Suburbanization - Wikipedia

Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl. As a consequence of the ... Suburbanization FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Populationshiftfromcentralurbanareasintosuburbs Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Theexamplesandperspectiveinthisarticleorsectionmighthaveanextensivebiasordisproportionalcoveragetowardsoneormorespecificregions.Pleaseimprovethisarticleordiscusstheissueonthetalkpage.(December2009)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ThisarticlemayneedtoberewrittentocomplywithWikipedia'squalitystandards.Youcanhelp.Thetalkpagemaycontainsuggestions.(May2015) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) AsuburbanlandusepatternintheUS Suburbanizationisapopulationshiftfromcentralurbanareasintosuburbs,resultingintheformationof(sub)urbansprawl.Asaconsequenceofthemovementofhouseholdsandbusinessesoutofthecitycenters,low-density,peripheralurbanareasgrow.[1](Sub-urbanizationisinverselyrelatedtourbanization,whichdenotesapopulationshiftfromruralareasintourbancentres.) Manyresidentsofmetropolitanregionsworkwithinthecentralurbanarea,andchoosetoliveinsatellitecommunitiescalledsuburbsandcommutetoworkviaautomobileormasstransit.Othershavetakenadvantageoftechnologicaladvancestoworkfromtheirhomes.Theseprocessesoftenoccurinmoreeconomicallydevelopedcountries,especiallyintheUnitedStates,whichisbelievedtobethefirstcountryinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationlivesinthesuburbs,ratherthaninthecitiesorinruralareas.Proponentsofcontainingurbansprawlarguethatsprawlleadstourbandecayandaconcentrationoflowerincomeresidentsintheinnercity,[2]inadditiontobeingenvironmentallyharmful. Contents 1UnitedStates 2SuburbanizationinEasternEurope 3Effectsonpsychologicalhealth 4Suburbanizationanddrugabuse 5Economicimpacts 5.1Impactonurbanindustry 5.2Consequencesoninfrastructure 5.3Realestatedevelopmentcosts 5.4Fiscalimpact 5.5Effectonurbandiversity 5.6Socialimpacts 6Seealso 7References UnitedStates[edit] ViewofahousingdevelopmentnearafarminRichfield,Minnesota,asuburbofMinneapolis,1954. Post–WorldWarIIeconomicexpansionintheUnitedStatesbroughtanincreaseinsuburbanization,whensoldiersreturnedhomefromwarandwantedtoliveinhousesoutsideofthecity.DuringthistimeAmericahadaprosperouspostwareconomy,therewasmoreleisuretimeavailableandanincreasedpriorityincreatingafamilyunit.Throughouttheyears,thedesiretoseparateworklifeandhomelifehasincreased,causinganincreaseinsuburbanpopulations.Suburbsarebuiltforparticulargroupsofpeopleandaroundcertainindustrieslikerestaurants,shopping,andentertainmentwhichallowssuburbanresidentstotravellessandinteractmoreinthesuburbanarea.SuburbsintheUnitedStateshavealsoevolvedbyincreasesintechnology,whichallowsremoteworkratherthancommuting.[3] Intheearly21stcentury,thespreadofcommunicationservicessuchasbroadband,e-mailandpracticalhomevideoconferencing,haveenabledmorepeopletoworkfromhomeratherthancommuting.Thiscanoccureitherinthecityorinthesuburbs,thusgivingthesuburbsthesameadvantagesinformationandsuppliesascentralizedbusinesshadSimilarly,theriseofmoderndeliverylogisticsinpostalservices,whichtakeadvantageofcomputerizationandtheavailabilityofefficienttransportationnetworks,alsoeliminatessomeoftheadvantagesthatwereoncetobehadfromhavingabusinesslocatedinthecity.Industrial,warehousing,andfactorylanduseshavealsomovedtosuburbanareas.Cheappeople,cheaptelecommunications,andcheaplife;removetheneedforcompanyheadquarterstobewithinquickcourierdistanceofthewarehousesandports.Urbanareassufferfromtrafficcongestion,whichcreatescostsinextradrivercostsforthecompanywhichcanbereducediftheywereinasuburbanareanearahighway.Aswithresidential,lowerpropertytaxesandlowlandpricesencouragesellingindustriallandforprofitablebrownfieldredevelopment.[4] SuburbanareasalsooffermorelandtouseasabufferbetweenindustrialandresidentialandretailspacetoavoidNIMBYsentimentsandgentrificationpressurefromthelocalcommunitywhenresidentialandretailisadjacenttoindustrialspaceinanurbanarea.Suburbanmunicipalitiescanoffertaxbreaks,specializedzoning,andregulatoryincentivestoattractindustriallanduserstotheirarea,suchasCityofIndustry,California.Theoveralleffectofthesedevelopmentsisthatbusinessesaswell,andnotjustindividuals,nowseeanadvantagetolocatinginthesuburbs,wherethecostofbuyingland,rentingspace,andrunningtheiroperations,ischeaperthaninthecity.ThiscontinuingdispersalfromasinglecitycenterhasledtootherrecentphenomenainAmericansuburbs,theadventofedgecitiesandexurbs,arisingoutofclustersofofficebuildingsbuiltinsuburbancommercialcentersonshoppingmallsandhigherdensitydevelopments.Withmoreandmorejobsforsuburbanitesbeinglocatedintheseareasratherthaninthemaincitycorethatthesuburbsgrewoutof,trafficpatterns,whichfordecadescenteredonpeoplecommutingintothecentercitytoworkinthemorningandthenreturninghomeintheevening,havebecomemorecomplex,withthevolumeofintra-suburbantrafficincreasingtremendously.By2000,halfoftheUSpopulationlivedinsuburbanareas.[4] SuburbanizationinEasternEurope[edit] InmanycountriesofEurope,sometimescitiesbecameseenasdangerousorveryexpensiveareastolive,whilethesuburbswereseenassafeplacestoliveandraiseafamily.Thereareperiodsofoppositedevelopmentslikeurbanization. Duringthemidtolate20thcentury,mostsocialistcountriesintheEasternBlocwerecharacterizedbyunder-urbanization,[5]whichmeantthatindustrialgrowthoccurredwellinadvanceofurbangrowthandwassustainedbyrural-urbancommuting.Citygrowth,residentialmobility,landandhousingdevelopmentwereundertightpoliticalcontrol.Consequently,sub-urbanizationinpost-socialistEuropeisnotonlyarecentbutalsoaparticularphenomenon.Thecreationofhousingandlandmarketsandstatewithdrawalfromhousingprovisionhaveledtothedevelopmentofprivatizedmodesofhousingproductionandconsumption,withanincreasingroleforprivateactorsand,particularly,forhouseholds.Yet,theregulatoryandinstitutionalframeworksindispensabletoamarket-drivenhousingsystem–includinghousingfinance–haveremainedunderdeveloped,particularlyinsouth-easternEurope.[6]Thisenvironmenthasundoubtedlystimulatedhousingself-provision.[7]Clearly,differentforceshaveshapeddifferentoutcomes.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Post-socialistsuburbanizationinPitesti,Romania Long-suppressedurbanizationandadramatichousingbacklogresultedinextensiveperi-urbangrowthinTirana(Albania),whichduringthe1990sdoubledthesizeofthecitywhereaswarrefugeesputpressureoncitiesofformerYugoslavia.Elsewhereprocessesofsuburbanizationseemeddominant,buttheirpacedifferedaccordingtohousingshortages,availablefinance,preferencesandthedegreeof'permitted'informality.TheprocesswasslowinPragueduringthe1990sandmoreapparentafter2000,whenhousingaffordabilityimproved.Conversely,SlovenianandRomaniansuburbandevelopmentsvisiblysurroundedcities/townsduringthe1990s.Nonetheless,socialistlegaciesofunderdevelopedinfrastructureandtheaffordabilitycrisisoftransitiondifferentiatepost-socialistsuburbsfromtheirWesterncounterparts.[7] Variousdegreesofinformalitycharacterizedsuburbanhousingfromillegaloccupationofpublicland(Tirana),illegalconstructiononagriculturalprivateland(Belgrade)totheunauthorizedbutlaterlegalizeddevelopmentsinRomania.Suburbanhousingdisplayedachaotic/unplannedcharacter,especiallyinsouth-easternEurope,wherethestateretainsadegreeofillegitimacy.Exceptingscatteredfor-profithousing,muchofthenewdetachedsuburbanhousesseemself-developed.Allegedly,owner-buildinghasbecomeahouseholdstrategytoadapttorecession,highandvolatileinflation,tocutconstructioncostsand,finally,tobridgeaccesstohousing.Thepredominantlyowner-builtfeatureofmostsuburbanhousing,withthelandoftenobtainedatnocostthroughrestitutionpoliciesorillegaloccupation,allowedamixoflow-/middle-incomehouseholdswithinthesedevelopments.[7] Effectsonpsychologicalhealth[edit] Historically,itwasbelievedthatlivinginhighlyurbanareasresultedinsocialisolation,disorganization,andpsychologicalproblems,whilelivinginthesuburbswassupposedtobebettertooverallhappiness,duetolowerpopulationdensity,lowercrime,andamorestablepopulation.Astudybasedondatafrom1974,however,foundthisnottobethecase,findingthatpeoplelivinginthesuburbshadneithergreatersatisfactionwiththeirneighborhoodnorgreatersatisfactionwiththequalityoftheirlivesascomparedtopeoplelivinginurbanareas.[14] Suburbanizationanddrugabuse[edit] Pre-existingdisparitiesinthedemographiccompositionofsuburbsposeproblemsindrugconsumptionandabuse.Thisisduetothedisconnectioncreatedbetweendrugaddictionandthebiasedoutwardperceptionofsuburbanhealthandsafety.[15]Thedifferenceindrugmortalityratesofsuburbanandurbanspacesissometimesfueledbytherelationshipbetweenthegeneralpublic,medicalpractitioners,andthepharmaceuticalindustry.Theseaffluentindividuals,whoarelivinginthesuburbsoftenhaveanincreasedmeansofobtainingotherwiseexpensiveandpotentdrugssuchasopioidsandnarcoticsthroughvalidprescriptions.[16]IntheUnitedStates,thecombinationofdemographicandeconomicfeaturescreatedasaresultofsuburbanizationhasincreasedtheriskofdrugabuseinsuburbancommunities.HeroininsuburbancommunitieshasincreasedinincidenceasnewheroinusersintheUnitedStatesarepredominantlywhite,suburbanmenandwomenintheirearlytwenties.[17]Adolescentsandyoungadultsareatanincreasedriskofdrugabuseinsuburbanspacesduetotheenclosedsocialandeconomicenclavesthatsurburbanizationpropagates.TheNewEnglandStudyofSuburbanYouthfoundthattheuppermiddleclasssuburbancohortsdisplayedanincreaseddrugusewhencomparedtothenaturalaverage.[18] TheshiftindemographicsandeconomicstatusescausedbysuburbanizationhasincreasedtheriskofdrugabuseinaffluentAmericancommunitiesandchangedtheapproachtodrugabusepublichealthinitiatives.Whenaddressingpublichealthconcernsofdrugabusewithpatientsdirectly,suburbanhealthcareprovidersandmedicalpractitionershavetheadvantageoftreatingademographicofdrugabusepatientsthatarebettereducatedandequippedwithresourcestorecoverfromaddictionandoverdose.[19]Thedisparityoftreatmentandinitiativesbetweensuburbanandurbanenvironmentsinregardtodrugabuseandoverdoseisapublichealthconcern.Althoughsuburbanhealthcareprovidersmayhavemoreresourcestoaddressdrugaddiction,abuse,andoverdose,preconceivedideasaboutsuburbanlifestylesmaypreventthemfromgivingpropertreatmenttopatients.[20]Consideringtheincreasingincidenceofdrugabuseinsuburbanenvironments,thecontextualfactorsthataffectcertaindemographicsmustalsobeconsideredtobetterunderstandtheprevalenceofdrugabuseinsuburbs;forexample,adolescentsandtheirrelationshipwithsocialgroupsinschoolandothersocializingforcesthatoccurasaresultofsuburbanizationimpactdrugabuseincidence.[21] Economicimpacts[edit] Theeconomicimpactsofsuburbanizationhavebecomeveryevidentsincethetrendbeganinthe1950s.Changesininfrastructure,industry,realestatedevelopmentcosts,fiscalpolicies,anddiversityofcitieshavebeeneasilyapparent,as"makingittothesuburbs",mainlyinordertoownahomeandescapethechaosofurbancenters,havebecomethegoalsofmanyAmericancitizens.Theseimpactshavemanybenefitsaswellassideeffectsandarebecomingincreasinglyimportantintheplanningandrevitalizationofmoderncities. Impactonurbanindustry[edit] SprawlingFreewaynearToronto,Canadawithasuburbanizedindustryareainthebackground.Notethefardistancesfromofficebuildingscomparedtoadowntown.Manyofficebuildingsinsuburbanindustryareasaresetuponlargeirrigatedcampus,versusdowntownsthathaveclosebuildingsandverylittlegreenery. Thedaysofindustrydominatingtheurbancoresofcitiesarediminishingaspopulationdecentralizationofurbancentersincreases.Companiesincreasinglylooktobuildindustrialparksinlesspopulatedareas,largelyformoremodernbuildingsandampleparking,aswellastoappeasethepopulardesiretoworkinlesscongestedareas.GovernmenteconomicpoliciesthatprovideincentivesforcompaniestobuildnewstructuresandlackofincentivestobuildonBrownfieldlandalsocontributetotheflightofindustrialdevelopmentfrommajorcitiestosurroundingsuburbanareas.Assuburbanindustrialdevelopmentbecomesincreasinglymoreprofitable,itbecomeslessfinanciallyattractivetobuildinhigh-densityareas.Anotherimpactofindustryleavingthecityisthereductionofbufferzonesseparatingmetropolitanareas,industrialparksandsurroundingsuburbanresidentialareas.Asthislandbecomesmoreeconomicallyrelevant,thevalueofsuchpropertiesveryoftenincreases,causingmanyundevelopedlandownerstoselltheirland.[22][23] Consequencesoninfrastructure[edit] AsAmericacontinuestosprawl,thecostoftherequiredwaterlines,sewerlines,androadscouldcostmorethan$21,000perresidentialandnon-residentialdevelopmentunit,costingtheAmericangovernment$1.12 trillionbetween2005and2030.Alongwiththecostsofinfrastructure,existinginfrastructuresuffers,asmostofthegovernment'smoneythatisdedicatedtoimprovinginfrastructuregoestopayingforthenewnecessitiesinareasfurtheroutfromtheurbancore.Asaresult,thegovernmentwilloftenforgomaintenanceonpreviouslybuiltinfrastructure.[24] Realestatedevelopmentcosts[edit] Forresidentialproperties,suburbanizationallowslowerprices,sopeoplecandriveuntiltheycanfindanareainwhichtheycanaffordtobuyahome.Theseareasmaylackurbaninfrastructuresuchasparksandpublictransit.Pricesofhomesdowntownusuallydecreaseaswelltocompetewiththeinexpensivehomesinthesuburbs. Oneofthemainbenefitsoflivinginthesuburbsisthatonegetsamuchlargerpieceoflandthaninthecity.Thus,biggerlotsmeanfewerlots[25]andsuburbanizationleadstolessintensedevelopmentofrealestate. Fiscalimpact[edit] Thefiscaldeficitgrowsasaresultofsuburbanization,mainlybecauseinlessdenselypopulatedareas,propertytaxestendtobelower.Also,becauseofthetypicalspreadpatternofsuburbanhousing,thelackofvarietyofhousingtypes,andthegreaterdistancebetweenhomes,realestatedevelopmentandpublicservicecostsincrease,whichinturnincreasethedeficitofupperlevelsofgovernment.[26] Conversely,forthecitiesitmeantlowertaxincomes,whichmeantlessmoneyforamenities,includinglibrariesandschools,becausethepeoplewhostayedwerelower-income,andbecauseofrelativedepopulation. Effectonurbandiversity[edit] Asthetrendofsuburbanizationtookhold,manyofthepeoplewholeftthecityforthesuburbswerewhite.Asaresult,therewasariseinblackhomeownershipincentralcities.Aswhitehouseholdsleftforthesuburbs,housingpricesintransitionneighborhoodsfell,whichoftenloweredthecostofhomeownershipforblackhouseholds.Thistrendwasstrongerinolderanddensercities,especiallyinthenortheastandMidwest,becausenewconstructionwasgenerallymoredifficult.Asofthe2010Census,minoritieslikeAfricanAmericans,AsianAmericansandIndo-Americanshavebecomeanincreasinglargefactorinrecentsuburbanization.Manysuburbsnowhavesince1990largeminoritycommunitiesinsuburbanandcommutercities.[27] EnvironmentalImpacts Withthegrowthofsuburbanizationandthespreadofpeoplelivingoutsidethecitythiscancausenegativeimpactsontheenvironment.Suburbanizationhasbeenlinkedtotheincreaseinvehiclemileage,increaselanduse,andincreaseinresidentialenergyconsumption.Fromthesefactorsofsuburbanization,ithasthencausedadegradationofairquality,increaseusageofnaturalresourceslikewaterandoil,aswellasincreasedamountsofgreenhousegas.Withtheincreaseduseofvehiclestocommutetoandfromtheworkplacethiscausesincreaseduseofoilandgasaswellasanincreaseinemissions.Withtheincreaseinemissionsfromvehicles,thisthencancauseairpollutionanddegradestheairqualityofanarea.Suburbanizationisgrowingwhichcausesanincreaseinhousingdevelopmentwhichcausesanincreaseinlandconsumptionandavailableland.Suburbanizationhasalsobeenlinkedtoincreaseinnaturalresourceuselikewatertomeetresidents'demandsandtomaintainsuburbanlawns.Also,withtheincreaseintechnologyandconsumptionsofresidentsthereisanincreaseinenergyconsumptionbytheamountofelectricityusedbyresidents.[28] Socialimpacts[edit] "Withtheselongercommutes,it'shavingapotentialeffectontheiracademicperformance.I'veseenitintheclassroomespeciallywithearlymorningclasses."—MikeSmith-Cairns,ageographyinstructoratLangaraCollege, authorof2017collegetransportationsurvey[29] Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(April2018) Suburbanizationhasnegativesocialimpactsonmanygroupsofpeople,includingchildren,adolescents,andtheelderly.Childrenwhoareaffectedbysuburbanization,orurbansprawl,arecommonlyreferredtoas"cul-de-sackids."Becausechildrenlivinginasuburbcannotgoanywherewithoutaparent,theyareunabletopracticebeingindependent.Teenagersthatareunabletobeindependentexperiencealotofboredom,isolation,andfrustration.Thesefeelingshaveevenledtoanincreaseinratesofteenagesuicideandschoolshootingsinsuburbanareas.Despitetheseissueswithyoungpeople,suburbiawasstillintendedforyoungfamilies.Theelderlyinsuburbiaexperiencesocialisolationoncetheylosetheirlicensetodrive.Inordertoleavetheirhometheelderlyneedtobeabletoaffordachauffeurorbewillingtoaskrelativestodrivethemaround.Thishasresultedinupper-classelderlymovingtoretirementcommunities.Boththewealthyelderlyandthosewhostillliveinsuburbsarelargelyseparatedfromallothergroupsofsociety.[30] Seealso[edit] Urbanisation Counterurbanisation Transportdivide References[edit] Notes ^Caves,R.W.(2004).EncyclopediaoftheCity.Routledge.p. 642.ISBN 9780415252256. ^"SlowGrowthandUrbanSprawl:SupportforaNewRegionalAgenda?,"JulietF.Gainsborough,UrbanAffairsReview,vol.37,no.5(2002):728-744. ^Benson,Sonia,ed.(2009)."Suburbanization".UXLEncyclopediaofU.SHistory.pp. 1498–1501. ^abUSCensusBureau(2002).DemographicTrendsinthe20thCentury ^Murray,P.;Szelenyi,I.(1984)."Thecityinthetransitiontosocialism".InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch.8(10):90–107.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.1984.tb00415.x. ^Tsenkova,S.(2009).HousingPolicyReformsinPost-SocialistEurope:LostinTransition.Heidelberg:Physica-Verlag ^abcSoaita,A.M.(2013)."Romaniansuburbanhousing:homeimprovementthroughowner-building"(PDF).UrbanStudies.50(10):2084–2101.doi:10.1177/0042098012471980.hdl:10023/4419.S2CID 154324666. ^Stanilov,K.(Ed.).(2007).ThePost-SocialistCity.UrbanFormandSpaceTransformationsinCentralandEasternEuropeafterSocialism.Dordrecht:Springer ^Hirt,S.A.(2012).IronCurtains:Gates,SuburbsandPrivatizationofSpaceinthePost-SocialistCityPondicherry:Wiley-Blackwell ^Hirt,S.;Petrovic,M.(2011)."TheBelgradewall:TheproliferationofgatedhousingintheSerbiancapitalaftersocialism".InternationalJournalofUrbanandRegionalResearch.35(4):753–777.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01056.x. ^Kahrik,A.;Tammaru,T.(2008)."PopulationcompositioninnewsuburbansettlementsoftheTallinnmetropolitanarea".UrbanStudies.45(5/6):1055–1078.doi:10.1177/0042098008089853.S2CID 153928114. ^Krisjane,Z.;Berzins,M.(2012)."Post-socialistUrbanTrends:NewPatternsandMotivationsforMigrationintheSuburbanAreasofRīga,Latvia".UrbanStudies.49(2):289–306.doi:10.1177/0042098011402232.S2CID 154985201. ^Sykora,L.,&Ourednicek,M.(2007).Sprawlingpost-communistmetropolis:CommercialandresidentialsuburbanisationinPragueandBrno,theCzechRepublic.InE.Razin,M.Dijst&C.Vazquez(Eds.),EmploymentDeconcentrationinEuropeanMetropolitanAreas.MarketForcesversusPlanning(pp.209-233).Dordrecht:Springer ^Adams,RichardE.(1992)."Ishappinessahomeinthesuburbs?:Theinfluenceofurbanversussuburbanneighborhoodsonpsychologicalhealth".JournalofCommunityPsychology.20(4):353–372.doi:10.1002/1520-6629(199210)20:4<353::aid-jcop2290200409>3.0.co;2-z.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary5,2013. ^"TheSuburbsThatAreSickerThanTheyLook".CityLab.RetrievedMarch27,2018. ^"RatesofDrugUse:Urban,Suburban,&Rural|SunriseHouse".SunriseHouse.RetrievedMarch27,2018. ^"NewFaceofHeroinIsYoung,WhiteandSuburban,StudyFinds".NBCNews.RetrievedMarch27,2018. ^Luthar,SuniyaS.;Small,PhillipJ.;Ciciolla,Lucia(February2018)."Adolescentsfromuppermiddleclasscommunities:Substancemisuseandaddictionacrossearlyadulthood".DevelopmentandPsychopathology.30(1):315–335.doi:10.1017/S0954579417000645.ISSN 1469-2198.PMID 28558858. ^"Theincreaseinheroinuserscomingtothehospitalreflectscurrenttrendsindrugabuse".ModernHealthcare.RetrievedMarch27,2018. ^"Theincreaseinheroinuserscomingtothehospitalreflectscurrenttrendsindrugabuse".ModernHealthcare.RetrievedApril5,2018. ^LUTHAR,SUNIYAS.;D'AVANZO,KAREN(1999)."Contextualfactorsinsubstanceuse:Astudyofsuburbanandinner-cityadolescents".DevelopmentandPsychopathology.11(4):845–867.doi:10.1017/s0954579499002357.PMC 3535189.PMID 10624729. ^Opp,SusanM.;Herberle,Lauren(June28,2008).LocalSustainableUrbanDevelopmentinaGlobalizedWorld.Florence,Kentucky:Routledge.ISBN 978-0754649946. ^Soule,David(2006).UrbanSprawl:AComprehensiveReferenceGuide.London:GreenwoodPress.pp. 88–89. ^AnthonyDowns;BarbaraMcCann;SahanMukherji;RobertBurchell(2005).SprawlCosts:EconomicImpactsofUncheckedDevelopment.IslandPress.p. 63. ^AnthonyDowns;BarbaraMcCann;SahanMukherji;RobertBurchell(2005).SprawlCosts:EconomicImpactsofUncheckedDevelopment.IslandPress.pp. 71–72. ^AnthonyDowns;BarbaraMcCann;SahanMukherji;RobertBurchell(2005).SprawlCosts:EconomicImpactsofUncheckedDevelopment.IslandPress.pp. 80–81. ^Boustan,LeahPlatt;Margo,RobertA.(2013)."ASilverLiningtoWhiteFlight?WhiteSuburbanizationandAfrican-AmericanHomeownership,1940–1980".JournalofUrbanEconomics.78:71–80.doi:10.1016/j.jue.2013.08.001. ^Kahn,MatthewE(2000)."TheEnvironmentalImpactofSuburbanization".JournalofPolicyAnalysisandManagement.19(4):569–586.doi:10.1002/1520-6688(200023)19:4<569::aid-pam3>3.3.co;2-g. ^"LongcommutestoVancouvercollegesleadtobraindrainasstudentsleave|CBCNews". ^Andres,Duany(September14,2010).Suburbannation :theriseofsprawlandthedeclineoftheAmericanDream.Plater-Zyberk,Elizabeth,Speck,Jeff(10thanniversary ed.).NewYork.ISBN 9780865477506.OCLC 555656296. Bibliography Burchell,Downs,McCann,Mukherji.(2005)"SprawlCosts:EconomicImpactsofUncheckedDevelopment"London,IslandPress. Boustan,Margo."WHITESUBURBANIZATIONANDAFRICAN-AMERICANHOMEOWNERSHIP,1940-1980".NationalBureauofEconomicResearchJanuary201118 Fishman,Robert.(1987)BourgeoisUtopias:TheRiseandFallofSuburbiaNewYork:BasicBooks. Garreau,Joel.(1992)EdgeCity:LifeontheNewFrontierNewYork:AnchorBooks. Hayden,Delores.(2004)BuildingSuburbia:GreenFieldsandUrbanGrowth,1820-2000NewYork,Vintage. Jackson,KennethT.(1985),CrabgrassFrontier:TheSuburbanizationoftheUnitedStates,NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN 0-19-504983-7 Wiese,Andrew.(2006)"AfricanAmericanSuburbanDevelopmentinAtlanta"SouthernSpaces.http://southernspaces.org/2006/african-american-suburban-development-atlanta Wiese,Andrew.(2005)PlacesofTheirOwn:AfricanAmericanSuburbanizationintheTwentiethCenturyChicago,UniversityofChicagoPress. Soule,David.(2006)"UrbanSprawl:AComprehensiveReferenceGuide"London,GreenwoodPress. Massey,DouglasS.;Denton,NancyA.(1988)."SuburbanizationandSegregationinUSMetropolitanAreas".AmericanJournalofSociology.94(3):592–626.doi:10.1086/229031. McIntosh,Peggy(1988).WhitePrivilegeandMalePrivilege:APersonalAccountofComingtoSeeCorrespondencesthroughWorkinWomen'sStudies.Wellesley,MA:CenterforResearchonWomen. Mieszkowski,Peter;Mills,EdwinS.(1993)."TheCausesofMetropolitanSuburbanization".JournalofEconomicPerspectives.7(3):135–47.doi:10.1257/jep.7.3.135. Pulido,Laura(March2000)."RethinkingEnvironmentalRacism:WhitePrivilegeandUrbanDevelopmentinSouthernCalifornia"(PDF).DepartmentofGeographyattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia. Oliveira,N.DosSantos(1996)."FavelasandGhettos:RaceandClassinRiodeJaneiroandNewYorkCity".LatinAmericanPerspectives.23(4):71–89.doi:10.1177/0094582x9602300406. vteCitiesUrbangeography Urbanarea Citycentre Downtown Suburb Corecity Twincities Satellitecity Edgecity Commutertown Cityproper limits Conurbation Metropolitanarea Metropolis Megalopolis Citieswiththemostskyscrapers Urbanization Suburbanization Shrinkingcities Ghosttown Urbangovernment Citystatus Municipality direct-controlled Independentcity City-state Autonomouscity Capitalcity Urbaneconomics World'scitiesbyGDP Globalcity Centralbusinessdistrict Mostexpensivecities Cheapestcities Mostlivablecities Urbandecay Urbanrenewal Municipalbond HabitatIII Urbanplanning Historyofurbanplanning Theoriesofurbanplanning Technicalaspectsofurbanplanning Urbanplanners Zoning Mixed-usedevelopment Urbandesign Gridplan Concentriczonemodel Sectormodel Multiplenucleimodel Linearcity Landuse Smartcity Urbanpopulation World'slargestcities throughouthistory Mostdenselypopulatedcities Mostpopulousnationalcapitals Mostpopuloussatellitecities Urbanism Urbanwarfare Urbanstudies Urbanmorphology Urbanculture Urbansociology Anti-urbanism Urbanexploration Urbanhomesteading Unitaryurbanism Environment Climatechange Greenurbanism Sustainablecity Sustainableurbanism SustainableDevelopmentGoal11 Urbanheatisland Urbanecology  Citiesportal Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburbanization&oldid=1066782485" Categories:UrbanplanningUrbandecayUrbanizationHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUseAmericanEnglishfromMarch2021AllWikipediaarticleswritteninAmericanEnglishUsemdydatesfromMarch2021ArticleswithdisproportionalgeographicscopefromDecember2009WikipediaarticlesneedingrewritefromMay2015AllarticlesneedingrewriteArticleswithmultiplemaintenanceissuesArticlestobeexpandedfromApril2018AllarticlestobeexpandedArticlesusingsmallmessageboxesArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةБългарскиČeštinaDeutschEestiFrançais한국어MagyarNederlands日本語PolskiPortuguêsРусскийSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSuomiУкраїнська中文 Editlinks