BlackwellPublishing SensingandInstrumentationforFoodQualityandSafety,ISSN 1932-9954(electronic)ISSN 1932-7587(paper),Springer InternetJournalofFoodSafety,ISSN 1930-0670,InternationalAssociationforFoodSafety/Quality Externallinks[edit] FoodsafetyandqualityattheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO) vteConsumerfoodsafetyAdulterants,foodcontaminants 3-MCPD Aldicarb Antibioticuseinlivestock Cyanide Formaldehyde HGHcontroversies Leadpoisoning Melamine Mercuryinfish SudanI Foodadditives Flavorings Monosodiumglutamate(MSG) Salt Sugar High-fructosecornsyrup Intestinalparasitesandparasiticdisease Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacterjejuni Clostridiumperfringens Cronobacter Enterovirus EscherichiacoliO104:H4 EscherichiacoliO157:H7 HepatitisA HepatitisE Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Vibriocholerae Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoicacid Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid(EDTA) Sodiumbenzoate Sugarsubstitutes Acesulfamepotassium Aspartame controversy Saccharin Sodiumcyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins,poisons,environmentpollution Aflatoxin Arseniccontaminationofgroundwater Benzeneinsoftdrinks BisphenolA Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfishpoisoning Foodcontaminationincidents Devoncolic Swillmilkscandal EsingBakeryincident 1858Bradfordsweetspoisoning 1900Englishbeerpoisoning MorinagaMilkarsenicpoisoningincident Minamatadisease 1971Iraqpoisongraindisaster Toxicoilsyndrome 1985diethyleneglycolwinescandal UnitedKingdomBSEoutbreak 1993JackintheBoxE.colioutbreak 1996OdwallaE.colioutbreak 2006NorthAmericanE.colioutbreaks ICAmeatrepackagingcontroversy 2008Canadalisteriosisoutbreak 2008Chinesemilkscandal 2008Irishporkcrisis 2008UnitedStatessalmonellosisoutbreak 2011GermanyE.colioutbreak 2011UnitedStateslisteriosisoutbreak 2013Biharschoolmealpoisoningincident 2013horsemeatscandal 2015Mozambiquefuneralbeerpoisoning 2017BrazilOperationWeakMeat 2017–2018SouthAfricanlisteriosisoutbreak 2018Australianrockmelonlisteriosisoutbreak 2018Australianstrawberrycontamination FoodsafetyinAustralia FoodsafetyincidentsinChina FoodsafetyincidentsinTaiwan Foodborneillness outbreaks deathtoll UnitedStates Regulation,standards,watchdogs Acceptabledailyintake Enumber Foodlabelingregulations Foodlibellaws FoodStandardsAgency InternationalFoodSafetyNetwork ISO22000 TheNon-GMOProject Nutritionfactslabel Organiccertification QualityAssuranceInternational Foodprocessing 4-Hydroxynonenal Acid-hydrolyzedvegetableprotein Acrylamide Creutzfeldt–Jakobdisease Foodadditives Foodirradiation Heterocyclicamines Modifiedstarch Nitrosamines Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbon Shortening Transfat Waterfluoridationcontroversy Institutions CentreforFoodSafety(HongKong) EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority FoodandDrugAdministration FoodInformationandControlAgency(Spain) InstituteforFoodSafetyandHealth InternationalFoodSafetyNetwork MinistryofFoodandDrugSafety(SouthKorea) SpanishAgencyforFoodSafetyandNutrition Relatedtopics Curing(foodpreservation) Foodanddrinkprohibitions Foodmarketing Foodpolitics Foodpreservation Foodquality Geneticallymodifiedfood GMOconspiracytheories  Foodportal Drinkportal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject vtePublichealthGeneral Auxology Biologicalhazard ChiefMedicalOfficer Culturalcompetence Deviance Environmentalhealth Euthenics Genomics Globalizationanddisease Harmreduction Healtheconomics Healthliteracy Healthpolicy Healthsystem Healthcarereform Publichealthlaw Nationalpublichealthinstitute Healthpolitics Maternalhealth Medicalanthropology Medicalsociology Mentalhealth(Ministers) Pharmaceuticalpolicy Pollution Air Water Soil Radiation Light Publichealthintervention Publichealthlaboratory Sexualandreproductivehealth Socialpsychology Sociologyofhealthandillness Preventivehealthcare Behaviorchange Theories Familyplanning Healthpromotion Humannutrition Healthydiet Preventivenutrition Hygiene Foodsafety Handwashing Infectioncontrol Oralhygiene Occupationalsafetyandhealth Humanfactorsandergonomics Hygiene ControlledDrugs Injuryprevention Medicine Nursing Patientsafety Organization Pharmacovigilance Safesex Sanitation Emergency Fecal–oraltransmission Opendefecation Sanitarysewer Waterbornediseases Schoolhygiene Smokingcessation Vaccination Vectorcontrol Populationhealth 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Healthpsychology Positivedeviance PRECEDE-PROCEEDmodel Socialcognitivetheory Socialnormsapproach Theoryofplannedbehavior Transtheoreticalmodel Organizations,educationandhistoryOrganizations Caribbean CaribbeanPublicHealthAgency China CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention Europe CentreforDiseasePreventionandControl CommitteeontheEnvironment,PublicHealthandFoodSafety India MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfare Canada HealthCanada PublicHealthAgency U.S. CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention Cityandcountyhealthdepartments CouncilonEducationforPublicHealth PublicHealthService WorldHealthOrganization WorldToiletOrganization (Fulllist) Education Healtheducation Highereducation BachelorofScienceinPublicHealth DoctorofPublicHealth Professionaldegreesofpublichealth Schoolsofpublichealth History SaraJosephineBaker SamuelJayCrumbine CarlRogersDarnall JosephLister MargaretSanger JohnSnow TyphoidMary RadiumGirls Germtheoryofdisease Socialhygienemovement Category Commons WikiProject vteConceptsininfectiousdiseaseDeterminantsAgent Infectivity Infectiousdose Pathogenicity Attackrate Virulence Endotoxin Exotoxin Casefatalityrate Antimicrobialresistance Host Susceptibleindividual Burn Diabetes Immuneresponse Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression Postoperative Opportunisticinfection Riskofinfection Environment Accesstowater,sanitationandhygiene Climatechange ElNiño Tropicaldiseases Commerce Deforestation Ecology Humidity Injectiondruguse Naturaldisaster Flood Poultryandlivestock Poverty Travel Vectorcontrol Warandconflict TransmissionBasicconcepts Asymptomaticcarrier Chainofinfection Fomite Host Incubationperiod Indexcase Infectiousperiod Latentperiod Naturalreservoir Opportunisticinfection Subclinicalinfection Super-spreader Windowperiod Modes Human-to-humantransmission Horizontal Vertical Cross-speciestransmission Spilloverinfection Vector Zoonosis Reversezoonosis Breakthroughinfection Routes Air Blood Food Feces Fomite Hospital Mosquito Sex Water Modelling Attackrate Basicreproductionnumber Compartmentalmodelsinepidemiology Criticalcommunitysize Forceofinfection Herdimmunity Infectionrate Serialinterval Transmissionrisksandrates Occurrencelevels Cluster Endemic Epidemic Holoendemic Hyperendemic Incidence Mesoendemic Outbreak Pandemic Prevalence Sporadic Syndemic PreventionandControlmeasuresPharmaceutical Antibiotic Antifungal Antimicrobial Antiseptic Antiviral Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonalantibodytherapy Inoculation Phagetherapy Pre-exposureprophylaxis Post-exposureprophylaxis Repurposeddrugs Vaccination efficacy/effectiveness booster resistance Non-pharmaceutical Contacttracing Cordonsanitaire Diseasesurveillance Disinfection Hygiene Foodhygiene Handwashing Isolation Lockdown Protectivesequestration Publichealth Quarantine Respiratoryetiquette Glove Mask PPE Safesex Sanitation Screening Socialdistancing Sterilization Travelrestrictions Vectorcontrol Emerginginfections DiseaseX Emergentvirus Other Discovery Eradication Infectiousdisease(medicalspecialty) Microbialbioterrorism Tropicaldisease Tropicalmedicine vteToxicology Historyofpoison Toxinology Fields Aquatictoxicology Ecotoxicology Occupationaltoxicology Entomotoxicology Environmentaltoxicology Forensictoxicology Medicaltoxicology Invitrotoxicology Toxicogenomics Concepts Acceptabledailyintake Acutetoxicity Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Fixed-doseprocedure Lethaldose Poison Toxiccapacity Toxicant Toxin Toxicityclass Venom Treatments Activatedcarbon Antidote Cathartic Chelationtherapy Gastriclavage Hemodialysis Hemoperfusion Wholebowelirrigation Incidents 1858Bradfordsweetspoisoning 2007petfoodrecalls Bhopaldisaster Minamatadisease NiigataMinamatadisease PoisoningofAlexanderLitvinenko Sevesodisaster ConsumptionofTidePods Visakhapatnamgasleak Listofpoisonings Relatedtopics Biologicalwarfare Carcinogen Foodsafety Hazardsymbol Listofextremelyhazardoussubstances Mutagen Occupationalsafetyandhealth Category Commons WikiProject vteCookingtechniquesListofcookingtechniquesDryConduction Dryroasting Hotsaltfrying Searing Convection Baking Roasting(modern) Smoking Barbecue Radiation Grilling(charbroiling) Roasting(traditional) Rotisserie Toasting WetHighheat Blanching Boiling Decoction Parboiling Shocking Reduction Lowheat Coddling Creaming Infusion Poaching Simmering Slowcooking Smothering Steeping Stewing Indirectheat Bain-marie(Doubleboiling) Sous-vide Doublesteaming Steaming Fat-basedHighheat Blackening Browning Deepfrying Panfrying Shallowfrying Stirfrying(bao) Sautéing Lowheat Gentlefrying Sweating Mixedmedium Carryovercooking Barbecuing Braising Flambé Fricassee Indirectgrilling/Plankcooking Stirfrying(chao) Device-based Airfrying Microwaving Pressurecooking Pressurefrying Thermalcooking Non-heat Curing Fermenting Pickling Souring Seealso Listofcookingappliances Listofcookingvessels Outdoorcooking Foodpreparation Foodpreservation Foodsafety Caramelization 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