Scottish Gaelic - Wikipedia

Scottish Gaelic also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language native to the Gaels of Scotland. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, ... ScottishGaelic FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch FortheGermaniclanguagethatdivergedfromMiddleEnglish,seeScotslanguage. GoidelicCelticlanguageofScotland ScottishGaelicScotsGaelic,GaelicGàidhligPronunciation[ˈkaːlɪkʲ]Native toUnitedKingdom,CanadaRegionScotland;CapeBretonIsland,NovaScotiaEthnicityScottishpeopleNativespeakers57,000fluentL1andL2speakersinScotland[1] (2011)87,000peopleinScotlandreportedhavingsomeGaeliclanguageabilityin2011;[1]1,300fluentinNovaScotia[2]LanguagefamilyIndo-European CelticInsularCelticGoidelicScottishGaelicEarlyformsPrimitiveIrish OldIrish MiddleIrish Dialects Canadian Mid-Minch EastSutherland Galwegian† manyothers WritingsystemLatin(ScottishGaelicalphabet)OfficialstatusOfficiallanguage inScotland[3]Recognisedminoritylanguage inNovaScotia,CanadaLanguagecodesISO639-1gdISO639-2glaISO639-3glaGlottologscot1245ELPScottishGaelicLinguasphere50-AAA2011distributionofGaelicspeakersinScotlandThisarticlecontainsIPAphoneticsymbols.Withoutproperrenderingsupport,youmayseequestionmarks,boxes,orothersymbolsinsteadofUnicodecharacters.ForanintroductoryguideonIPAsymbols,seeHelp:IPA. PartofaseriesontheCultureofScotland History People Languages ScottishGaelic BroadScots ScottishEnglish Pictish Norn Traditions Clothing Hackle BurningoftheClavie Burnssupper CommonRiding Crofting Saining Scotslaw Scottishclan Skalk UpHellyAa Unitsofmeasurement Mythologyandfolklore Mythology Folklore Cuisine Festivals St.Andrew'sDay Hogmanay Burnssupper TartanDay LanimerDay Imbolc Bealltainn/MayDay Lùnastal Samhainn Religion Art Literature Musicandperformingarts Music Performing arts Folkmusic Scottishhighlanddance Scottishcountrydance Scottishsworddances Mod Keening Waulkingsong Opera Puirtàbeul BorderBallad Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Golf Curling Football Haggishurling Hailes Highlandgames Horseracing Rugbysevens Rugbyunion Shinty Shotput Monuments WorldHeritageSites Symbols Flag Coatofarms LionRampant Thistle Tartan Celticcross Celticknot Scottishinventionsanddiscoveries  Scotlandportalvte ScottishGaelic(ScottishGaelic:Gàidhlig[ˈkaːlɪkʲ](listen)),alsoknownasScotsGaelicandGaelic,isaGoideliclanguage(intheCelticbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily)nativetotheGaelsofScotland.AsaGoideliclanguage,ScottishGaelic,aswellasbothIrishandManx,developedoutofOldIrish.[4]Itbecameadistinctspokenlanguagesometimeinthe13thcenturyintheMiddleIrishperiod,althoughacommonliterarylanguagewassharedbyGaelsinbothIrelandandScotlanddowntothe16thcentury.[5]MostofmodernScotlandwasonceGaelic-speaking,asevidencedespeciallybyGaelic-languageplacenames.[6][7] Inthe2011censusofScotland,57,375people(1.1%oftheScottishpopulationagedover3yearsold)reportedbeingabletospeakGaelic,1,275fewerthanin2001.ThehighestpercentagesofGaelicspeakerswereintheOuterHebrides.Nevertheless,therearerevivalefforts,andthenumberofspeakersofthelanguageunderage20didnotdecreasebetweenthe2001and2011censuses.[8]OutsideScotland,adialectknownasCanadianGaelichasbeenspokenineasternCanadasincethe18thcentury.Inthe2016nationalcensus,nearly4,000CanadianresidentsclaimedknowledgeofScottishGaelic,withaparticularconcentrationinNovaScotia.[9][10] ScottishGaelicisnotanofficiallanguageoftheUnitedKingdom.However,itisclassedasanindigenouslanguageundertheEuropeanCharterforRegionalorMinorityLanguages,whichtheUKGovernmenthasratified,andtheGaelicLanguage(Scotland)Act2005establishedalanguage-developmentbody,BòrdnaGàidhlig.[11] Contents 1Name 2History 2.1Origins 2.2Decline 2.3Modernera 2.4Defunctdialects 3Status 3.1Numberofspeakers 3.2DistributioninScotland 4Usage 4.1Official 4.1.1Scotland 4.1.1.1ScottishParliament 4.1.1.2Qualificationsinthelanguage 4.1.1.3EuropeanUnion 4.1.1.4Signage 4.1.2Canada 4.1.2.1NovaScotia 4.1.2.2OutsideNovaScotia 4.2Media 4.3Education 4.3.1Scotland 4.3.2Canada 4.3.3Higherandfurthereducation 4.4Church 4.5Literature 4.6Names 4.6.1Personalnames 4.6.2Surnames 5Phonology 6Grammar 6.1Nouninflection 6.2Verbinflection 6.3Wordorder 7Lexicon 7.1Loanwordsintootherlanguages 8Orthography 8.1Alphabet 9Exampletext 10CommonwordsandphraseswithIrishandManxequivalents 11References 11.1Notes 11.2Citations 11.3Resources 11.4Externallinks Name[edit] Asidefrom"ScottishGaelic",thelanguagemayalsobereferredtosimplyas"Gaelic",pronounced/ˈɡælɪk/inEnglish.However,"Gaelic"/ˈɡeɪlɪk/alsoreferstotheIrishlanguage(Gaeilge)[12]andtheManxlanguage(Gaelg). ScottishGaelicisdistinctfromScots,theMiddleEnglish-derivedlanguagewhichhadcometobespokeninmostoftheLowlandsofScotlandbytheearlymodernera.Priortothe15thcentury,thislanguagewasknownasInglis("English")[13]byitsownspeakers,withGaelicbeingcalledScottis("Scottish").Beginninginthelate15thcentury,itbecameincreasinglycommonforsuchspeakerstorefertoScottishGaelicasErse("Irish")andtheLowlandvernacularasScottis.[14]Today,ScottishGaelicisrecognisedasaseparatelanguagefromIrish,sothewordErseinreferencetoScottishGaelicisnolongerused.[15] History[edit] Mainarticles:HistoryoftheIrishlanguageandHistoryofScottishGaelic Origins[edit] Furtherinformation:HistoryoftheIrishlanguage,PrimitiveIrish,OldIrish,MiddleIrish,andEarlyModernIrish PlacenamesinScotlandthatcontaintheelementbal-fromtheScottishGaelicbailemeaninghome,farmstead,townorcity.ThesedatagivesomeindicationoftheextentofmedievalGaelicsettlementinScotland. Basedonmedievaltraditionalaccountsandtheapparentevidencefromlinguisticgeography,GaelichasbeencommonlybelievedtohavebeenbroughttoScotland,inthe4th–5thcenturiesCE,bysettlersfromIrelandwhofoundedtheGaelickingdomofDálRiataonScotland'swestcoastinpresent-dayArgyll.[16]: 551 [17]: 66 AnalternativeviewhasbeenvoicedbyarchaeologistDrEwanCampbell,whohasarguedthattheputativemigrationortakeoverisnotreflectedinarchaeologicalorplacenamedata(aspointedoutearlierbyLeslieAlcock).Campbellhasalsoquestionedtheageandreliabilityofthemedievalhistoricalsourcesspeakingofaconquest.Instead,hehasinferredthatArgyllformedpartofacommonQ-Celtic-speakingareawithIreland,connectedratherthandividedbythesea,sincetheIronAge.[18]Theseargumentshavebeenopposedbysomescholarsdefendingtheearlydatingofthetraditionalaccountsandarguingforotherinterpretationsofthearchaeologicalevidence.[19] Regardlessofhowitcametobespokenintheregion,GaelicinScotlandwasmostlyconfinedtoDálRiatauntiltheeighthcentury,whenitbeganexpandingintoPictishareasnorthoftheFirthofForthandtheFirthofClyde.DuringthereignofCaustantínmacÁeda(ConstantineII,900–943),outsidersbegantorefertotheregionasthekingdomofAlbaratherthanasthekingdomofthePicts.However,thoughthePictishlanguagedidnotdisappearsuddenly,aprocessofGaelicisation(whichmayhavebegungenerationsearlier)wasclearlyunderwayduringthereignsofCaustantínandhissuccessors.Byacertainpoint,probablyduringthe11thcentury,alltheinhabitantsofAlbahadbecomefullyGaelicisedScots,andPictishidentitywasforgotten.[20]BilingualisminPictishandGaelic,priortotheformer'sextinction,ledtothepresenceofPictishloanwordsinGaelic[21]andsyntacticinfluence[22]whichcouldbeconsideredtoconstituteaPictishsubstrate.[23] In1018,aftertheconquestoftheLothiansbytheKingdomofScotland,Gaelicreacheditssocial,cultural,political,andgeographiczenith.[24]: 16–18 ColloquialspeechinScotlandhadbeendevelopingindependentlyofthatinIrelandsincetheeighthcentury.[25]Forthefirsttime,theentireregionofmodern-dayScotlandwascalledScotiainLatin,andGaelicwasthelinguaScotica.[26]: 276 [27]: 554 InsouthernScotland,GaelicwasstronginGalloway,adjoiningareastothenorthandwest,WestLothian,andpartsofwesternMidlothian.ItwasspokentoalesserdegreeinnorthAyrshire,Renfrewshire,theClydeValleyandeasternDumfriesshire.Insouth-easternScotland,thereisnoevidencethatGaelicwaseverwidelyspoken.[28] Decline[edit] Linguisticdivisioninearly12thcenturyScotland.  Gaelicspeaking  Norse-Gaeliczone,useofeitherorbothlanguages  English-speakingzone  Cumbricmayhavesurvivedinthiszone ManyhistoriansmarkthereignofKingMalcolmCanmore(MalcolmIII)between1058and1093asthebeginningofGaelic'seclipseinScotland.HiswifeMargaretofWessexspokenoGaelic,gaveherchildrenAnglo-SaxonratherthanGaelicnames,andbroughtmanyEnglishbishops,priests,andmonasticstoScotland.[24]: 19 WhenMalcolmandMargaretdiedin1093,theGaelicaristocracyrejectedtheiranglicisedsonsandinsteadbackedMalcolm'sbrotherDonaldBàn(DonaldIII).[citationneeded]Donaldhadspent17yearsinGaelicIrelandandhispowerbasewasinthethoroughlyGaelicwestofScotland.HewasthelastScottishmonarchtobeburiedonIona,thetraditionalburialplaceoftheGaelicKingsofDàlRiadaandtheKingdomofAlba.[citationneeded]However,duringthereignsofMalcolmCanmore'ssons,Edgar,AlexanderIandDavidI(theirsuccessivereignslasting1097–1153),Anglo-NormannamesandpracticesspreadthroughoutScotlandsouthoftheForth–ClydelineandalongthenortheasterncoastalplainasfarnorthasMoray.NormanFrenchcompletelydisplacedGaelicatcourt.Theestablishmentofroyalburghsthroughoutthesamearea,particularlyunderDavidI,attractedlargenumbersofforeignersspeakingOldEnglish.ThiswasthebeginningofGaelic'sstatusasapredominantlyrurallanguageinScotland.[24]: 19–23  ClanchiefsinthenorthernandwesternpartsofScotlandcontinuedtosupportGaelicbardswhoremainedacentralfeatureofcourtlifethere.Thesemi-independentLordshipoftheIslesintheHebridesandwesterncoastalmainlandremainedthoroughlyGaelicsincethelanguage'srecoverythereinthe12thcentury,providingapoliticalfoundationforculturalprestigedowntotheendofthe15thcentury.[27]: 553–6  Linguisticdivideinthemiddleages.Left:dividein1400afterLoch,1932;Right:dividein1500afterNicholson,1974(bothreproducedfromWithers,1984)   Gaelic   Scots   Norn Bythemid-14thcenturywhateventuallycametobecalledScots(atthattimetermedInglis)emergedastheofficiallanguageofgovernmentandlaw.[29]: 139 Scotland'semergentnationalismintheerafollowingtheconclusionoftheWarsofScottishIndependencewasorganizedusingScotsaswell.Forexample,thenation'sgreatpatrioticliteratureincludingJohnBarbour'sTheBrus(1375)andBlindHarry'sTheWallace(before1488)waswritteninScots,notGaelic.Bytheendofthe15thcentury,English/ScotsspeakersreferredtoGaelicinsteadas'Yrisch'or'Erse',i.e.Irishandtheirownlanguageas'Scottis'.[24]: 19–23  Modernera[edit] AsteadyshiftawayfromScottishGaeliccontinuedintoandthroughthemodernera.Someofthiswasdrivenbypolicydecisionsbygovernmentorotherorganisations,someoriginatedfromsocialchanges.Inthelastquarterofthe20thcentury,effortsbegantoencourageuseofthelanguage. TheStatutesofIona,enactedbyJamesVIin1609,wasonepieceoflegislationthataddressed,amongotherthings,theGaeliclanguage.Itcompelledtheheirsofclanchiefstobeeducatedinlowland,Protestant,English-speakingschools.JamesVItookseveralsuchmeasurestoimposehisruleontheHighlandandIslandregion.In1616thePrivyCouncilproclaimedthatschoolsteachinginEnglishshouldbeestablished.Gaelicwasseen,atthistime,asoneofthecausesoftheinstabilityoftheregion.ItwasalsoassociatedwithCatholicism.[30]: 110–113  TheSocietyinScotlandforthePropagationofChristianKnowledge(SSPCK)wasfoundedin1709.Theymetin1716,immediatelyafterthefailedJacobiterebellionof1715,toconsiderthereformandcivilisationoftheHighlands,whichtheysoughttoachievebyteachingEnglishandtheProtestantreligion.InitiallytheirteachingwasentirelyinEnglish,butsoontheimpracticalityofeducatingGaelic-speakingchildreninthiswaygaverisetoamodestconcession:in1723teacherswereallowedtotranslateEnglishwordsintheBibleintoGaelictoaidcomprehension,buttherewasnofurtherpermitteduse.OtherlessprominentschoolsworkedintheHighlandsatthesametime,alsoteachinginEnglish.ThisprocessofanglicisationpausedwhenevangelicalpreachersarrivedintheHighlands,convincedthatpeopleshouldbeabletoreadreligioustextsintheirownlanguage.Thefirstwell-knowntranslationoftheBibleintoScottishGaelicwasmadein1767whenDrJamesStuartofKillinandDugaldBuchananofRannochproducedatranslationoftheNewTestament.In17984tractsinGaelicwerepublishedbytheSocietyforPropagatingtheGospelatHome.5,000copiesofeachwereprinted.Otherpublicationsfollowed,withafullGaelicBiblein1801.TheinfluentialandeffectiveGaelicSchoolsSocietywasfoundedin1811.TheirpurposewastoteachGaelstoreadtheBibleintheirownlanguage.Inthefirstquarterofthe19thcentury,theSSPCK(despitetheiranti-Gaelicattitudeinprioryears)andtheBritishandForeignBibleSocietydistributed60,000GaelicBiblesand80,000NewTestaments.[31]: 98 Itisestimatedthatthisoverallschoolingandpublishingeffortgavesome300,000peopleintheHighlandssomebasicliteracy.[30]: 110–117 VeryfewEuropeanlanguageshavemadethetransitiontoamodernliterarylanguagewithoutanearlymoderntranslationoftheBible;thelackofawell-knowntranslationmayhavecontributedtothedeclineofScottishGaelic.[32]: 168–202  1891distributionofEnglish(includingScots)andGaelicinScotland  75–80%Gaelic,andEnglish━ 25–75%Gaelic,andEnglish;lineindicatesthe50%isogloss  5–25%Gaelic,andEnglish  0–5%Gaelic,andEnglish  PurelyEnglish Counterintuitively,accesstoschoolinginGaelicincreasedknowledgeofEnglish.In1829theGaelicSchoolsSocietyreportedthatparentswereunconcernedabouttheirchildrenlearningGaelic,butwereanxioustohavethemtaughtEnglish.TheSSPCKalsofoundHighlanderstohavesignificantprejudiceagainstGaelic.T.M.DevineattributesthistoanassociationbetweenEnglishandtheprosperityofemployment:theHighlandeconomyreliedgreatlyonseasonalmigrantworkerstravellingoutsidetheGàidhealtachd.In1863,anobserversympathetictoGaelicstatedthat"knowledgeofEnglishisindispensabletoanypoorislanderwhowishestolearnatradeortoearnhisbreadbeyondthelimitsofhisnativeIsle".Generally,ratherthanGaelicspeakers,itwasCelticsocietiesinthecitiesandprofessorsofCelticfromuniversitieswhosoughttopreservethelanguage.[30]: 116–117  TheEducation(Scotland)Act1872provideduniversaleducationinScotland,butcompletelyignoredGaelicinitsplans.ThemechanismforsupportingGaelicthroughtheEducationCodesissuedbytheScottishEducationDepartmentweresteadilyusedtoovercomethisomission,withmanyconcessionsinplaceby1918.However,themembersofHighlandschoolboardstendedtohaveanti-GaelicattitudesandservedasanobstacletoGaeliceducationinthelate19thandearly20thcentury.[30]: 110–111  TheLinguisticSurveyofScotlandsurveyedboththedialectoftheScottishGaeliclanguage,andalsomixeduseofEnglishandGaelicacrosstheHighlandsandIslands.[33] Defunctdialects[edit] DialectsofLowlandGaelichavebeendefunctsincethe18thcentury.GaelicintheEasternandSouthernScottishHighlands,althoughaliveuntilthemid-20thcentury,isnowlargelydefunct.AlthoughmodernScottishGaelicisdominatedbythedialectsoftheOuterHebridesandIsleofSkye,thereremainsomespeakersoftheInnerHebrideandialectsofTireeandIslay,andevenafewnativespeakersfromWesternHighlandareasincludingWesterRoss,northwestSutherland,LochaberandArgyll.DialectsonbothsidesoftheStraitsofMoyle(theNorthChannel)linkingScottishGaelicwithIrisharenowextinct,thoughnativespeakerswerestilltobefoundontheMullofKintyre,onRathlinandinNorthEastIrelandaslateasthemid-20thcentury.RecordsoftheirspeechshowthatIrishandScottishGaelicexistedinadialectchainwithnoclearlanguageboundary.[34]SomefeaturesofmoribunddialectshavebeenpreservedinNovaScotia,includingthepronunciationofthebroadorvelarisedl(l̪ˠ)as[w],asintheLochaberdialect.[35]: 131  Status[edit] Thissectionneedsexpansionwith:preservationandrevitalizationefforts;CanadianGaelicstats.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(October2015) TheEndangeredLanguagesProjectlistsGaelic'sstatusas"threatened",with"20,000to30,000activeusers".[36][37][better source needed]UNESCOclassifiesGaelicas"definitelyendangered".[38] Numberofspeakers[edit] Seealso:ListofScottishGaelic-speakingpeople GaelicspeakersinScotland(1755–2011) Year Scottishpopulation MonolingualGaelicspeakers GaelicandEnglishbilinguals TotalGaeliclanguagegroup 1755 1,265,380 Unknown Unknown 289,798 22.9% 1800 1,608,420 Unknown Unknown 297,823 18.5% 1881 3,735,573 Unknown Unknown 231,594 6.1% 1891 4,025,647 43,738 1.1% 210,677 5.2% 254,415 6.3% 1901 4,472,103 28,106 0.6% 202,700 4.5% 230,806 5.1% 1911 4,760,904 8,400 0.2% 183,998 3.9% 192,398 4.2% 1921 4,573,471 9,829 0.2% 148,950 3.3% 158,779 3.5% 1931 4,588,909 6,716 0.2% 129,419 2.8% 136,135 3.0% 1951 5,096,415 2,178 0.1% 93,269 1.8% 95,447 1.9% 1961 5,179,344 974 <0.1% 80,004 1.5% 80,978 1.5% 1971 5,228,965 477 <0.1% 88,415 1.7% 88,892 1.7% 1981 5,035,315 — — 82,620 1.6% 82,620 1.6% 1991 5,083,000 — — 65,978 1.4% 65,978 1.4% 2001 5,062,011 — — 58,652 1.2% 58,652 1.2% 2011 5,295,403 — — 57,602 1.1% 57,602 1.1% The1755–2001figuresarecensusdataquotedbyMacAulay.[39]: 141 The2011GaelicspeakersfigurescomefromtableKS206SCofthe2011Census.The2011totalpopulationfigurecomesfromtableKS101SC.NotethatthenumbersofGaelicspeakersrelatetothenumbersaged3andover,andthepercentagesarecalculatedusingthoseandthenumberofthetotalpopulationaged3andover. DistributioninScotland[edit] AScottishGaelicspeaker,recordedinScotland. The2011UKCensusshowedatotalof57,375GaelicspeakersinScotland(1.1%ofpopulationoverthreeyearsold),ofwhomonly32,400couldalsoreadandwritethelanguage.[40]Comparedwiththe2001Census,therehasbeenadiminutionofabout1300people.[41]ThisisthesmallestdropbetweencensusessincetheGaelic-languagequestionwasfirstaskedin1881.TheScottishgovernment'slanguageministerandBòrdnaGàidhligtookthisasevidencethatGaelic'slongdeclinehasslowed.[42] ThemainstrongholdofthelanguagecontinuestobetheOuterHebrides(Nah-EileananSiar),wheretheoverallproportionofspeakersis52.2%.ImportantpocketsofthelanguagealsoexistintheHighlands(5.4%)andinArgyllandBute(4.0%)andInverness(4.9%).ThelocalitywiththelargestabsolutenumberisGlasgowwith5,878suchpersons,whomakeupover10%ofallofScotland'sGaelicspeakers. CumbernauldGaelicChoirin2021 Gaeliccontinuestodeclineinitstraditionalheartland.Between2001and2011,theabsolutenumberofGaelicspeakersfellsharplyintheWesternIsles(−1,745),Argyll&Bute(−694),andHighland(−634).ThedropinStornoway,thelargestparishintheWesternIslesbypopulation,wasespeciallyacute,from57.5%ofthepopulationin1991to43.4%in2011.[43]TheonlyparishoutsidetheWesternIslesover40%Gaelic-speakingisKilmuirinNorthernSkyeat46%.TheislandsintheInnerHebrideswithsignificantpercentagesofGaelicspeakersareTiree(38.3%),Raasay(30.4%),Skye(29.4%),Lismore(26.9%),Colonsay(20.2%),andIslay(19.0%). Today,nocivilparishinScotlandhasaproportionofGaelicspeakersgreaterthan65%(thehighestvalueisinBarvas,Lewis,with64.1%).Inaddition,nocivilparishonmainlandScotlandhasaproportionofGaelicspeakersgreaterthan20%(thehighestisinArdnamurchan,Highland,with19.3%).Outofatotalof871civilparishesinScotland,theproportionofGaelicspeakersexceeds50%insevenparishes,25%in14parishes,and10%in35parishes. DeclineintraditionalareashasrecentlybeenbalancedbygrowthintheScottishLowlands.Betweenthe2001and2011censuses,thenumberofGaelicspeakersroseinnineteenofthecountry's32councilareas.ThelargestabsolutegainswereinAberdeenshire(+526),NorthLanarkshire(+305),AberdeenCity(+216),andEastAyrshire(+208).ThelargestrelativegainswereinAberdeenshire(+0.19%),EastAyrshire(+0.18%),Moray(+0.16%),andOrkney(+0.13%).[citationneeded] In2018,thecensusofpupilsinScotlandshowed520studentsinpubliclyfundedschoolshadGaelicasthemainlanguageathome,anincreaseof5%from497in2014.Duringthesameperiod,GaelicmediumeducationinScotlandhasgrown,with4,343pupils(6.3per1000)beingeducatedinaGaelic-immersionenvironmentin2018,upfrom3,583pupils(5.3per1000)in2014.[44]Datacollectedin2007–2008indicatedthatevenamongpupilsenrolledinGaelicmediumschools,81%ofprimarystudentsand74%ofsecondarystudentsreportusingEnglishmoreoftenthanGaelicwhenspeakingwiththeirmothersathome.[45]TheeffectonthisofthesignificantincreaseinpupilsinGaelic-mediumeducationsincethattimeisunknown. Usage[edit] Official[edit] Scotland[edit] ScottishParliament[edit] AnneLorneGilliesspeakingpubliclyintheScottishGaeliclanguage Gaelichaslongsufferedfromitslackofuseineducationalandadministrativecontextsandwaslongsuppressed.[46] TheUKgovernmenthasratifiedtheEuropeanCharterforRegionalorMinorityLanguagesinrespectofGaelic.Gaelic,alongwithIrishandWelsh,isdesignatedunderPartIIIoftheCharter,whichrequirestheUKGovernmenttotakearangeofconcretemeasuresinthefieldsofeducation,justice,publicadministration,broadcastingandculture.IthasnotreceivedthesamedegreeofofficialrecognitionfromtheUKGovernmentasWelsh.Withtheadventofdevolution,however,Scottishmattershavebeguntoreceivegreaterattention,anditachievedadegreeofofficialrecognitionwhentheGaelicLanguage(Scotland)ActwasenactedbytheScottishParliamenton21April2005. ThekeyprovisionsoftheActare:[47] EstablishingtheGaelicdevelopmentbody,BòrdnaGàidhlig(BnG),onastatutorybasiswithaviewtosecuringthestatusoftheGaeliclanguageasanofficiallanguageofScotlandcommandingequalrespecttotheEnglishlanguageandtopromotetheuseandunderstandingofGaelic. RequiringBnGtoprepareaNationalGaelicLanguagePlaneveryfiveyearsforapprovalbyScottishMinisters. RequiringBnGtoproduceguidanceonGaelicmediumeducationandGaelicasasubjectforeducationauthorities. RequiringpublicbodiesinScotland,bothScottishpublicbodiesandcross-borderpublicbodiesinsofarastheycarryoutdevolvedfunctions,todevelopGaeliclanguageplansinrelationtotheservicestheyoffer,ifrequestedtodosobyBnG. Followingaconsultationperiod,inwhichthegovernmentreceivedmanysubmissions,themajorityofwhichaskedthatthebillbestrengthened,arevisedbillwaspublished;themainalterationwasthattheguidanceoftheBòrdisnowstatutory(ratherthanadvisory).InthecommitteestagesintheScottishParliament,therewasmuchdebateoverwhetherGaelicshouldbegiven'equalvalidity'withEnglish.Duetoexecutiveconcernsaboutresourcingimplicationsifthiswordingwasused,theEducationCommitteesettledontheconceptof'equalrespect'.Itisnotclearwhatthelegalforceofthiswordingis. TheActwaspassedbytheScottishParliamentunanimously,withsupportfromallsectorsoftheScottishpoliticalspectrum,on21April2005.UndertheprovisionsoftheAct,itwillultimatelyfalltoBnGtosecurethestatusoftheGaeliclanguageasanofficiallanguageofScotland. PoliceScotlandvehiclelogo(Bilingual) Somecommentators,suchasÉamonnÓGribín(2006)arguethattheGaelicActfallssofarshortofthestatusaccordedtoWelshthatonewouldbefoolishornaïvetobelievethatanysubstantialchangewilloccurinthefortunesofthelanguageasaresultofBòrdnaGàidhlig'sefforts.[48] On10December2008,tocelebratethe60thanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,theScottishHumanRightsCommissionhadtheUDHRtranslatedintoGaelicforthefirsttime.[49] However,giventherearenolongeranymonolingualGaelicspeakers,[50]followinganappealinthecourtcaseofTaylorvHaughney(1982),involvingthestatusofGaelicinjudicialproceedings,theHighCourtruledagainstageneralrighttouseGaelicincourtproceedings.[51] Qualificationsinthelanguage[edit] TheScottishQualificationsAuthorityoffertwostreamsofGaelicexaminationacrossalllevelsofthesyllabus:Gaelicforlearners(equivalenttothemodernforeignlanguagessyllabus)andGaelicfornativespeakers(equivalenttotheEnglishsyllabus).[52][53] AnComunnGàidhealachperformsassessmentofspokenGaelic,resultingintheissueofaBronzeCard,SilverCardorGoldCard.SyllabusdetailsareavailableonAnComunn'swebsite.Thesearenotwidelyrecognisedasqualifications,butarerequiredforthosetakingpartincertaincompetitionsattheannualmods.[54] EuropeanUnion[edit] Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Thereasongivenis:TheUKhasnowlefttheEU.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(December2020) InOctober2009,anewagreementallowedScottishGaelictobeformallyusedbetweenScottishGovernmentministersandEuropeanUnionofficials.ThedealwassignedbyBritain'srepresentativetotheEU,SirKimDarroch,andtheScottishgovernment.ThisdidnotgiveScottishGaelicofficialstatusintheEUbutgaveittherighttobeameansofformalcommunicationsintheEU'sinstitutions.TheScottishgovernmenthadtopayforthetranslationfromGaelictootherEuropeanlanguages.ThedealwasreceivedpositivelyinScotland;SecretaryofStateforScotlandJimMurphysaidthemovewasastrongsignoftheUKgovernment'ssupportforGaelic.Hesaid;"AllowingGaelicspeakerstocommunicatewithEuropeaninstitutionsintheirmothertongueisaprogressivestepforwardandonewhichshouldbewelcomed".[citationneeded]CultureMinisterMikeRussellsaid;"thisisasignificantstepforwardfortherecognitionofGaelicbothathomeandabroadandIlookforwardtoaddressingthecouncilinGaelicverysoon.SeeingGaelicspokeninsuchaforumraisestheprofileofthelanguageaswedriveforwardourcommitmenttocreatinganewgenerationofGaelicspeakersinScotland."[55] Signage[edit] Seealso:Ainmean-Àitenah-Alba BilingualGaelic–Englishroadsign,atLochalineintheScottishHighlands MonolingualGaelicdirectionsign,atRodel(Roghadal)onHarrisintheOuterHebrides BilingualEnglish/GaelicsignatQueenStreetStationinGlasgow Bilingualroadsigns,streetnames,businessandadvertisementsignage(inbothGaelicandEnglish)aregraduallybeingintroducedthroughoutGaelic-speakingregionsintheHighlandsandIslands,includingArgyll.Inmanycases,thishassimplymeantre-adoptingthetraditionalspellingofaname(suchasRàtaganorLochAilleartratherthantheanglicisedformsRataganorLochailortrespectively).[56] SomemonolingualGaelicroadsigns,particularlydirectionsigns,areusedontheOuterHebrides,whereamajorityofthepopulationcanhaveaworkingknowledgeofthelanguage.TheseomittheEnglishtranslationentirely. Bilingualrailwaystationsignsarenowmorefrequentthantheyusedtobe.PracticallyallthestationsintheHighlandareausebothEnglishandGaelic,andtheuseofbilingualstationsignshasbecomemorefrequentintheLowlandsofScotland,includingareaswhereGaelichasnotbeenspokenforalongtime.[citationneeded] Thishasbeenwelcomedbymanysupportersofthelanguageasameansofraisingitsprofileaswellassecuringitsfutureasa'livinglanguage'(i.e.allowingpeopletouseittonavigatefromAtoBinplaceofEnglish)andcreatingasenseofplace.However,insomeplaces,suchasCaithness,theHighlandCouncil'sintentiontointroducebilingualsignagehasincitedcontroversy.[57] TheOrdnanceSurveyhasactedinrecentyearstocorrectmanyofthemistakesthatappearonmaps.Theyannouncedin2004thattheyintendedtocorrectthemandsetupacommitteetodeterminethecorrectformsofGaelicplacenamesfortheirmaps.[56]Ainmean-Àitenah-Alba("PlacenamesinScotland")isthenationaladvisorypartnershipforGaelicplacenamesinScotland.[58] Canada[edit] Mainarticle:CanadianGaelic Inthenineteenthcentury,CanadianGaelicwasthethird-mostwidelyspokenEuropeanlanguageinBritishNorthAmerica[59]andGaelic-speakingimmigrantcommunitiescouldbefoundthroughoutwhatismodern-dayCanada.GaelicpoetsinCanadaproducedasignificantliterarytradition.[60]ThenumberofGaelic-speakingindividualsandcommunitiesdeclinedsharply,however,aftertheFirstWorldWar.[61] NovaScotia[edit] Antigonish,NovaScotia Atthestartofthe21stcentury,itwasestimatedthatnomorethan500peopleinNovaScotiastillspokeScottishGaelicasafirstlanguage.Inthe2011census,300peopleclaimedtohaveGaelicastheirfirstlanguage(afigurethatmayincludeIrishGaelic).[62]Inthesame2011census,1,275peopleclaimedtospeakGaelic,afigurethatnotonlyincludedallGaeliclanguagesbutalsothosepeoplewhoarenotfirstlanguagespeakers,[63]ofwhom300claimtohaveGaelicastheir"mothertongue."[64][a] TheNovaScotiagovernmentmaintainstheOfficeofGaelicAffairs(IomairteannaGàidhlig),whichisdedicatedtothedevelopmentofScottishGaeliclanguage,cultureandtourisminNovaScotia,andwhichestimatesabout2,000totalGaelicspeakerstobeintheprovince.[10]AsinScotland,areasofNorth-EasternNovaScotiaandCapeBretonhavebilingualstreetsigns.NovaScotiaalsohasComhairlenaGàidhlig(TheGaelicCouncilofNovaScotia),anon-profitsocietydedicatedtothemaintenanceandpromotionoftheGaeliclanguageandcultureinMaritimeCanada.In2018,theNovaScotiagovernmentlaunchedanewGaelicvehiclelicenseplatetoraiseawarenessofthelanguageandhelpfundGaeliclanguageandcultureinitiatives.[66] InSeptember2021,thefirstGaelic-mediumprimaryschooloutsideofScotland,namedTaighSgoilenaDrochaide,openedinMabou,NovaScotia.[67] OutsideNovaScotia[edit] MaxvillePublicSchoolinMaxville,Glengarry,Ontario,offersScottishGaeliclessonsweekly.[68] InPrinceEdwardIsland,theColonelGrayHighSchoolnowoffersbothanintroductoryandanadvancedcourseinGaelic;bothlanguageandhistoryaretaughtintheseclasses.[citationneeded]ThisisthefirstrecordedtimethatGaelichaseverbeentaughtasanofficialcourseonPrinceEdwardIsland. TheprovinceofBritishColumbiaishosttotheComunnGàidhligBhancoubhair(TheGaelicSocietyofVancouver),theVancouverGaelicChoir,theVictoriaGaelicChoir,aswellastheannualGaelicfestivalMòdVancouver.ThecityofVancouver'sScottishCulturalCentrealsoholdsseasonalScottishGaeliceveningclasses. Media[edit] Mainarticle:GaelicbroadcastinginScotland TheBBCoperatesaGaelic-languageradiostationRadionanGàidhealaswellasatelevisionchannel,BBCAlba.Launchedon19September2008,BBCAlbaiswidelyavailableintheUK(onFreeview,Freesat,SkyandVirginMedia).ItalsobroadcastsacrossEuropeontheAstra2satellites.[69]ThechannelisbeingoperatedinpartnershipbetweenBBCScotlandandMGAlba–anorganisationfundedbytheScottishGovernment,whichworkstopromotetheGaeliclanguageinbroadcasting.[70]TheITVfranchiseincentralScotland,STVCentral,producesanumberofScottishGaelicprogrammesforbothBBCAlbaanditsownmainchannel.[70] UntilBBCAlbawasbroadcastonFreeview,viewerswereabletoreceivethechannelTeleG,whichbroadcastforanhoureveryevening.UponBBCAlba'slaunchonFreeview,ittookthechannelnumberthatwaspreviouslyassignedtoTeleG. TherearealsotelevisionprogrammesinthelanguageonotherBBCchannelsandontheindependentcommercialchannels,usuallysubtitledinEnglish.TheITVfranchiseinthenorthofScotland,STVNorth(formerlyGrampianTelevision)producessomenon-newsprogramminginScottishGaelic. Education[edit] Scotland[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishGaelicmediumeducation SgoilGhàidhligGhlaschu(GlasgowGaelicSchool) Year NumberofstudentsinGaelicmediumeducation PercentageofallstudentsinScotland 2005 2,480 0.35% 2006 2,535 0.36%[71] 2007 2,601 0.38% 2008 2,766 0.40%[72] 2009 2,638 0.39%[73] 2010 2,647 0.39%[74] 2011 2,929 0.44%[75] 2012 2,871 0.43%[76] 2013 2,953 0.44%[77] 2014 3,583 0.53%[78] 2015 3,660 0.54%[79] 2016 3,892 0.57%[80] 2017 3,965 0.58%[81] 2018 4,343 0.63%[82] 2019 4,631 0.66% 2020 4,849 0.69% TheEducation(Scotland)Act1872,whichcompletelyignoredGaelicandledtogenerationsofGaelsbeingforbiddentospeaktheirnativelanguageintheclassroomisnowrecognisedashavingdealtamajorblowtothelanguage.Peoplestilllivingin2001couldrecallbeingbeatenforspeakingGaelicinschool.[83]Evenlater,whentheseattitudeshadchanged,littleprovisionwasmadeforGaelicmediumeducationinScottishschools.Aslateas1958,eveninHighlandschools,only20%ofprimarystudentsweretaughtGaelicasasubject,andonly5%weretaughtothersubjectsthroughtheGaeliclanguage.[45] Gaelic-mediumplaygroupsforyoungchildrenbegantoappearinScotlandduringthelate1970sandearly1980s.Parententhusiasmmayhavebeenafactorinthe"establishmentofthefirstGaelicmediumprimaryschoolunitsinGlasgowandInvernessin1985".[84] ThefirstmodernsolelyGaelic-mediumsecondaryschool,SgoilGhàidhligGhlaschu("GlasgowGaelicSchool"),wasopenedatWoodsideinGlasgowin2006(61partiallyGaelic-mediumprimaryschoolsandapproximatelyadozenGaelic-mediumsecondaryschoolsalsoexist).AccordingtoBòrdnaGàidhlig,atotalof2,092primarypupilswereenrolledinGaelic-mediumprimaryeducationin2008–09,asopposedto24in1985.[85] TheColumbaInitiative,alsoknownascolmcille(formerlyIomairtCholmCille),isabodythatseekstopromotelinksbetweenspeakersofScottishGaelicandIrish. InNovember2019,thelanguage-learningappDuolingoopenedabetacourseinGaelic.[86][87][88] Startingfromsummer2020,childrenstartingschoolintheWesternIsleswillbeenrolledinGME(Gaelic-mediumeducation)unlessparentsrequestdifferently.ChildrenwillbetaughtScottishGaelicfromP1toP4andthenEnglishwillbeintroducedtogivethemabilingualeducation.[89] Canada[edit] InMay2004,theNovaScotiagovernmentannouncedthefundingofaninitiativetosupportthelanguageanditsculturewithintheprovince.SeveralpublicschoolsinNortheasternNovaScotiaandCapeBretonofferGaelicclassesaspartofthehigh-schoolcurriculum.[90] MaxvillePublicSchoolinMaxville,Glengarry,Ontario,offersScottishGaeliclessonsweekly.InPrinceEdwardIsland,theColonelGrayHighSchoolofferanintroductoryandanadvancedcourseinScottishGaelic.[91] Higherandfurthereducation[edit] AnumberofScottishandsomeIrishuniversitiesofferfull-timedegreesincludingaGaeliclanguageelement,usuallygraduatingasCelticStudies. InNovaScotia,Canada,St.FrancisXavierUniversity,theGaelicCollegeofCelticArtsandCraftsandCapeBretonUniversity(formerlyknownasthe"UniversityCollegeofCapeBreton")offerCelticStudiesdegreesand/orGaeliclanguageprograms.Thegovernment'sOfficeofGaelicAffairsofferslunch-timelessonstopublicservantsinHalifax. InRussiatheMoscowStateUniversityoffersGaeliclanguage,historyandculturecourses. TheUniversityoftheHighlandsandIslandsoffersarangeofGaeliclanguage,historyandculturecoursesattheNationalCertificate,HigherNationalDiploma,BachelorofArts(ordinary),BachelorofArts(Honours)andMasterofSciencelevels.ItoffersopportunitiesforpostgraduateresearchthroughthemediumofGaelic.ResidentialcoursesatSabhalMòrOstaigontheIsleofSkyeofferadultsthechancetobecomefluentinGaelicinoneyear.Manycontinuetocompletedegrees,ortofollowupasdistancelearners.Anumberofothercollegesofferaone-yearcertificatecourse,whichisalsoavailableonline(pendingaccreditation). LewsCastleCollege'sBenbeculacampusoffersanindependent1-yearcourseinGaelicandTraditionalMusic(FE,SQFlevel5/6). Church[edit] AsignindicatingservicesinGaelicandEnglishataFreeChurchofScotlandcongregationinthecommunityofNess,IsleofLewis IntheWesternIsles,theislesofLewis,HarrisandNorthUisthaveaPresbyterianmajority(largelyChurchofScotland–Eaglaisnah-AlbainGaelic,FreeChurchofScotlandandFreePresbyterianChurchofScotland).TheislesofSouthUistandBarrahaveaCatholicmajority.AllthesechurcheshaveGaelic-speakingcongregationsthroughouttheWesternIsles.NotablecitycongregationswithregularservicesinGaelicareStColumba'sChurch,GlasgowandGreyfriarsTolbooth&HighlandKirk,Edinburgh.LeabharSheirbheisean—ashorterGaelicversionoftheEnglish-languageBookofCommonOrder—waspublishedin1996bytheChurchofScotland. ThewidespreaduseofEnglishinworshiphasoftenbeensuggestedasoneofthehistoricreasonsforthedeclineofGaelic.TheChurchofScotlandissupportivetoday,[vague]buthasashortageofGaelic-speakingministers.TheFreeChurchalsorecentlyannouncedplanstoabolishGaelic-languagecommunionservices,citingbothalackofministersandadesiretohavetheircongregationsunitedatcommuniontime.[92] Literature[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishGaelicliterature Fromthesixthcenturytothepresentday,ScottishGaelichasbeenusedasthelanguageofliterature.TwoprominentwritersofthetwentiethcenturyareAnneFraterandSorleyMaclean. Names[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishGaelicname Personalnames[edit] GaelichasitsownversionofEuropean-widenameswhichalsohaveEnglishforms,forexample:Iain(John),Alasdair(Alexander),Uilleam(William),Catrìona(Catherine),Raibeart(Robert),Cairistìona(Christina),Anna(Ann),Màiri(Mary),Seumas(James),Pàdraig(Patrick)andTòmas(Thomas). NotalltraditionalGaelicnameshavedirectequivalentsinEnglish:Oighrig,whichisnormallyrenderedasEuphemia(Effie)orHenrietta(Etta)(formerlyalsoasHennyorevenasHarriet),or,Diorbhal,whichis"matched"withDorothy,simplyonthebasisofacertainsimilarityinspelling.ManyofthesetraditionalGaelic-onlynamesarenowregardedasold-fashioned,andhencearerarelyorneverused. SomenameshavecomeintoGaelicfromOldNorse;forexample,Somhairle(Thami'ndòchas. ScotsEnglishorthographicruleshavealsobeenusedatvarioustimesinGaelicwriting.NotableexamplesofGaelicversecomposedinthismanneraretheBookoftheDeanofLismoreandtheFernaigmanuscript. Alphabet[edit] Furtherinformation:ScottishGaelicorthography§ Alphabet ThemodernScottishGaelicalphabethas18letters:⟨a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,l,m,n,o,p,r,s,t,u⟩.⟨h⟩ismostlyusedtoindicatelenitionofaconsonant,itwasnotusedinolderwritings,sincelenitionwasindicatedbyanoverdot.Thelettersofthealphabetweretraditionallynamedaftertrees,butthiscustomhasfallenoutofuse. Longvowelsaremarkedwithagraveaccent(⟨à,è,ì,ò,ù⟩),indicatedthroughdigraphs(e.g.⟨ao⟩for[ɯː])orconditionedbycertainconsonantenvironments(e.g.⟨u⟩precedinganon-intervocalic⟨nn⟩is[uː]).Traditionallytheacuteaccentwasusedon⟨á,é,ó⟩torepresentlongclose-midvowels,butthespellingreformsreplaceditwiththegraveaccent.[94] Certain18thcenturysourcesusedonlyanacuteaccentalongthelinesofIrish,suchasinthewritingsofAlasdairmacMhaighstirAlasdair(1741–51)andtheearliesteditions(1768–90)ofDuncanBanMacIntyre.[102] Exampletext[edit] Article1oftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsinScottishGaelic: Rugadhnah-uileduinesaoragusco-ionnannanurram'snancòirichean.Thaiadreusantaiscogaiseach,agusbuchòirdhaibhaghiùlainrisachèileannanspioradbràthaireil.[103] Article1oftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsinEnglish: Allhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequalindignityandrights.Theyareendowedwithreasonandconscienceandshouldacttowardsoneanotherinaspiritofbrotherhood.[104] CommonwordsandphraseswithIrishandManxequivalents[edit] Furtherinformation:DifferencesbetweenScottishGaelicandIrish ScottishGaelic Irish ManxGaelic English sinn[ʃiɲ] (South)sinn[ʃɪn̠ʲ](West/North)muid[mˠɪdʲ] shin[ʃin] we aon[ɯːn] aon(South)[eːnˠ](North/West)[iːnˠ~ɯːnˠ] nane[neːn](un[œn]) one mòr[moːɾ] mór(West)[mˠoːɾˠ](South)[mˠuəɾˠ](North)[mˠɔːɾˠ] mooar[muːɾ] big iasg[iəs̪k] iasc[iəsˠk] eeast[jiːs(t)] fish cù[kʰuː](madadh[mat̪əɣ]gadhar[gə(ɣ)ər]) madra[mˠad̪ˠɾˠə]((North)madadh[mˠad̪ˠu])gadhar(South/West)[ɡəiɾˠ](North)[ɡeːɾˠ](cú[kuː]"hound") moddey[mɔːðə](coo[kʰuː]hound) dog grian[kɾʲiən] grian[ɟɾʲiənˠ] grian[ɡriᵈn] sun craobh[kʰɾɯːv](crann[kʰɾaun̪ˠ]mast) crann(North)[kɾan̪ˠ](West)[kɾɑːn̪ˠ](South)[kɾaun̪ˠ](craobh[kɾˠiːw,-ɯːw];(South)[kɾˠeːv]branch) billey[biʎə] tree cadal[kʰat̪əl̪ˠ] colladh[kɔlʲə,-u,-i](codail[kɔdəlʲ]) cadley[kʲadlə] sleep(verbalnoun) ceann[kʰʲaun̪ˠ] ceann(North)[can̪ˠ](West)[cɑːn̪ˠ](South)[caun̪ˠ] kione(South)[kʲoᵈn̪ˠ](north)[kʲaun̪] head chadodh'òlthu[xat̪əɣɔːl̪ˠu] níoróltú[n̠ʲiːəɾˠoːl̪ˠt̪ˠuː](North)charóltú[xaɾˠɔːl̪ˠt̪ˠuː] chadiuoo[xadjuu] youdidnotdrink bhamia'faicinn[vami(ə)fɛçkʲɪɲ] bhíméagfeiceáil[vʲiːmʲeː(ə(ɡ))fʲɛcaːlʲ]Munsterbhímé/bhíosagfeiscint[vʲiːmʲeː/vʲiːsˠ(ə(ɡ))fʲɪʃcintʲ] vameefakin[væməfaːɣin] (Scotland,Man)Isaw,Iwasseeing(Ireland)Iwasseeing slàinte[s̪l̪ˠaːɲtʲə] sláinte/sˠl̪ˠaːn̠ʲtʲə/ slaynt/s̪l̪ˠaːɲtʃ/ health;cheers!(toast) Note:Itemsinbracketsdenotearchaic,dialectalorregionalvariantforms References[edit] Notes[edit] ^TherepliesareforallGaeliclanguages,includingIrish.[65] Citations[edit] ^ab2011CensusofScotlandArchived4June2014attheWaybackMachine,TableQS211SC[Viewed30May2014] ^StatisticsCanada,NovaScotia(Code12)(table),NationalHouseholdSurvey(NHS)Profile,2011NHS,Catalogue№99‑004‑XWE(Ottawa:2013‑06‑26),[1] ^"FACT:SCOTLAND'SOFFICIALLANGUAGESAREENGLISH,SCOTS,GAELIC&BRITISHSIGNLANGUAGE".Scotland.org.Retrieved19April2022. ^"BackgroundontheIrishLanguage".ÚdarásnaGaeltachta. ^MacAulay,Donald(1992).TheCelticLanguages.CambridgeUniversityPress.p. 144. ^Kavanagh,Paul(12March2011)."Scotland'sLanguageMyths:4.GaelichasnothingtodowiththeLowlands".Newsnet.scot.Retrieved20April2021. ^"GaelicHistory/HighlandCouncilGaelicToolkit/TheHighlandCouncil/WelcometoNorthernPotential-HighlandLife.net".www.highland.gov.uk.Retrieved20April2021. ^"CensusshowsdeclineinGaelicspeakers'slowed'".BBCNews.26September2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25May2017.Retrieved17April2017. ^"CensusProfile,2016Census".2016Census.StatisticsCanada.Retrieved20May2019. ^abProvinceofNovaScotia,GaelicAffairs."NovaScotia/AlbaNuadh".gaelic.novascotia.ca.Retrieved21April2020. ^"Languages:Gaelic-gov.scot". ^"DefinitionofGaelicinEnglishbyOxfordDictionaries".OxfordDictionaries.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18August2018.Retrieved5August2018. ^Horsbroch,Dauvit."1350-1450EarlyScots".ScotsLanguageCentre. ^TransactionsofthePhilologicalSociety,1872,page50 ^McMahon,Sean(2012).Brewer'sdictionaryofIrishphrase&fable.London:Weidenfeld&Nicolson.p. 276.ISBN 9781849725927. ^Jones,Charles(1997).TheEdinburghhistoryoftheScotslanguage.EdinburghUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9. ^Chadwick,NoraKershaw;Dyllon,Myles(1972).TheCelticRealms.Weidenfeld&Nicolson.ISBN 978-0-7607-4284-6. ^Campbell,Ewan(2001)."WeretheScotsIrish?".Antiquity.75(288):285–292.doi:10.1017/S0003598X00060920.S2CID 159844564. ^'...andtheywonlandamongthePictsbyfriendlytreatyorthesword'.ByCormacMcSparronandBrianWilliams.ProceedingsoftheSocietyofAntiquariesofScotland,141,145–158 ^Broun,"Dunkeld",Broun,"NationalIdentity",Forsyth,"Scotlandto1100",pp.28–32,Woolf,"ConstantineII";cf.Bannerman,"ScottishTakeover",passim,representingthe"traditional"view. ^Jackson,Kenneth(1983)."'Loanwords,BritishandPictish'".InThomson,D.S.(ed.).TheCompaniontoGaelicScotland.pp. 151–152. ^Green,D.(1983)."'Gaelic:syntax,similaritieswithBritishsyntax'".InThomson,D.S.(ed.).TheCompaniontoGaelicScotland.pp. 107–108. ^Taylor,S.(1983)."PictishPlacenamesRevisited'".InDriscoll,S.(ed.).PictishProgress:NewStudiesonNorthernBritainintheMiddleAges.pp. 67–119. ^abcdWithers,CharlesW.J.(1984).GaelicinScotland,1698–1981.Edinburgh:JohnDonaldPublishersLtd.ISBN 978-0859760973. ^Dunshea,PhilipM.(1October2013)."DruimAlban,DorsumBritanniae–'theSpineofBritain'".ScottishHistoricalReview.92(2):275–289.doi:10.3366/shr.2013.0178. ^Clarkson,Tim(2011).TheMakersofScotland:Picts,Romans,Gaels,andVikings.Edinburgh:BirlinnLtd.ISBN 978-1906566296. ^abÓBaoill,Colm."TheScots–Gaelicinterface,"inCharlesJones,ed.,TheEdinburghHistoryoftheScotsLanguage.Edinburgh:EdinburghUniversityPress,1997 ^MorayWatson(30June2010).EdinburghCompaniontotheGaelicLanguage.EdinburghUniversityPress.p. 8.ISBN 978-0-7486-3710-2. ^Withers,CharlesW.J.(1988)."TheGeographicalHistoryofGaelicinScotland".InColinH.Williams(ed.).LanguageinGeographicContext. ^abcdDevine,T.M.(1994).ClanshiptoCrofters'War:ThesocialtransformationoftheScottishHighlands(2013 ed.).ManchesterUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0-7190-9076-9. ^Hunter,James(1976).TheMakingoftheCroftingCommunity.ISBN 9780859760140. ^Mackenzie,DonaldW.(1990–92)."TheWorthyTranslator:HowtheScottishGaelsgottheScripturesintheirownTongue".TransactionsoftheGaelicSocietyofInverness.57. ^"TheGaelicStoryattheUniversityofGlasgow".Retrieved11August2019. ^ÓBaoill,Colm(2000)."TheGaelicContinuum".Éigse.32:121–134. ^Kennedy,Michael(2002).GaelicinNovaScotia:AnEconomic,CulturalandSocialImpactStudy(PDF).ProvinceofNovaScotia.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon4March2016.Retrieved5January2016. ^Moseley,Christopher(2008).EncyclopediaoftheWorld'sEndangeredLanguages.doi:10.4324/9780203645659.ISBN 9781135796419. ^"ScottishGaelic".EndangeredLanguagesProject.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11October2017.Retrieved14June2017. ^Ross,John(19February2009)."'Endangered'Gaeliconmapofworld'sdeadlanguages".TheScotsman.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25October2017.Retrieved25October2017. ^MacAulay,Donald(1992).TheCelticLanguages.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0521231275. ^2011CensusofScotlandArchived4June2014attheWaybackMachine,TableQS211SC.Viewed23June2014. ^Scotland'sCensusResultsOnline(SCROL),TableUV12.Viewed23June2014. ^"CensusshowsdeclineinGaelicspeakers'slowed'".BBCNewsOnline.26September2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5July2014.Retrieved23June2014. ^"CensusshowsGaelicdeclininginitsheartlands".BBCNewsOnline.15November2013.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5July2014.Retrieved23June2014. ^"PupilCensusSupplementaryData".TheScottishGovernment.7December2011.Retrieved20May2019. ^abO'Hanlon,Fiona(2012).Lostintransition?CelticlanguagerevitalizationinScotlandandWales:theprimarytosecondaryschoolstage(Thesis).TheUniversityofEdinburgh. ^SeeKennethMacKinnon(1991)Gaelic:APastandFutureProspect.Edinburgh:TheSaltireSociety. ^Participation,Expert."GaelicLanguage(Scotland)Act2005".www.legislation.gov.uk.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5July2007. ^Williams,ColinH.,LegislativeDevolutionandLanguageRegulationintheUnitedKingdom,CardiffUniversity ^"LatestNews–SHRC".ScottishHumanRightsCommission.12October2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon8April2011.Retrieved13November2013. ^"UKRatificationoftheEuropeanCharterforRegionalorMinorityLanguages.WorkingPaper10–R.Dunbar,2003"(PDF).Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon26September2007.Retrieved27March2014. ^[2]Archived1March2012attheWaybackMachine ^ScottishQualificationsAuthority,ResourceManagement."Gàidhlig".www.sqa.org.uk.SQA.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25April2017.Retrieved24April2017. 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Resources[edit] Gillies,H.Cameron.(1896).ElementsofGaelicGrammar.Vancouver:GlobalLanguagePress(reprint2006),ISBN 1-897367-02-3(hardcover),ISBN 1-897367-00-7(paperback) Gillies,William.(1993)."ScottishGaelic",inBall,MartinJ.andFife,James(eds).TheCelticLanguages(RoutledgeLanguageFamilyDescriptions).London:Routledge.ISBN 0-415-28080-X(paperback),p. 145–227 Lamb,William.(2001).ScottishGaelic.Munich:LincomEuropa,ISBN 3-89586-408-0 MacAoidh,Garbhan.(2007).Tasgaidh–AGaelicThesaurus.LuluEnterprises,N.Carolina McLeod,Wilson(ed.).(2006).RevitalisingGaelicinScotland:Policy,PlanningandPublicDiscourse.Edinburgh:DunedinAcademicPress,ISBN 1-903765-59-5 Robertson,CharlesM.(1906–07)."ScottishGaelicDialects",TheCelticReview,vol3pp. 97–113,223–39,319–32. Externallinks[edit] ScottishGaeliceditionofWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia ForalistofwordsrelatingtoScottishGaelic,seetheScottishGaeliclanguagecategoryofwordsinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoScottishGaeliclanguage. 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