OS Module in Python with Examples - GeeksforGeeks

The OS module in Python provides functions for interacting with the operating system. OS comes under Python's standard utility modules. 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SaveArticle LikeArticle OSModuleinPythonwithExamplesDifficultyLevel: EasyLastUpdated: 25Jan,2022TheOSmoduleinPythonprovidesfunctionsforinteractingwiththeoperatingsystem.OScomesunderPython’sstandardutilitymodules.Thismoduleprovidesaportablewayofusingoperatingsystem-dependentfunctionality.The*os*and*os.path*modulesincludemanyfunctionstointeractwiththefilesystem. HandlingtheCurrentWorkingDirectoryConsiderCurrentWorkingDirectory(CWD)asafolder,wherethePythonisoperating.Wheneverthefilesarecalledonlybytheirname,PythonassumesthatitstartsintheCWDwhichmeansthatname-onlyreferencewillbesuccessfulonlyifthefileisinthePython’sCWD.Note:ThefolderwherethePythonscriptisrunningisknownastheCurrentDirectory.ThisisnotthepathwherethePythonscriptislocated.GettingtheCurrentworkingdirectoryTogetthelocationofthecurrentworkingdirectoryos.getcwd()isused. Example:Python3#Pythonprogramtoexplainos.getcwd()method         #importingosmoduleimportos     #Getthecurrentworking#directory(CWD)cwd=os.getcwd()     #Printthecurrentworking#directory(CWD)print("Currentworkingdirectory:",cwd)Output:Currentworkingdirectory:/home/nikhil/Desktop/gfgChangingtheCurrentworkingdirectoryTochangethecurrentworkingdirectory(CWD)os.chdir()methodisused.ThismethodchangestheCWDtoaspecifiedpath.Itonlytakesasingleargumentasanewdirectorypath. Note:ThecurrentworkingdirectoryisthefolderinwhichthePythonscriptisoperating. Example:Python3#Pythonprogramtochangethe#currentworkingdirectory      importos   #FunctiontoGetthecurrent #workingdirectorydefcurrent_path():    print("Currentworkingdirectorybefore")    print(os.getcwd())    print()      #Driver'scode#PrintingCWDbeforecurrent_path()   #ChangingtheCWDos.chdir('../')   #PrintingCWDaftercurrent_path()Output:Currentworkingdirectorybefore C:\Users\NikhilAggarwal\Desktop\gfg Currentworkingdirectoryafter C:\Users\NikhilAggarwal\Desktop CreatingaDirectoryTherearedifferentmethodsavailableintheOSmoduleforcreatingadirectory.Theseare–os.mkdir()os.makedirs()Usingos.mkdir()os.mkdir()methodinPythonisusedtocreateadirectorynamedpathwiththespecifiednumericmode.ThismethodraisesFileExistsErrorifthedirectorytobecreatedalreadyexists. Example: Python3#Pythonprogramtoexplainos.mkdir()method #importingosmoduleimportos #Directorydirectory="GeeksforGeeks" #ParentDirectorypathparent_dir="D:/Pycharmprojects/" #Pathpath=os.path.join(parent_dir,directory) #Createthedirectory#'GeeksForGeeks'in#'/home/User/Documents'os.mkdir(path)print("Directory'%s'created"%directory) #Directorydirectory="Geeks" #ParentDirectorypathparent_dir="D:/Pycharmprojects" #modemode=0o666 #Pathpath=os.path.join(parent_dir,directory) #Createthedirectory#'GeeksForGeeks'in#'/home/User/Documents'#withmode0o666os.mkdir(path,mode)print("Directory'%s'created"%directory)Output:Directory'GeeksforGeeks'created Directory'Geeks'createdUsingos.makedirs()os.makedirs()methodinPythonisusedtocreateadirectoryrecursively.Thatmeanswhilemakingleafdirectoryifanyintermediate-leveldirectoryismissing,os.makedirs()methodwillcreatethemall. Example: Python3#Pythonprogramtoexplainos.makedirs()method     #importingosmoduleimportos     #Leafdirectorydirectory="Nikhil"     #ParentDirectoriesparent_dir="D:/Pycharmprojects/GeeksForGeeks/Authors"     #Pathpath=os.path.join(parent_dir,directory)     #Createthedirectory#'Nikhil'os.makedirs(path)print("Directory'%s'created"%directory)     #Directory'GeeksForGeeks'and'Authors'will#becreatedtoo#ifitdoesnotexists               #Leafdirectorydirectory="c"     #ParentDirectoriesparent_dir="D:/Pycharmprojects/GeeksforGeeks/a/b"     #modemode=0o666     path=os.path.join(parent_dir,directory)     #Createthedirectory'c'     os.makedirs(path,mode)print("Directory'%s'created"%directory)          #'GeeksForGeeks','a',and'b'#willalsobecreatedif#itdoesnotexists     #Ifanyoftheintermediatelevel#directoryismissing#os.makedirs()methodwill#createthem     #os.makedirs()methodcanbe#usedtocreateadirectorytreeOutput:Directory'Nikhil'created Directory'c'createdListingoutFilesandDirectorieswithPythonos.listdir()methodinPythonisusedtogetthelistofallfilesanddirectoriesinthespecifieddirectory.Ifwedon’tspecifyanydirectory,thenthelistoffilesanddirectoriesinthecurrentworkingdirectorywillbereturned. Example:Python3#Pythonprogramtoexplainos.listdir()method     #importingosmoduleimportos #Getthelistofallfilesanddirectories#intherootdirectorypath="/"dir_list=os.listdir(path) print("Filesanddirectoriesin'",path,"':") #printthelistprint(dir_list)Output:Filesanddirectoriesin'/': ['sys','run','tmp','boot','mnt','dev','proc','var','bin','lib64','usr', 'lib','srv','home','etc','opt','sbin','media'] DeletingDirectoryorFilesusingPythonOSmoduleprovesdifferentmethodsforremovingdirectoriesandfilesinPython.Theseare– Usingos.remove()Usingos.rmdir()Usingos.remove()os.remove()methodinPythonisusedtoremoveordeleteafilepath.Thismethodcannotremoveordeleteadirectory.IfthespecifiedpathisadirectorythenOSErrorwillberaisedbythemethod. Example:Supposethefilecontainedinthefolderare: Python3#Pythonprogramtoexplainos.remove()method     #importingosmoduleimportos     #Filenamefile='file1.txt'     #Filelocationlocation="D:/Pycharmprojects/GeeksforGeeks/Authors/Nikhil/"     #Pathpath=os.path.join(location,file)     #Removethefile#'file.txt'os.remove(path)e)Output:Usingos.rmdir()os.rmdir()methodinPythonisusedtoremoveordeleteanemptydirectory.OSErrorwillberaisedifthespecifiedpathisnotanemptydirectory. Example:Supposethedirectoriesare Python3#Pythonprogramtoexplainos.rmdir()method     #importingosmoduleimportos     #Directorynamedirectory="Geeks"     #ParentDirectoryparent="D:/Pycharmprojects/"     #Pathpath=os.path.join(parent,directory)     #RemovetheDirectory#"Geeks"os.rmdir(path)Output: CommonlyUsedFunctions1.os.name:Thisfunctiongivesthenameoftheoperatingsystemdependentmoduleimported.Thefollowingnameshavecurrentlybeenregistered:‘posix’,‘nt’,‘os2’,‘ce’,‘java’and‘riscos’.Python3importos print(os.name)Output:posixNote:Itmaygivedifferentoutputondifferentinterpreters,suchas‘posix’whenyourunthecodehere. 2.os.error:AllfunctionsinthismoduleraiseOSErrorinthecaseofinvalidorinaccessiblefilenamesandpaths,orotherargumentsthathavethecorrecttype,butarenotacceptedbytheoperatingsystem.os.errorisanaliasforbuilt-inOSErrorexception. Python3importos  try:    #Ifthefiledoesnotexist,    #thenitwouldthrowanIOError    filename='GFG.txt'    f=open(filename,'rU')    text=f.read()    f.close() #Controljumpsdirectlytohereif#anyoftheabovelinesthrowsIOError.   exceptIOError:     #print(os.error)will    print('Problemreading:'+filename)     #Inanycase,thecodethencontinueswith#thelineafterthetry/exceptOutput: Problemreading:GFG.txt 3.os.popen():Thismethodopensapipetoorfromcommand.Thereturnvaluecanbereadorwrittendependingonwhetherthemodeis‘r’or‘w’. Syntax: os.popen(command[,mode[,bufsize]])Parametersmode&bufsizearenotnecessaryparameters,ifnotprovided,default‘r’istakenformode. Python3importosfd="GFG.txt" #popen()issimilartoopen()file=open(fd,'w')file.write("Hello")file.close()file=open(fd,'r')text=file.read()print(text) #popen()providesapipe/gatewayandaccessesthefiledirectlyfile=os.popen(fd,'w')file.write("Hello")#Filenotclosed,showninnextfunction.Output: HelloNote:Outputforpopen()willnotbeshown,therewouldbedirectchangesintothefile. 4.os.close():Closefiledescriptorfd.Afileopenedusingopen(),canbeclosedbyclose()only.Butfileopenedthroughos.popen(),canbeclosedwithclose()oros.close().Ifwetryclosingafileopenedwithopen(),usingos.close(),PythonwouldthrowTypeError. Python3importos  fd="GFG.txt"file=open(fd,'r')text=file.read()print(text)os.close(file)Output: Traceback(mostrecentcalllast): File"C:\Users\GFG\Desktop\GeeksForGeeksOSFile.py",line6,in os.close(file) TypeError:anintegerisrequired(gottype_io.TextIOWrapper)Note:Thesameerrormaynotbethrown,duetothenon-existentfileorpermissionprivilege. 5.os.rename():Afileold.txtcanberenamedtonew.txt,usingthefunctionos.rename().Thenameofthefilechangesonlyif,thefileexistsandtheuserhassufficientprivilegepermissiontochangethefile.Pythonimportos  fd="GFG.txt"os.rename(fd,'New.txt')os.rename(fd,'New.txt')Output:Traceback(mostrecentcalllast): File"C:\Users\GFG\Desktop\ModuleOS\GeeksForGeeksOSFile.py",line3,in os.rename(fd,'New.txt') FileNotFoundError:[WinError2]Thesystemcannotfindthe filespecified:'GFG.txt'->'New.txt'UnderstandingtheOutput:Afilename“GFG.txt”exists,thuswhenos.rename()isusedthefirsttime,thefilegetsrenamed.Uponcallingthefunctionos.rename()secondtime,file“New.txt”existsandnot“GFG.txt” thusPythonthrowsFileNotFoundError.  6.os.remove():UsingtheOsmodulewecanremoveafileinoursystemusingtheremove()method.Toremoveafileweneedtopassthenameofthefileasaparameter. Python3importos#importingosmodule. os.remove("file_name.txt")#removingthefile.TheOSmoduleprovidesusalayerofabstractionbetweenusandtheoperatingsystem.Whenweareworkingwithosmodulealwaysspecifytheabsolutepathdependingupontheoperatingsystemthecodecanrunonanyosbutweneedtochangethepathexactly.IfyoutrytoremoveafilethatdoesnotexistyouwillgetFileNotFoudError. 7.os.path.exists():Thismethodwillcheckwhetherafileexistsornotbypassingthenameofthefileasaparameter.OSmodulehasasub-modulenamedPATHbyusingwhichwecanperformmanymorefunctions. Python3importos#importingosmodule result=os.path.exists("file_name")#givingthenameofthefileasaparameter. print(result)OutputFalseAsintheabovecode,thefiledoesnotexistitwillgiveoutputFalse.IfthefileexistsitwillgiveusoutputTrue. 8.os.path.getsize():Inthismethod,pythonwillgiveusthesizeofthefileinbytes.Tousethismethodweneedtopassthenameofthefileasaparameter.Python3importos#importingosmodule size=os.path.getsize("filename") print("Sizeofthefileis",size,"bytes.")Output:Sizeofthefileis192bytes.ThisarticleiscontributedbyPiyushDoorwar.IfyoulikeGeeksforGeeksandwouldliketocontribute,youcanalsowriteanarticleusingwrite.geeksforgeeks.orgormailyourarticletoreview-team@geeksforgeeks.org.SeeyourarticleappearingontheGeeksforGeeksmainpageandhelpotherGeeks.Pleasewritecommentsifyoufindanythingincorrect,oryouwanttosharemoreinformationaboutthetopicdiscussedabove.MyPersonalNotes 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