World Bank Group - Wikipedia

The World Bank Group (WBG) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries. It is the largest and ... WorldBankGroup FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch AmericanUnitedGroupoffiveinternationalorganizationsthatmakeleveragedloanstodevelopingcountriesoutsideoftheUN NottobeconfusedwithWorldBank. WorldBankGroupTheWorldBankGroupbuilding(Washington,DC)Established4 July1944;77yearsago (1944-07-04)TypeIntergovernmentalorganizationLegalstatusTreatyPurposeEconomicdevelopment,povertyeliminationHeadquarters1818HStreetNorthwest,WashingtonD.C.,U.S.[1]Membership189states(188UNcountriesandKosovo)[2]PresidentDavidMalpass[3]MD&CFOAnshulaKant[4]MainorganBoardofDirectors[5]ParentorganizationUnitedNationsWebsitewww.worldbank.org TheWorldBankGroup(WBG)isafamilyoffiveinternationalorganizationsthatmakeleveragedloanstodevelopingcountries.Itisthelargestandbest-knowndevelopmentbankintheworldandanobserverattheUnitedNationsDevelopmentGroup.[6]ThebankisheadquarteredinWashington,D.C.intheUnitedStates.Itprovidedaround$98.83billioninloansandassistanceto"developing"andtransitioncountriesinthe2021fiscalyear.[7]Thebank'sstatedmissionistoachievethetwingoalsofendingextremepovertyandbuildingsharedprosperity.[8]Totallendingasof2015forthelast10yearsthroughDevelopmentPolicyFinancingwasapproximately$117billion.[9]ItsfiveorganizationsaretheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD),theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),theInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),theMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency(MIGA)andtheInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes(ICSID).ThefirsttwoaresometimescollectivelyreferredtoastheWorldBank. TheWorldBank's(theIBRD'sandIDA's)activitiesfocusondevelopingcountries,infieldssuchashumandevelopment(e.g.education,health),agricultureandruraldevelopment(e.g.irrigationandruralservices),environmentalprotection(e.g.pollutionreduction,establishingandenforcingregulations),infrastructure(e.g.roads,urbanregeneration,andelectricity),largeindustrialconstructionprojects,andgovernance(e.g.anti-corruption,legalinstitutionsdevelopment).TheIBRDandIDAprovideloansatpreferentialratestomembercountries,aswellasgrantstothepoorestcountries.Loansorgrantsforspecificprojectsareoftenlinkedtowiderpolicychangesinthesectororthecountry'seconomyasawhole.Forexample,aloantoimprovecoastalenvironmentalmanagementmaybelinkedtothedevelopmentofnewenvironmentalinstitutionsatnationalandlocallevelsandtheimplementationofnewregulationstolimitpollution.[10] TheWorldBankhasreceivedvariouscriticismsovertheyearsandwastarnishedbyascandalwithitsthenPresidentPaulWolfowitzandhisaide,ShahaRiza,in2007.[11] Contents 1History 1.1Founding 2Membership 3Organizationalstructure 3.1WorldBankGroupagencies 3.2Presidency 3.2.1Currentpresident 3.3Managingdirector 3.4ExtractiveIndustriesreview 4Criticism 4.1Allegationsofcorruption 4.2Investments 5Listofpresidents 6Listofchiefeconomists 7ListofWorldBankDirectors-GeneralofEvaluation 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks History[edit] Founding[edit] TheWBGcameintoformalexistenceon27December1946followinginternationalratificationoftheBrettonWoodsagreements,whichemergedfromtheUnitedNationsMonetaryandFinancialConference(1–22July1944).ItalsoprovidedthefoundationoftheOsianderCommitteein1951,responsibleforthepreparationandevaluationoftheWorldDevelopmentReport.Commencingoperationson25June1946,itapproveditsfirstloanon9May1947(US$250MtoFranceforpostwarreconstruction,inrealtermsthelargestloantheBankhasissuedtodate). Membership[edit] WorldBankGroup:  memberstatesofallfiveWBGorganizations  memberstatesoffourWBGorganizations  memberstatesofthreeWBGorganizations  memberstatesoftwoWBGorganizations  memberstatesonlyoftheIBRD Allofthe193UNmembersandKosovothatareWBGmembersparticipateataminimumintheIBRD.AsofMay2016,allofthemalsoparticipateinsomeoftheotherfourorganizations(IDA,IFC,MIGA,andICSID). WBGmembersbythenumberoforganizationswhichtheyparticipatein:[2] onlyinIBRD:None IBRDandoneotherorganization:SanMarino,Nauru,Tuvalu,Brunei IBRDandtwootherorganizations:AntiguaandBarbuda,Suriname,Venezuela,Namibia,MarshallIslands,Kiribati IBRDandthreeotherorganizations:India,Mexico,Belize,Jamaica,DominicanRepublic,Brazil,Bolivia,Uruguay,Ecuador,Dominica,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Guinea-Bissau,EquatorialGuinea,Angola,SouthAfrica,Seychelles,Libya,Somalia,Ethiopia,Eritrea,Djibouti,Bahrain,Qatar,Iran,Malta,Bulgaria,Poland,Russia,Belarus,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Thailand,Laos,Vietnam,Palau,Tonga,Vanuatu,Maldives,Bhutan,Myanmar AllfiveWBGorganizations:therestofthe138WBGmembers Non-membersareAndorra,Cuba,Liechtenstein,Monaco,StateofPalestine,VaticanCity,andNorthKorea. TheRepublicofChinajoinedtheWorldBankonDecember27,1945.[12]AftertheChineseCivilWar,thegovernmentfledtoTaiwanandcontinueditsmembershipintheWBGuntilApril16,1980whenthePeople'sRepublicofChinareplacedtheROC.Sincethen,itusesthename"Taiwan,China".[13] Excludedfromthelistarethefollowingunrecognizedstates:Abkhazia,RepublicofArtsakh,NorthernCyprus,Somaliland,SouthOssetiaandTransnistria. Organizationalstructure[edit] TheWorldBankGroupBuildinginWashington,D.C. TheWorldBankSignonthebuilding Togetherwithfouraffiliatedagenciescreatedbetween1957and1988,theIBRDispartoftheWorldBankGroup.TheGroup'sheadquartersareinWashington,D.C.Itisaninternationalorganizationownedbymembergovernments;althoughitmakesprofits,theyareusedtosupportcontinuedeffortsinpovertyreduction.[14] TechnicallytheWorldBankispartoftheUnitedNationssystem,[15]butitsgovernancestructureisdifferent:eachinstitutionintheWorldBankGroupisownedbyitsmembergovernments,whichsubscribetoitsbasicsharecapital,withvotesproportionaltoshareholding.Membershipgivescertainvotingrightsthatarethesameforallcountriesbuttherearealsoadditionalvotesthatdependonfinancialcontributionstotheorganization.ThePresidentoftheWorldBankisnominatedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStatesandelectedbytheBank'sBoardofGovernors.[16]Asof15November2009theUnitedStatesheld16.4%oftotalvotes,Japan7.9%,Germany4.5%,theUnitedKingdom4.3%,andFrance4.3%.AschangestotheBank'sCharterrequirean85%supermajority,theU.S.canblockanymajorchangeintheBank'sgoverningstructure.[17]BecausetheU.S.exertsformalandinformalinfluenceovertheBankasaresultofitsvoteshare,controloverthePresidency,andtheBank'sheadquarterslocationinWashington,D.C.,friendsandalliesoftheU.S.receivemoreprojectswithmorelenientterms.[18] WorldBankGroupagencies[edit] TheWorldBankGroupconsistsof theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD),establishedin1944,whichprovidesdebtfinancingonthebasisofsovereignguarantees; theInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),establishedin1956,whichprovidesvariousformsoffinancingwithoutsovereignguarantees,primarilytotheprivatesector; theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),establishedin1960,whichprovidesconcessionalfinancing(interest-freeloansorgrants),usuallywithsovereignguarantees; theInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes(ICSID),establishedin1965,whichworkswithgovernmentstoreduceinvestmentrisk; theMultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency(MIGA),establishedin1988,whichprovidesinsuranceagainstcertaintypesofrisk,includingpoliticalrisk,primarilytotheprivatesector. Theterm"WorldBank"generallyreferstojusttheIBRDandIDA,whereastheterm"WorldBankGroup"or"WBG"isusedtorefertoallfiveinstitutionscollectively.[16] TheWorldBankInstituteisthecapacitydevelopmentbranchoftheWorldBank,providinglearningandothercapacity-buildingprogramstomembercountries. TheIBRDhas189membergovernments,andtheotherinstitutionshavebetween153and184.[2]TheinstitutionsoftheWorldBankGroupareallrunbyaboardofgovernorsmeetingonceayear.[16]Eachmembercountryappointsagovernor,generallyitsMinisterofFinance.Onadailybasis,theWorldBankGroupisrunbyaboardof25executivedirectorstowhomthegovernorshavedelegatedcertainpowers.Eachdirectorrepresentseitheronecountry(forthelargestcountries),oragroupofcountries.Executivedirectorsareappointedbytheirrespectivegovernmentsortheconstituencies.[16] TheagenciesoftheWorldBankareeachgovernedbytheirArticlesofAgreementthatserveasthelegalandinstitutionalfoundationforalltheirwork.[16] TheactivitiesoftheIFCandMIGAincludeinvestmentintheprivatesectorandprovidinginsurance,respectively. Presidency[edit] Traditionally,theBankPresidenthasbeenaU.S.citizennominatedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStates,thebank'slargestshareholder.Thenomineeissubjecttoconfirmationbytheexecutivedirectors,toserveafive-year,renewableterm.[16] Currentpresident[edit] On5April2019,DavidMalpasswasselectedasthe13thWorldBankGroupPresident;histermbeganon9April2019. Managingdirector[edit] ThemanagingdirectorofTheWorldBankisresponsiblefororganizationalstrategy;budgetandstrategicplanning;informationtechnology;sharedservices;CorporateProcurement;GeneralServicesandCorporateSecurity;theSanctionsSystem;andtheConflictResolutionandInternalJusticeSystem.ThepresentMD,ShaolinYang,assumedtheofficeafterSriMulyaniresignedtobecomefinanceministerofIndonesia.[19][20] ExtractiveIndustriesreview[edit] AfterlongstandingcriticismsfromcivilsocietyoftheBank'sinvolvementintheoil,gas,andminingsectors,theWorldBankinJuly2001launchedanindependentreviewcalledtheExtractiveIndustriesReview(EIR—nottobeconfusedwithEnvironmentalImpactReport).Thereviewwasheadedbyan"EminentPerson",Dr.EmilSalim(formerEnvironmentMinisterofIndonesia).Salimheldconsultationswithawiderangeofstakeholdersin2002and2003.TheEIRrecommendationswerepublishedinJanuary2004inafinalreport,"StrikingaBetterBalance".[21]Thereportconcludedthatfossilfuelandminingprojectsdonotalleviatepoverty,andrecommendedthatWorldBankinvolvementwiththesesectorsbephasedoutby2008tobereplacedbyinvestmentinrenewableenergyandcleanenergy.TheWorldBankpublisheditsManagementResponsetotheEIRinSeptember2004[22]afterextensivediscussionswiththeboardofdirectors.TheManagementResponsedidnotacceptmanyoftheEIRreport'sconclusions,buttheEIRservedtoaltertheWorldBank'spoliciesonoil,gas,andmininginimportantways,astheWorldBankdocumentedinarecentfollow-upreport.[23]Oneareaofparticularcontroversyconcernedtherightsofindigenouspeoples.CriticspointoutthattheManagementResponseweakenedakeyrecommendationthatindigenouspeoplesandaffectedcommunitiesshouldhavetoprovide'consentforprojectstoproceed;instead,therewouldbe'consultation'.[24]FollowingtheEIRprocess,theWorldBankissuedarevisedPolicyonIndigenousPeoples.[25] Criticism[edit] AyoungWorldBankprotesterinJakarta,Indonesia WorldBank/IMFprotesterssmashedthewindowsofthisPNCBankbranchlocatedintheLoganCircleneighborhoodofWashington,D.C. TheWorldBankhaslongbeencriticizedbyarangeofnon-governmentalorganizationsandacademics,notablyincludingitsformerChiefEconomistJosephStiglitz,whoisequallycriticaloftheInternationalMonetaryFund,theUSTreasuryDepartment,andUSandotherdevelopedcountrytradenegotiators.[26]Criticsarguethattheso-calledfreemarketreformpolicies—whichtheBankadvocatesinmanycases—inpracticeareoftenharmfultoeconomicdevelopmentifimplementedbadly,tooquickly("shocktherapy"),inthewrongsequence,orinveryweak,uncompetitiveeconomies.[26]WorldBankloanagreementscanalsoforceprocurementsofgoodsandservicesatuncompetitive,non-free-market,prices.[27]: 5 OthercriticalwriterssuchasJohnPerkins,labeltheinternationalfinancialinstitutionsas'illegalandillegitimate'andacogofcoerciveAmericandiplomacyincarryingoutfinancialterrorism.[28] InMastersofIllusion:TheWorldBankandthePovertyofNations(1996),CatherineCaufieldarguesthattheassumptionsandstructureoftheWorldBankoperationultimatelyharmdevelopingnationsratherthanpromotingthem.CaufieldfirstcriticizesthehighlyhomogenizedandWesternrecipesof"development"theBankholds.TotheWorldBank,differentnationsandregionsareindistinguishableandreadytoreceivethe"uniformremedyofdevelopment".Thedangerofthisassumptionisthattoattainevensmallportionsofsuccess,Westernapproachestolifeareadoptedandtraditionaleconomicstructuresandvaluesareabandoned.Asecondassumptionisthatpoorcountriescannotmodernizewithoutmoneyandadvicefromabroad. AnumberofintellectualsindevelopingcountrieshavearguedthattheWorldBankisdeeplyimplicatedincontemporarymodesofdonorandNGO-drivenimperialismandthatitsintellectualcontributionfunctions,primarily,toseektoblamethepoorfortheircondition.[29] DefendersoftheWorldBankcontendthatnocountryisforcedtoborrowitsmoney.TheBankprovidesbothloansandgrants.Eventheloansareconcessionalsincetheyaregiventocountriesthathavenoaccesstointernationalcapitalmarkets.Furthermore,theloans,bothtopoorandmiddle-incomecountries,areatbelowmarket-valueinterestrates.TheWorldBankarguesthatitcanhelpdevelopmentmorethroughloansthangrants,becausemoneyrepaidontheloanscanthenbelentforotherprojects. CriticismwasalsoexpressedtowardstheIFCandMIGAandtheirwayofevaluatingthesocialandenvironmentalimpactoftheirprojects.CriticsstatethateventhoughIFCandMIGAhavemoreofthesestandardsthantheWorldBank,theymostlyrelyonprivate-sectorclientstomonitortheirimplementationandmissanindependentmonitoringinstitutioninthiscontext.Thisiswhyanextensivereviewoftheinstitutions'implementationstrategyofsocialandenvironmentalstandardsisdemanded.[30] Allegationsofcorruption[edit] TheWorldBank'sIntegrityVicePresidency(INT)ischargedwiththeinvestigationofinternalfraudandcorruption,includingcomplaintintake,investigation,andinvestigationreports.[31] Investments[edit] TheWorldBankGrouphasalsobeencriticizedforinvestinginprojectswithhumanrightsissues.[32] TheComplianceAdvisor/Ombudsman(CAO)criticizedaloantheBankmadetothepalmoilcompanyDinantafterthe2009Hondurancoupd'état.TherehavebeennumerouskillingsofcampesinosintheregionwhereDinantwasoperating.[32][33] OthercontroversialinvestmentsincludeloanstotheChixoyHydroelectricDaminGuatemalawhileitwasundermilitarydictatorship,andtoGoldcorp(thenGlamisGold)fortheconstructionoftheMarlinMine.[32] In2019,theCongressional-ExecutiveCommissiononChinaquestionedtheWorldBankaboutaloaninXinjiang,China,thatwasusedtobuyhigh-endsecuritygear,includingsurveillanceequipment.[34][35]TheBanklaunchedaninternalinvestigationinresponsetotheallegation.[36]InAugust2020,U.S.lawmakersquestionedthecontinueddisbursementoftheloan.[37] Listofpresidents[edit] Mainarticle:PresidentoftheWorldBankGroup EugeneMeyer(18June1946–4December1946) JohnJ.McCloy(17March1947–1July1949) EugeneR.Black,Sr.(1July1949–1January1963) GeorgeD.Woods(1January1963–1April1968) RobertMcNamara(1April1968–1July1981) AldenW.Clausen(1July1981–1July1986) BarberConable(1July1986–1September1991) LewisT.Preston(1September1991–1February1995) Acting:ErnestStern(1February1995–1June1995) JamesWolfensohn(1June1995–1June2005) PaulWolfowitz(1June2005–1July2007) RobertZoellick(1July2007–1July2012) JimYongKim(1July2012–1February2019) KristalinaGeorgieva(1February2019–4April2019)(Interim) DavidMalpass(5April2019–present) Listofchiefeconomists[edit] Mainarticle:WorldBankChiefEconomist HollisB.Chenery(1972–1982) AnneOsbornKrueger(1982–1986) StanleyFischer(1988–1990) LawrenceSummers(1991–1993) MichaelBruno(1993–1996) JosephE.Stiglitz(1997–2000) NicholasStern(2000–2003) FrançoisBourguignon(2003–2007) JustinYifuLin(June2008–June2012) MartinRavallion-(June2012–October2012) KaushikBasu(October2012–July2016) PaulRomer(August2016–January2018) ShantaDevarajan(January2018–November2018)(Acting) PinelopiKoujianouGoldberg(November2018–February2020) AartKraay(March2020–June2020)(Acting) CarmenReinhart(June2020–present) ListofWorldBankDirectors-GeneralofEvaluation[edit] Mainarticle:WorldBankDirector-GeneralEvaluation ChristopherWilloughby,SuccessivelyUnitChief,DivisionChief,andDepartmentDirectorforOperationsEvaluation(1970–1976) MervynL.Weiner,FirstDirector-General,OperationsEvaluation(1975–1984) YvesRovani,Director-General,OperationsEvaluation(1986–1992) RobertPicciotto,Director-General,OperationsEvaluation(1992–2002) GregoryK.Ingram,Director-General,OperationsEvaluation(2002–2005) VinodThomas,Director-General,Evaluation(2005–2011) CarolineHeider,Director-General,Evaluation(2011–present) Seealso[edit] Banksportal Worldportal BrazilandtheWorldBank ChinaandtheWorldBank HondurasandtheWorldBank ZimbabweandtheWorldBank AllpageswithtitlescontainingWorldBank References[edit] ^"AbouttheWorldBank".worldbank.org. ^abc"MemberCountries".WorldBankGroup.Retrieved3June2016. ^"DavidMalpass,aUSTreasuryofficialandDonaldTrump'spick,appointedWorldBankpresident".scroll.in.Retrieved6April2019. ^"SBIMDAnshulaKantappointedasMD,CFOofWorldBankGroup".antopedia.org.Retrieved13July2019. ^"BoardofDirectors".Web.worldbank.org.Retrieved31May2010. ^"RDSISignGold".UnitedNationsDevelopmentGroup.Retrieved27May2012.[deadlink] ^"Fiscalyeardata".WorldBank.Retrieved7December2021. ^TheWorldBank,Pressrelease:"WorldBankGroupCommitmentsRiseSharplyinFY14AmidOrganizationalChange",July12014,http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/07/01/world-bank-group-commitments-rise-sharply-in-fy14-amid-organizational-change ^"2015DevelopmentPolicyFinancingRetrospective-ResultsandSustainability".worldbank.org. ^Worldbank-structuredfinancialproducts(PDF).Washington:Worldbank.5April2016.Retrieved5November2018. ^"WolfowitzMayNotSurviveWorldBankScandalInvolvingGirlfriend'sPromotion,PayHike".Foxnews.com.12April2007.Retrieved15February2014. ^"MemberCountries".WorldBank.Retrieved10December2019. ^"Taiwan,China|Data". ^FAQ-AboutTheWorldBank,Worldbank.org. ^TheUnitedNationssystem:PrincipalOrgansArchived3March2016attheWaybackMachine,Colorado.edu. ^abcdef"AboutUs",wordbank.org,accessed30May2007. ^USBlocksStrongerAfricanVoiceAtWorldBankRetrieved7August2007. ^ClarkRichardandLindsayDolan."PleasingthePrincipal:U.S.InfluenceinWorldBankPolicymaking."2021.AmericanJournalofPoliticalScience65(1):36-51.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12531 ^"MoreChineseathelmofinternationalorganisations".TheStraitsTimes.Retrieved3October2018.[permanentdeadlink] ^"Indonesia'spresidentappointsWorldBank'sSriMulyaniasfinanceminister".TheStar.Retrieved3October2018. ^"StrikingaBetterBalance",worldbank.org,January2004,accessed30May2007. ^"StrikingaBetterBalance","WorldBankGroupManagementResponse"to"TheWorldBankGroupandExtractiveIndustries:TheFinalReportoftheExtractiveIndustriesReview:WorldBankGroupManagementResponse",17September2004,accessed30May2007. ^"Oil,Gas,Mining,andChemicals"(followupreport)[permanentdeadlink],accessed30May2007. ^"TheEnergyTugofWar"Archived30September2007attheWaybackMachine,TheNewInternationalist,No.373(November2004),accessed30May2007. ^"WorldBankOperationalManual:OperationalPolicies:IndigenousPeoples"(Op4.10),worldbank.org,July2005,accessed30May2007.Archivedversionfrom7May2008 ^abSeeJosephStiglitz,TheRoaringNineties,GlobalizationandItsDiscontents,andMakingGlobalizationWork. ^"MicrosoftWord-IFIWatchBangladesh_Vol_1No_1.doc"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on8November2004.Retrieved31May2010. ^Perkins,John(2004).ConfessionsofanEconomicHitMan.p. 259.ISBN 0-452-28708-1. ^ForinstanceseeDavidMoore'seditedbook'TheWorldBank',UniversityofKwaZulu-NatalPress,2007 ^KorinnaHorta(February2013)."Mostrelevantreview".dandc.eu. ^"IntegrityVicePresidency-TheInvestigativeProcess".Web.worldbank.org.Retrieved27May2012. ^abcMychalejko,Cyril(23January2014)."BeyondReform:It'sTimetoShutDowntheWorldBank".UpsideDownWorld.Retrieved5April2014. ^Malkin,Elisabeth(10January2014)."WorldBankIsCriticizedforHonduranLoan".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved5April2014. ^Allen-Ebrahimian,Bethany(27August2019)."TheWorldBankWasWarnedAboutFundingRepressioninXinjiang".ForeignPolicy.Retrieved28August2019. ^Allen-Ebrahimian,Bethany(11December2019)."Scoop:ChinatriedtogetWorldBanktofundsurveillanceinXinjiang".Axios.Retrieved14August2020. ^Rappeport,Alan(31August2019)."WorldBanklaunchesprobeintowhether£40mChinaloanfundsMuslimdetentioncamps".TheIndependent.Retrieved1September2019. ^Allen-Ebrahimian,Bethany(14August2020)."LawmakersdemandanswersfromWorldBankonXinjiangloan".Axios.Retrieved14August2020. Externallinks[edit] LibraryresourcesaboutWorldBankGroup Resourcesinyourlibrary Resourcesinotherlibraries Officialwebsite WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoWorldBankGroup. vteWorldBankWorldBankGroup InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment InternationalDevelopmentAssociation InternationalFinanceCorporation MultilateralInvestmentGuaranteeAgency InternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes Presidents EugeneMeyer JohnJ.McCloy EugeneR.Black,Sr. GeorgeDavidWoods RobertMcNamara AldenW.Clausen BarberConable LewisThompsonPreston JamesWolfensohn PaulWolfowitz RobertZoellick JimYongKim DavidMalpass Elections 1946 1947 1949 1963 1968 1981 1986 1991 1995 2005 2007 2012 2017 2019 CategoryWorldBank  WorldBankGroup  CountryRelations vteCentralbanksGlobal BankforInternationalSettlements BaselCommitteeonBankingSupervision FinancialStabilityBoard Policies Capitalrequirement Contractionarymonetarypolicy Expansionarymonetarypolicy BaselII BaselIII BaselIV Implementation Capitalcontrol 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