United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia

The United States Department of Defense is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies ... UnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch "DoD"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeDOD. UnitedStatesFederalExecutiveDepartment UnitedStatesDepartmentofDefenseSealLogoAgencyoverviewFormed18 September1947;74yearsago (1947-09-18)(asNationalMilitaryEstablishment)PrecedingagenciesDepartmentofWarDepartmentoftheNavyTypeExecutivedepartmentJurisdictionU.S.federalgovernmentHeadquartersThePentagonArlington,Virginia,U.S.38°52′16″N77°3′21″W/38.87111°N77.05583°W/38.87111;-77.05583Coordinates:38°52′16″N77°3′21″W/38.87111°N77.05583°W/38.87111;-77.05583Employees732,079(civilian)[1]1,300,000(activedutymilitary)826,000(NationalGuardandreserve)2.86 milliontotal[2](2018)AnnualbudgetUS$721.5 billion(FY2020)[3]AgencyexecutivesLloydJ.Austin,SecretaryKathleenHicks,DeputySecretaryGENMarkA.Milley,ChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff[4]ADMChristopherW.Grady,ViceChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffChildagenciesDepartmentoftheArmyDepartmentoftheNavyDepartmentoftheAirForceNationalSecurityAgencyDefenseIntelligenceAgencyNationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgencyNationalReconnaissanceOfficeWebsitewww.defense.gov UnitedStatesArmedForces Executivedepartments DepartmentofDefense DepartmentofHomelandSecurity Staff JointChiefsofStaff Militarydepartments DepartmentoftheArmy DepartmentoftheNavy DepartmentoftheAirForce Militaryservicebranches UnitedStatesArmy UnitedStatesMarineCorps UnitedStatesNavy UnitedStatesAirForce UnitedStatesSpaceForce UnitedStatesCoastGuard Commandstructure Unifiedcombatantcommands AfricaCommand CentralCommand CyberCommand EuropeanCommand Indo-PacificCommand NorthernCommand SouthernCommand SpaceCommand SpecialOperationsCommand StrategicCommand TransportationCommand Combatsupportagencies DefenseContractManagementAgency DefenseHealthAgency DefenseInformationSystemsAgency DefenseIntelligenceAgency DefenseLogisticsAgency DefenseThreatReductionAgency NationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgency NationalSecurityAgency/CentralSecurityService vte TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense(DoD,[5]USDODorDOD)isanexecutivebranchdepartmentofthefederalgovernmentchargedwithcoordinatingandsupervisingallagenciesandfunctionsofthegovernmentdirectlyrelatedtonationalsecurityandtheUnitedStatesArmedForces.TheDODisthelargestemployerintheworld,[6]withover1.4 millionactive-dutyservicemembers(soldiers,Marines,sailors,airmen,andGuardians)asof2021.[7]Moreemployeesincludeover826,000NationalGuardandreservistsfromthearmedforces,andover732,000civilians[8]bringingthetotaltoover2.8 millionemployees.[2]HeadquarteredatthePentagoninArlington,Virginia,justoutsideWashington,D.C.,theDoD'sstatedmissionistoprovide"themilitaryforcesneededtodeterwarandensureournation'ssecurity".[9][10] TheDepartmentofDefenseisheadedbythesecretaryofdefense,acabinet-levelheadwhoreportsdirectlytothepresidentoftheUnitedStates.BeneaththeDepartmentofDefensearethreesubordinatemilitarydepartments:theDepartmentoftheArmy,theDepartmentoftheNavy,andtheDepartmentoftheAirForce.Inaddition,fournationalintelligenceservicesaresubordinatetotheDepartmentofDefense:theDefenseIntelligenceAgency(DIA),theNationalSecurityAgency(NSA),theNationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgency(NGA),andtheNationalReconnaissanceOffice(NRO).OtherDefenseagenciesincludetheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA),theDefenseLogisticsAgency(DLA),theMissileDefenseAgency(MDA),theDefenseHealthAgency(DHA),DefenseThreatReductionAgency(DTRA),theDefenseCounterintelligenceandSecurityAgency(DCSA),theSpaceDevelopmentAgency(SDA)andthePentagonForceProtectionAgency(PFPA),allofwhicharesubordinatetothesecretaryofdefense.Additionally,theDefenseContractManagementAgency(DCMA)isresponsibleforadministeringcontractsfortheDoD.MilitaryoperationsaremanagedbyelevenregionalorfunctionalUnifiedcombatantcommands.TheDepartmentofDefensealsooperatesseveraljointservicesschools,includingtheEisenhowerSchool(ES)andtheNationalWarCollege(NWC). Contents 1History 1.1TheWarDepartmentandNavyDepartment 1.2NationalMilitaryEstablishment 1.3Financialdiscrepancies 2Organizationalstructure 2.1OfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense 2.1.1Defenseagencies 2.1.2Nationalintelligenceagencies 2.2JointChiefsofStaff 2.3MilitaryDepartmentsandServices 2.4UnifiedCombatantCommands 3Budget 3.1ForFY2019 3.1.1Budgetoverview 4Energyuse 5Criticism 6Relatedlegislation 7Seealso 8References 9Externallinks History[edit] Seealso:NationalSecurityActof1947andHistoryoftheUnitedStatesmilitary FacedwithrisingtensionsbetweentheThirteenColoniesandtheBritishgovernment,oneofthefirstactionstakenbytheFirstContinentalCongressinSeptember1774wastorecommendthatthecoloniesbegindefensivemilitarypreparations.Inmid-June1775,aftertheoutbreakoftheRevolutionaryWar,theSecondContinentalCongress,recognizingthenecessityofhavinganationalarmythatcouldmoveaboutandfightbeyondtheboundariesofanyparticularcolony,organizedtheContinentalArmyon14June1775.[11][12]ThismomentouseventiscommemoratedintheU.S.annuallyasFlagDay.Laterthatyear,CongresswouldchartertheContinentalNavyon13October,[13]andtheContinentalMarineson10November. TheWarDepartmentandNavyDepartment[edit] Mainarticles:UnitedStatesDepartmentofWarandUnitedStatesDepartmentoftheNavy Upontheseatingofthe1stU.S.Congresson4March1789,legislationtocreateamilitarydefenseforcestagnatedastheyfocusedonotherconcernsrelevanttosettingupthenewgovernment.PresidentGeorgeWashingtonwenttoCongresstoremindthemoftheirdutytoestablishamilitarytwiceduringthistime.Finally,onthelastdayofthesession,29September1789,CongresscreatedtheWarDepartment.[14][15]TheWarDepartmenthandlednavalaffairsuntilCongresscreatedtheNavyDepartmentin1798.Thesecretariesofeachdepartmentreporteddirectlytothepresidentascabinet-leveladvisorsuntil1949,whenallmilitarydepartmentsbecamesubordinatetotheSecretaryofDefense. NationalMilitaryEstablishment[edit] PresidentTrumansignstheNationalSecurityActAmendmentof1949 AftertheendofWorldWarII,PresidentHarryTrumanproposedthecreationofaunifieddepartmentofnationaldefense.InaspecialmessagetoCongresson19December1945,thepresidentcitedbothwastefulmilitaryspendingandinter-departmentalconflicts.DeliberationsinCongresswentonformonthsfocusingheavilyontheroleofthemilitaryinsocietyandthethreatofgrantingtoomuchmilitarypowertotheexecutive.[16] On26July1947,TrumansignedtheNationalSecurityActof1947,whichsetupaunifiedmilitarycommandknownasthe"NationalMilitaryEstablishment",aswellascreatingtheCentralIntelligenceAgency,theNationalSecurityCouncil,NationalSecurityResourcesBoard,UnitedStatesAirForce(formerlytheArmyAirForces)andtheJointChiefsofStaff.TheactplacedtheNationalMilitaryEstablishmentunderthecontrolofasinglesecretaryofdefense.[17][18][19]TheNationalMilitaryEstablishmentformallybeganoperationson18September,thedayaftertheSenateconfirmedJamesV.Forrestalasthefirstsecretaryofdefense.[18]TheNationalMilitaryEstablishmentwasrenamedthe"DepartmentofDefense"on10August1949andabsorbedthethreecabinet-levelmilitarydepartments,inanamendmenttotheoriginal1947law.[20] UndertheDepartmentofDefenseReorganizationActof1958(Pub.L. 85–599),channelsofauthoritywithinthedepartmentwerestreamlinedwhilestillmaintainingtheordinaryauthorityoftheMilitaryDepartmentstoorganize,train,andequiptheirassociatedforces.TheActclarifiedtheoveralldecision-makingauthorityofthesecretaryofdefensewithrespecttothesesubordinateMilitaryDepartmentsandmoreclearlydefinedtheoperationalchainofcommandoverU.S.militaryforces(createdbythemilitarydepartments)asrunningfromthepresidenttothesecretaryofdefenseandthentotheunifiedcombatantcommanders.Alsoprovidedinthislegislationwasacentralizedresearchauthority,theAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency,eventuallyknownasDARPA.TheactwaswrittenandpromotedbytheEisenhoweradministrationandwassignedintolaw6August1958. Financialdiscrepancies[edit] Seealso:§ Criticism AdaybeforetheSeptember11attacksof2001,SecretaryofDefenseDonaldRumsfeldannouncedthatthedepartmentwasunabletoaccountforabout$2.3 trillionworthoftransactions.Reutersreportedin2013thatthePentagonwastheonlyfederalagencythathadnotreleasedannualauditsasrequiredbya1992law.AccordingtoReuters,thePentagon"annuallyreportstoCongressthatitsbooksareinsuchdisarraythatanauditisimpossible".[21]By2015,thediscrepantfundshadincreasedto$6.5 trillionforthearmyalone.[22] InJune2016,theOfficeoftheInspectorGeneralreleasedareportstatingthatthearmymade$6.5 trillioninwrongfuladjustmentstoitsaccountingentriesin2015.[23] Organizationalstructure[edit] Mainarticle:OrganizationalstructureoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense Seealso:ListofDepartmentofDefenseagencies DepartmentofDefenseorganizationalchart(December2013) Thesecretaryofdefense,appointedbythepresidentwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate,isbyfederallaw(10 U.S.C. § 113)theheadoftheDepartmentofDefense,"theprincipalassistanttothePresidentinallmattersrelatingtoDepartmentofDefense",andhas"authority,direction,andcontrolovertheDepartmentofDefense".BecausetheConstitutionvestsallmilitaryauthorityinCongressandthepresident,thestatutoryauthorityofthesecretaryofdefenseisderivedfromtheirconstitutionalauthority.SinceitisimpracticalforeitherCongressorthepresidenttoparticipateineverypieceofDepartmentofDefenseaffairs,thesecretaryofdefenseandthesecretary'ssubordinateofficialsgenerallyexercisemilitaryauthority. TheDepartmentofDefenseiscomposedoftheOfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense(OSD),theJointChiefsofStaff(JCS)andtheJointStaff(JS),OfficeoftheInspectorGeneral(DODIG),theCombatantCommands,theMilitaryDepartments(DepartmentoftheArmy(DA),DepartmentoftheNavy(DON)&DepartmentoftheAirForce(DAF)),theDefenseAgenciesandDepartmentofDefenseFieldActivities,theNationalGuardBureau(NGB),andsuchotheroffices,agencies,activities,organizations,andcommandsestablishedordesignatedbylaw,orbythepresidentorbythesecretaryofdefense. DepartmentofDefenseDirective5100.01describestheorganizationalrelationshipswithinthedepartment,andisthefoundationalissuancefordelineatingthemajorfunctionsofthedepartment.Thelatestversion,signedbyformersecretaryofdefenseRobertGatesinDecember2010,isthefirstmajorre-writesince1987.[24][25] OfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense[edit] Mainarticle:OfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense 2008OSDorganizationalchart[needsupdate] TheOfficeoftheSecretaryofDefense(OSD)isthesecretaryandhis/herdeputy's(mainly)civilianstaff. OSDistheprincipalstaffelementofthesecretaryofdefenseintheexerciseofpolicydevelopment,planning,resourcemanagement,fiscalandprogramevaluationandoversight,andinterfaceandexchangewithotherU.S.governmentdepartmentsandagencies,foreigngovernments,andinternationalorganizations,throughformalandinformalprocesses.OSDalsoperformsoversightandmanagementoftheDefenseAgencies,DepartmentofDefenseFieldActivities,andspecializedCrossFunctionalTeams. Defenseagencies[edit] OSDalsosupervisesthefollowingDefenseAgencies: ArmedForcesRadiobiologyResearchInstitute(AFRRI) DepartmentofDefenseEducationActivity(DoDEA) DefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA) DefenseCommissaryAgency(DeCA) DefenseContractAuditAgency(DCAA) DefenseContractManagementAgency(DCMA) DefenseFinanceandAccountingService(DFAS) DefenseInformationSystemsAgency(DISA) DefenseLegalServicesAgency DefenseLogisticsAgency(DLA) DefensePOW/MIAAccountingAgency(DPAA) DefenseSecurityCooperationAgency(DSCA) DefenseCounterintelligenceandSecurityAgency(DCSA) DefenseTechnicalInformationCenter(DTIC) DefenseThreatReductionAgency(DTRA) SpaceDevelopmentAgency(SDA) Nationalintelligenceagencies[edit] SeveraldefenseagenciesaremembersoftheUnitedStatesIntelligenceCommunity.Thesearenational-levelintelligenceservicesthatoperateundertheDepartmentofDefensejurisdictionbutsimultaneouslyfallundertheauthoritiesofthedirectorofnationalintelligence.Theyfulfilltherequirementsofnationalpolicymakersandwarplanners,serveasCombatSupportAgencies,andalsoassistnon-DepartmentofDefenseintelligenceorlawenforcementservicessuchastheCentralIntelligenceAgencyandtheFederalBureauofInvestigation. ThemilitaryserviceseachhavetheirownintelligenceelementsthataredistinctfrombutsubjecttocoordinationbynationalintelligenceagenciesundertheDepartmentofDefense.DepartmentofDefensemanagesthenation'scoordinatingauthoritiesandassetsindisciplinesofsignalsintelligence,geospatialintelligence,andmeasurementandsignatureintelligence,andalsobuilds,launches,andoperatestheIntelligenceCommunity'ssatelliteassets.DepartmentofDefensealsohasitsownhumanintelligenceservice,whichcontributestotheCIA'shumanintelligenceeffortswhilealsofocusingonmilitaryhumanintelligencepriorities.TheseagenciesaredirectlyoverseenbytheUndersecretaryofDefenseforIntelligence. NationalIntelligenceAgenciesundertheDepartmentofDefense DefenseIntelligenceAgency NationalSecurityAgency NationalGeospatial-IntelligenceAgency NationalReconnaissanceOffice JointChiefsofStaff[edit] Mainarticle:JointChiefsofStaff JointChiefsofStaff/JointStafforganizationalchart TheJointChiefsofStaff(JCS)isabodyofsenioruniformedleadersintheDepartmentofDefensewhoadvisethesecretaryofdefense,theHomelandSecurityCouncil,theNationalSecurityCouncilandthepresidentonmilitarymatters.ThecompositionoftheJointChiefsofStaffisdefinedbystatuteandconsistsofthechairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff(CJCS),vicechairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff(VCJCS),seniorenlistedadvisortothechairman(SEAC),theMilitaryServicechiefsfromtheArmy,MarineCorps,Navy,AirForce,andSpaceForce,inadditiontothechiefofNationalGuardBureau,allappointedbythepresidentfollowingSenateconfirmation.[26]EachoftheindividualMilitaryServiceChiefs,outsidetheirJointChiefsofStaffobligations,worksdirectlyforthesecretaryoftheMilitaryDepartmentconcerned:thesecretaryoftheArmy,secretaryoftheNavyandsecretaryoftheAirForce.[27][28][29][30] FollowingtheGoldwater–NicholsActin1986theJointChiefsofStaffdonothaveoperationalcommandauthority,neitherindividuallynorcollectively,asthechainofcommandgoesfromthepresidenttothesecretaryofdefense,andfromtheSecretaryofDefensetothecommandersoftheCombatantCommands.[31]Goldwater–Nicholsalsocreatedtheofficeofvice-chairman,andthechairmanisnowdesignatedastheprincipalmilitaryadvisertothesecretaryofdefense,theHomelandSecurityCouncil,theNationalSecurityCouncilandtothepresident.[32] TheJointStaff(JS)isaheadquartersstaffatthePentagonmadeupofpersonnelfromallfourservicesthatassistthechairmanandvicechairmanindischargingtheirduties,andmanagedbythedirectoroftheJointStaff(DJS)whoisalieutenantgeneralorviceadmiral.[33][34] MilitaryDepartmentsandServices[edit] TherearethreeMilitaryDepartmentswithintheDepartmentofDefense: theDepartmentoftheArmy,withinwhichtheUnitedStatesArmyisorganized. theDepartmentoftheNavy,withinwhichtheUnitedStatesNavyandtheUnitedStatesMarineCorpsareorganized. theDepartmentoftheAirForce,withinwhichtheUnitedStatesAirForceandUnitedStatesSpaceForceareorganized. TheMilitaryDepartmentsareeachheadedbytheirownsecretary(i.e.,SecretaryoftheArmy,SecretaryoftheNavyandSecretaryoftheAirForce),appointedbythepresident,withtheadviceandconsentoftheSenate.TheyhavethelegalauthorityunderTitle10oftheUnitedStatesCodetoconductalltheaffairsoftheirrespectivedepartmentswithinwhichthemilitaryservicesareorganized.[35]ThesecretariesoftheMilitaryDepartmentsare(bylaw)subordinatetothesecretaryofdefenseand(bySecDefdelegation)tothedeputysecretaryofdefense. SecretariesofMilitaryDepartments,inturn,normallyexerciseauthorityovertheirforcesbydelegationthroughtheirrespectiveservicechiefs(i.e.,ChiefofStaffoftheArmy,CommandantoftheMarineCorps,ChiefofNavalOperations,ChiefofStaffoftheAirForce,andChiefofSpaceOperations)overforcesnotassignedtoaCombatantCommand.[36] SecretariesofMilitaryDepartmentsandservicechiefsdonotpossessoperationalcommandauthorityoverU.S.troops(thispowerwasstrippedfromthemintheDefenseReorganizationActof1958),andinstead,MilitaryDepartmentsaretaskedsolelywith"thetraining,provisionofequipment,andadministrationoftroops."[36] MilitaryDepartmentsoftheDepartmentofDefense DepartmentoftheArmy DepartmentoftheNavy DepartmentoftheAirForce MilitaryServicesoftheDepartmentofDefense U.S.Army U.S.MarineCorps U.S.Navy U.S.AirForce U.S.SpaceForce UnifiedCombatantCommands[edit] Combatantcommandareasofresponsibility Aunifiedcombatantcommandisamilitarycommandcomposedofpersonnel/equipmentfromatleasttwoMilitaryDepartments,whichhasabroad/continuingmission.[37][38] TheseMilitaryDepartmentsareresponsibleforequippingandtrainingtroopstofight,whiletheUnifiedCombatantCommandsareresponsibleformilitaryforces'actualoperationalcommand.[38]AlmostalloperationalU.S.forcesareundertheauthorityofaUnifiedCommand.[36]TheUnifiedCommandsaregovernedbyaUnifiedCommandPlan—afrequentlyupdateddocument(producedbytheDoD),whichlaysouttheCommand'smission,geographical/functionalresponsibilities,andforcestructure.[38] Duringmilitaryoperations,thechainofcommandrunsfromthepresidenttothesecretaryofdefensetothecombatantcommandersoftheCombatantCommands.[36] Asof2019[update]theUnitedStateshaselevenCombatantCommands,organizedeitheronageographicalbasis(knownas"areaofresponsibility",AOR)oronaglobal,functionalbasis:[39] U.S.NorthernCommand(USNORTHCOM) U.S.SouthernCommand(USSOUTHCOM) U.S.CentralCommand(USCENTCOM) U.S.EuropeanCommand(USEUCOM) U.S.Indo-PacificCommand(USINDOPACOM) U.S.AfricaCommand(USAFRICOM) U.S.StrategicCommand(USSTRATCOM) U.S.SpecialOperationsCommand(USSOCOM) U.S.TransportationCommand(USTRANSCOM) U.S.CyberCommand(USCYBERCOM) U.S.SpaceCommand(USSPACECOM) Budget[edit] Mainarticle:MilitarybudgetoftheUnitedStates Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(April2019) DefenseSpendingasaPercentofGDP(1792–2017) DepartmentofDefensespendingin2017was3.15%ofGDPandaccountedforabout38%ofbudgetedglobalmilitaryspending–morethanthenext7largestmilitariescombined.[40]By2019the27thsecretaryofdefensehadbegunaline-by-linereviewofthedefensebudget;in2020thesecretaryidentifieditemsamountingto$5.7billion,outofa$106billionsubtotal(theso-called"fourthestate"agenciessuchasmissiledefense,anddefenseintelligence,amountingto16%ofthedefensebudget),[41][42]Hewillre-deploytothemodernizationofhypersonics,artificialintelligence,andmissiledefense.[41]Beyond2021the27thsecretaryofdefenseisprojectingtheneedforyearlybudgetincreasesof3to5percenttomodernize.[43] TheDepartmentofDefenseaccountsforthemajorityoffederaldiscretionaryspending.InFY2017theDepartmentofDefensebudgetedspendingaccountedfor15%oftheU.S.federalbudget,and49%offederaldiscretionaryspending,whichrepresentsfundsnotaccountedforbypre-existingobligations.However,thisdoesnotincludemanymilitary-relateditemsthatareoutsidetheDefenseDepartmentbudget,suchasnuclearweaponsresearch,maintenance,cleanup,andproduction,whichisintheDepartmentofEnergybudget,VeteransAffairs,theTreasuryDepartment'spaymentsinpensionstomilitaryretireesandwidowsandtheirfamilies,interestondebtincurredinpastwars,orStateDepartmentfinancingofforeignarmssalesandmilitarily-relateddevelopmentassistance.Neitherdoesitincludedefensespendingthatisnotmilitaryinnature,suchastheDepartmentofHomelandSecurity,counter-terrorismspendingbytheFBI,andintelligence-gatheringspendingbytheNSA. TotalUnitedStatesDefenseOutlays1962–2024,$millions(2019-2024estimated) Inthe2010UnitedStatesfederalbudget,theDepartmentofDefensewasallocatedabasebudgetof$533.7 billion,withafurther$75.5 billionadjustmentinrespectof2009,and$130 billionforoverseascontingencies.[44]Thesubsequent2010DepartmentofDefenseFinancialReportshowsthetotalbudgetaryresourcesforfiscalyear2010were$1.2 trillion.[45]Oftheseresources,$1.1 trillionwereobligatedand$994 billionweredisbursed,withtheremainingresourcesrelatingtomulti-yearmodernizationprojectsrequiringadditionaltimetoprocure.[45]Afteroveradecadeofnon-compliance,CongresshasestablishedadeadlineofFiscalyear2017fortheDepartmentofDefensetoachieveauditreadiness.[46] In2015theallocationfortheDepartmentofDefensewas$585 billion,[47]thehighestlevelofbudgetaryresourcesamongallFederalagencies,andthisamountstomorethanone-halfoftheannualFederalExpendituresintheUnitedStatesfederalbudgetdiscretionarybudget.[48] On9/28/2018,PresidentDonaldTrumpsignedtheDepartmentofDefenseandLabor,HealthandHumanServices,andEducationAppropriationsAct,2019andContinuingAppropriationsAct,2019(H.R.6157)intolaw.[49]On30September2018,theFY2018BudgetexpiredandtheFY2019budgetcameintoeffect. ForFY2019[edit] TheFY2019BudgetfortheDepartmentofDefenseisapproximately$686,074,048,000[50](IncludingBase+OverseasContingencyOperations+EmergencyFunds)indiscretionaryspendingand$8,992,000,000inmandatoryspendingtotaling$695,066,000,000 UndersecretaryofDefense(Comptroller)DavidL.NorquistsaidinahearingregardingtheFY2019budget:"Theoverallnumberyouoftenhearis$716billion.Thatistheamountoffundingfornationaldefense,theaccountingcodeis050,andincludesmorethansimplytheDepartmentofDefense.Itincludes,forexample,theDepartmentofEnergyandothers.Thatlargeanumber,ifyoubackoutthe$30billionfornon-defenseagencies,yougetto$686billion.ThatisthefundingfortheDepartmentofDefense,splitbetween$617billioninbaseand$69billioninoverseascontingency."[citationneeded] TheDepartmentofDefensebudgetencompassesthemajorityoftheNationalDefenseBudgetofapproximately$716.0billionindiscretionaryspendingand$10.8billioninmandatoryspendingfora$726.8billiontotal.Ofthetotal,$708.1billionfallsunderthejurisdictionoftheHouseCommitteeonArmedServicesandSenateArmedServicesCommitteeandissubjecttoauthorizationbytheannualNationalDefenseAuthorizationAct(NDAA).Theremaining$7.9billionfallsunderthejurisdictionofothercongressionalcommittees.[51] TheDepartmentofDefenseisuniquebecauseitisoneofthefewfederalentitieswherethemajorityofitsfundingfallsintothediscretionarycategory.Themajorityoftheentirefederalbudgetismandatory,andmuchofthediscretionaryfundinginthebudgetconsistsofDoDdollars. Budgetoverview[edit] DoDBase+OCO+Emergencybudgetbyappropriationtitle[52] Title FY2019($inthousands)* MilitaryPersonnel $152,883,052 OperationandMaintenance $283,544,068 Procurement $144,340,905 RDT&E $92,364,681 RevolvingandManagementFunds $1,557,305 DefenseBill $674,690,011 MilitaryConstruction $9,801,405 FamilyHousing $1,582,632 MilitaryConstructionBill $11,384,037 Total $686,074,048 *Numbersmaynotaddduetorounding Energyuse[edit] Mainarticle:EnergyusageoftheUnitedStatesmilitary TheDepartmentofDefensewasthelargestsingleconsumerofenergyintheUnitedStatesin2006.[53]Itisoneofthelargestcarbonpollutorsinhistory,producingmorecarbonemissionsthanthetotalemissionsofover100countriescombined.[54][55][56] InFY2006,thedepartmentusedalmost30,000gigawatthours(GWH)ofelectricity,atthecostofalmost$2.2billion.Thedepartment'selectricityusewouldsupplyenoughelectricitytopowermorethan2.6millionaverageAmericanhomes.Inelectricityconsumption,ifitwereacountry,thedepartmentwouldrank58thintheworld,usingslightlylessthanDenmarkandslightlymorethanSyria(CIAWorldFactbook,2006).[57] TheDepartmentofDefensewasresponsiblefor93%ofallUSgovernmentfuelconsumptionin2007(DepartmentoftheAirForce:52%;DepartmentoftheNavy:33%;DepartmentoftheArmy:7%;otherDepartmentcomponents:1%).[57]TheDepartmentofDefenseuses4,600,000,000USgallons(1.7×1010 L)offuelannually,anaverageof12,600,000USgallons(48,000,000 L)offuelperday.AlargeArmydivisionmayuseabout6,000USgallons(23,000 L)perday.Accordingtothe2005CIAWorldFactbook,ifitwereacountry,theDepartmentofDefensewouldrank34thintheworldinaveragedailyoiluse,cominginjustbehindIraqandjustaheadofSweden.[58]TheAirForceisthelargestuseroffuelenergyinthefederalgovernment.TheAirForceuses10%ofthenation'saviationfuel.(JP-8accountsfornearly90%ofitsfuels.)Thisfuelusagebreaksdownassuch:82%jetfuel,16%facilitymanagementand2%groundvehicle/equipment.[59] Criticism[edit] InthelatestCenterforEffectiveGovernmentanalysisof15federalagencieswhichreceivethemostFreedomofInformationActrequests,publishedin2015(using2012and2013data,themostrecentyearsavailable),theDoDearned61outofapossible100points,aD−grade.Whileithadimprovedfromafailinggradein2013,itstillhadlowscoresinprocessingrequests(55%)andtheirdisclosurerules(42%).[60] A2013ReutersinvestigationconcludedthatDefenseFinance&AccountingService,theDepartmentofDefense’sprimaryfinancialmanagementarm,implementsmonthly“unsubstantiatedchangeactions”—illegal,inaccurate“plugs”—thatforciblymakeDOD’sbooksmatchTreasury’sbooks.[61]Itconcluded:Fudgingtheaccountswithfalseentriesisstandardoperatingprocedure…ReutershasfoundthatthePentagonislargelyincapableofkeepingtrackofitsvaststoresofweapons,ammunition,andothersupplies;thusitcontinuestospendmoneyonnewsuppliesitdoesn’tneedandonstoringotherslongoutofdate.Ithasamassedabacklogofmorethanhalfatrilliondollars…[H]owmuchofthatmoneypaidforactualgoodsandservicesdeliveredisn’tknown.[62]In2015,aPentagonconsultingfirmperformedanauditontheDepartmentofDefense'sbudget.Itfoundthattherewas$125billioninwastefulspendingthatcouldbesavedoverthenextfiveyearswithoutlayoffsorreductioninmilitarypersonnel.In2016,TheWashingtonPostuncoveredthatratherthantakingtheadviceoftheauditingfirm,seniordefenseofficialssuppressedandhidthereportfromthepublictoavoidpoliticalscrutiny.[63] Shortlyafterthe2020BaghdadInternationalAirportairstrike,theIranianparliamentdesignatedalloftheU.S.military,includingtheDepartmentofDefense,asaterroristorganization.[64][65] Relatedlegislation[edit] TheorganizationandfunctionsoftheDepartmentofDefenseareinTitle10oftheUnitedStatesCode. OthersignificantlegislationrelatedtotheDepartmentofDefenseincludes: 1947:NationalSecurityActof1947 1958:DepartmentofDefenseReorganizationAct,Pub.L. 85–599 1963:DepartmentofDefenseAppropriationsAct,Pub.L. 88–149 1963:MilitaryConstructionAuthorizationAct,Pub.L. 88–174 1967:SupplementalDefenseAppropriationsAct,Pub.L. 90–8 1984:DepartmentofDefenseAuthorizationAct,Pub.L. 98–525 1986:Goldwater-NicholsActof1986(DepartmentofDefenseReorganizationAct),Pub.L. 99–433 1996:AntiterrorismandEffectiveDeathPenaltyAct,Pub.L. 104–132(text)(PDF) Seealso[edit] UnitedStatesportal Politicsportal Warportal Armsindustry ListofUnitedStatesmilitarybases Military–industrialcomplex Nuclearweapons Privatemilitarycompany Title32oftheCodeofFederalRegulations UnitedStatesDepartmentofHomelandSecurity UnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice UnitedStatesDepartmentofVeteransAffairs WarriorGames JADE(planningsystem) GlobalCommandandControlSystem References[edit] 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^Paltrow,ScotJ.(19August2016)."U.S.Armyfudgeditsaccountsbytrillionsofdollars,auditorfinds".Reuters.Retrieved18December2017. ^"OrganizationalandManagementPlanning".Odam.defense.gov.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7May2013.Retrieved15June2013. ^"DirectivesDivision"(PDF).www.dtic.mil. ^[1]10USC151.JointChiefsofStaff:composition;functions ^10U.S.C.§ 3033Archived12March2013attheWaybackMachine ^10U.S.C.§ 5033Archived12March2013attheWaybackMachine ^10U.S.C.§ 5043Archived12March2013attheWaybackMachine ^10U.S.C.§ 8033Archived12March2013attheWaybackMachine ^10U.S.C.§ 162(b)Archived29May2013attheWaybackMachine ^10U.S.C§ 151(b)Archived12March2013attheWaybackMachine ^10U.S.C§ 155Archived12March2013attheWaybackMachine ^Polmar,Norman(2005)."Defenseorganization".TheNavalInstituteguidetotheshipsandaircraftoftheU.S.fleet.NavalInstitutePress.ISBN 978-1-59114-685-8. ^10 U.S.C. § 3013,10 U.S.C. § 5013and10 U.S.C. § 8013 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SecretaryoftheAirForceTheSecretariat:UnderSecretaryoftheAirForce AssistantSecretaryoftheAirForce(Acquisition) AssistantSecretaryoftheAirForce(FinancialManagement&Comptroller) AssistantSecretaryoftheAirForce(Installations,Environment&Logistics) AssistantSecretaryoftheAirForce(Manpower&ReserveAffairs) GeneralCounseloftheDepartmentoftheAirForce AirForceOfficeofSpecialInvestigationsTheAirStaff:ChiefofStaffoftheAirForce ViceChiefofStaffoftheAirForce ChiefMasterSergeantoftheAirForce ChiefofChaplains ChiefofSafety ChiefScientist JudgeAdvocateGeneral SurgeonGeneralU.S.AirForcefieldorganizations:MajorCommands DirectReportingUnits FieldOperatingAgenciesSpaceStaff:ChiefofSpaceOperations UnitedStatesSpaceForcefieldorganizations JointChiefsofStaff ChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaffViceChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff SeniorEnlistedAdvisortotheChairman JointRequirementsOversightCouncil DirectoroftheJointStaff JointStaff NationalMilitaryCommandCenter AlternateNationalMilitaryCommandCenter NationalDefenseUniversity JointPersonnelRecoveryAgency CombatantCommands AfricaCommand CentralCommand EuropeanCommand NorthernCommand Indo-PacificCommand SouthernCommand SpaceCommand CyberCommand SpecialOperationsCommand StrategicCommand TransportationCommand NationalGuardBureau ChiefoftheNationalGuardBureau AirNationalGuard ArmyNationalGuard OfficeoftheInspectorGeneral DefenseCriminalInvestigativeService vte UnitedStatesArmedForces MilitarybudgetoftheUnitedStates Category A MC N AF SF CG Navbox A MC N AF SF CG Leadership Commander-in-chief:PresidentoftheUnitedStates SecretaryofDefense DeputySecretaryofDefense SecretaryofHomelandSecurity DeputySecretaryofHomelandSecurity JointChiefsofStaff: Chairman ViceChairman UnitedStatesCongress:CommitteesonArmedServices: Senate House Activedutyfour-starofficers Activedutythree-starofficers UnitedStatesmilitaryseniority NationalSecurityActof1947 Goldwater–NicholsAct OrganizationMilitarydepartments 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