Taiwan - Wikipedia

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. ... The official name of the country in English is the "Republic of China"; ... Taiwan FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch CountryinEastAsia "RepublicofChina"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeTaiwan(disambiguation)andRepublicofChina(disambiguation). Coordinates:24°N121°E/24°N121°E/24;121 RepublicofChina中華民國 (Chinese)[I]ZhōnghuáMínguó(Pinyin) Flag Emblem Anthem: 中華民國國歌ZhōnghuáMínguóguógē"NationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Flaganthem: 中華民國國旗歌ZhōnghuáMíngúoGúoqígē"NationalFlagAnthemoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalseal中華民國之璽"SealoftheRepublicofChina"Nationalflower梅花PlumblossomShowglobe(islandofTaiwanhighlighted)ShowmapofterritoriesadministeredbytheROC(FreeArea)ShowmapofTaiwan(darkgreen)withhistoricalROCterritorialclaims(lightgreen)CapitalTaipei[a][2]25°04′N121°31′E/25.067°N121.517°E/25.067;121.517LargestcityNewTaipeiCityOfficial languagesStandardChinese[b][5][6][7]OfficialscriptTraditionalChinese[8]Nationallanguages[d] Mandarin[c] Hokkien[c] Hakka[9] Formosan[10] Matsu[c] Wuqiu[c] TaiwanSignLanguage Ethnic groups(2016)[12]95–97%Han2.3%Indigenous[e]0.7–2.7%OthersReligion(2020)[13]43.8%Folk21.2%Buddhism13.7%Noreligion5.6%Christianity1.0%Islam15.5%OthersDemonym(s)Taiwanese[14]GovernmentUnitarysemi-presidentialrepublic• PresidentTsaiIng-wen• VicePresidentLaiChing-te• PremierSuTseng-chang• LegislativeYuanPresidentYouSi-kun• ControlYuanPresidentChenChu• JudicialYuanPresidentHsuTzong-li• ExaminationYuanPresidentHuangJong-tsun LegislatureLegislativeYuanFormation• XinhaiRevolution10October1911• TookcontrolofTaiwanandthePescadores[f]25October1945• Constitutionadopted25December1947• Currentgovernmentestablished20May1948• GovernmentmovedtoTaipei7December1949• LossofUNrepresentation[g]25October1971• Cross-Straitrelationslegallydefined31July1992 Area• Total36,197 km2(13,976 sq mi)[15][14]Population• 2021estimate23,451,837[16](56th)• 2010 census23,123,866[17]• Density650/km2(1,683.5/sq mi)(10th)GDP (PPP)2021 estimate• Total$1.403 trillion[18](19th)• Percapita$56,959[18](13th)GDP (nominal)2021 estimate• Total$759.104 billion[18](21st)• Percapita$32,123[19](29th)Gini (2017) 34.1[20]mediumHDI (2019) 0.916[21]veryhigh · 23rdCurrencyNewTaiwandollar(NT$)(TWD)TimezoneUTC+8(NationalStandardTime)DateformatYYYY-MM-DDYYY-MM-DD(Minguocalendar)Mainselectricity110V–60Hz[h]DrivingsiderightCallingcode+886ISO3166codeTWInternetTLD.tw.台灣.台湾[22] Taiwan,[II]officiallytheRepublicofChina(ROC),[I][i]isacountryinEastAsia.[23][24][25][26]ItsitsatthejunctionoftheEastandSouthChinaSeasinthenorthwesternPacificOcean,neighboringthePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)tothenorthwest,Japantothenortheast,andthePhilippinestothesouth.ThemainislandofTaiwan,formerlyknownasFormosa,hasanareaof35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi),withmountainrangesdominatingtheeasterntwo-thirdsandplainsinthewesternthird,whereitshighlyurbanisedpopulationisconcentrated.ThecapitalisTaipei,which,alongwithNewTaipeiCityandKeelung,formsthelargestmetropolitanareaofTaiwan.OthermajorcitiesincludeKaohsiung,Taichung,Tainan,andTaoyuan.With23.45millioninhabitants,Taiwanisamongthemostdenselypopulatedcountriesintheworld. Austronesian-speakingancestorsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoplessettledtheislandaround6,000yearsago.Inthe17thcentury,large-scaleHanChineseimmigrationtowesternTaiwanbeganunderaDutchcolonyandcontinuedundertheKingdomofTungning.Theislandwasannexedin1683bytheQingdynastyofChina,andcededtotheEmpireofJapanin1895.TheRepublicofChina,whichhadoverthrowntheQingin1911,tookcontrolofTaiwanonbehalfoftheWorldWarIIAlliesfollowingthesurrenderofJapanin1945.TheresumptionoftheChineseCivilWarresultedintheROC'slossofmainlandChinatoforcesoftheChineseCommunistParty(CCP)andretreattoTaiwanin1949.ItseffectivejurisdictionhassincebeenlimitedtoTaiwanandnumeroussmallerislands. Intheearly1960s,Taiwanenteredaperiodofrapideconomicgrowthandindustrialisationcalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Inthelate1980sandearly1990s,theROCtransitionedfromaone-partymilitarydictatorshiptoamulti-partydemocracywithasemi-presidentialsystem.Taiwan'sexport-orientedindustrialeconomyisthe21st-largestintheworldbynominalGDP,and20th-largestbyPPPmeasures,withmajorcontributionsfromsteel,machinery,electronicsandchemicalsmanufacturing.Taiwanisadevelopedcountry,[27][28]ranking15thinGDPpercapita.Itisrankedhighlyintermsofpoliticalandcivilliberties,[29]education,healthcare[30]andhumandevelopment.[j][21] ThepoliticalstatusofTaiwaniscontentious.[34]TheROCnolongerrepresentsChinaasamemberoftheUnitedNations,afterUNmembersvotedin1971torecognizethePRCinstead.[35]Meanwhile,theROCcontinuedtoclaimtobethelegitimaterepresentativeofChinaanditsterritory,althoughthishasbeendownplayedsinceitsdemocratizationinthe1990s.TaiwanisclaimedbythePRC,whichrefusesdiplomaticrelationswithcountriesthatrecognisetheROC.Taiwanmaintainsofficialdiplomaticrelationswith13outof193UNmemberstatesandtheHolySee,[35][36][37]thoughmanyothersmaintainunofficialdiplomatictieswithTaiwanthroughrepresentativeofficesandinstitutionsthatfunctionasdefactoembassiesandconsulates.InternationalorganisationsinwhichthePRCparticipateseitherrefusetograntmembershiptoTaiwanorallowittoparticipateonlyonanon-statebasisundervariousnames.Domestically,themajorpoliticalcontentionisbetweenpartiesfavouringeventualChineseunificationandpromotingapan-ChineseidentitycontrastedwiththoseaspiringtoformalinternationalrecognitionandpromotingaTaiwaneseidentity,althoughbothsideshavemoderatedtheirpositionstobroadentheirappeal.[38][39] Contents 1Name 2History 2.1Earlysettlement(to1683) 2.2Qingrule(1683–1895) 2.3Japaneserule(1895–1945) 2.4RepublicofChina(1945–1949) 2.5RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) 2.5.1Martiallawera(1949–1987) 2.5.2Post-martiallawera(1987–present) 3Geography 3.1Climate 3.2Geology 4Politicalandlegalstatus 4.1RelationswiththePRC 4.2Foreignrelations 4.3Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations 4.4Domesticopinion 5Governmentandpolitics 5.1Constitution 5.2Majorcamps 5.3Nationalidentity 5.4Administrativedivisions 6Military 7Economy 8Transport 9Education 10Demographics 10.1Largestcitiesandcounties 10.2Ethnicgroups 10.3Languages 10.4Religion 10.5LGBT 11Publichealth 12Culture 12.1Arts 12.2Popularculture 12.3Sports 12.4Calendar 13Seealso 14Notes 14.1Wordsinnativelanguages 15References 15.1Citations 15.2Workscited 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks 17.1Overviewsanddata 17.2Governmentagencies Name Seealso:ChineseTaipei,NamesofChina,andChinaandtheUnitedNations VariousnamesfortheislandofTaiwanremaininuse,eachderivedfromexplorersorrulersduringaparticularhistoricalperiod.ThenameFormosa(福爾摩沙)datesfrom1542,whenPortuguesesailorssightedanunchartedislandandnoteditontheirmapsasIlhaFormosa("beautifulisland").[40][41]ThenameFormosaeventually"replacedallothersinEuropeanliterature"[attributionneeded][42]andremainedincommonuseamongEnglishspeakersintothe20thcentury.[43] Intheearly17thcentury,theDutchEastIndiaCompanyestablishedacommercialpostatFortZeelandia(modern-dayAnping,Tainan)onacoastalsandbarcalled"Tayouan",[44]aftertheirethnonymforanearbyTaiwaneseaboriginaltribe,possiblyTaivoanpeople,writtenbytheDutchandPortuguesevariouslyasTaiouwang,Tayowan,Teijoan,etc.[45]ThisnamewasalsoadoptedintotheChinesevernacular(inparticular,Hokkien,asPe̍h-ōe-jī:Tāi-oân/Tâi-oân)asthenameofthesandbarandnearbyarea(Tainan).Themodernword"Taiwan"isderivedfromthisusage,whichiswrittenindifferenttransliterations(大員,大圓,大灣,臺員,臺圓and臺窩灣)inChinesehistoricalrecords.Theareaoccupiedbymodern-dayTainanwasthefirstpermanentsettlementbybothEuropeancolonistsandChineseimmigrants.Thesettlementgrewtobetheisland'smostimportanttradingcentreandservedasitscapitaluntil1887. UseofthecurrentChinesename(臺灣/台灣)becameofficialasearlyas1684withtheestablishmentofTaiwanPrefecturewhichcentredinmodern-dayTainan.ThroughitsrapiddevelopmenttheentireFormosanmainlandeventuallybecameknownas"Taiwan".[46][47][48][49] InhisDaoyiZhilüe(1349),WangDayuanused"Liuqiu"asanamefortheislandofTaiwan,orthepartofitclosesttoPenghu.[50] Elsewhere,thenamewasusedfortheRyukyuIslandsingeneralorOkinawa,thelargestofthem;indeedthenameRyūkyūistheJapaneseformofLiúqiú.ThenamealsoappearsintheBookofSui(636)andotherearlyworks,butscholarscannotagreeonwhetherthesereferencesaretotheRyukyus,TaiwanorevenLuzon.[51] TheofficialnameofthecountryinEnglishisthe"RepublicofChina";ithasalsobeenknownundervariousnamesthroughoutitsexistence.ShortlyaftertheROC'sestablishmentin1912,whileitwasstilllocatedontheChinesemainland,thegovernmentusedtheshortform"China"(Zhōngguó(中國))torefertoitself,whichderivesfromzhōng("central"or"middle")andguó("state,nation-state"),[k]atermwhichalsodevelopedundertheZhoudynastyinreferencetoitsroyaldemesne,[l]andthenamewasthenappliedtotheareaaroundLuoyi(present-dayLuoyang)duringtheEasternZhouandthentoChina'sCentralPlainbeforebeingusedasanoccasionalsynonymforthestateduringtheQingera.[53] Duringthe1950sand1960s,aftertheROCgovernmenthadwithdrawntoTaiwanuponlosingtheChineseCivilWar,itwascommonlyreferredtoas"NationalistChina"(or"FreeChina")todifferentiateitfrom"CommunistChina"(or"RedChina").[55]ItwasamemberoftheUnitedNationsrepresentingChinauntil1971,whentheROClostitsseattothePeople'sRepublicofChina.Oversubsequentdecades,theRepublicofChinahasbecomecommonlyknownas"Taiwan",afterthemainisland.Insomecontexts,includingROCgovernmentpublications,thenameiswrittenas"RepublicofChina(Taiwan)","RepublicofChina/Taiwan",orsometimes"Taiwan(ROC)".[56][57][58] TheRepublicofChinaparticipatesinmostinternationalforumsandorganizationsunderthename"ChineseTaipei"asacompromisewiththePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC).Forinstance,itisthenameunderwhichithasparticipatedintheOlympicGamesaswellastheWorldTradeOrganization.In2009,afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing,theROCparticipatedintheWorldHealthOrganizationforthefirsttimein38years,underthename"ChineseTaipei".[59]"Taiwanauthorities"issometimesusedbythePRCtorefertothecurrentgovernmentinTaiwan.[60] History Mainarticles:HistoryofTaiwanandHistoryoftheRepublicofChina SeetheHistoryofChinaarticleforhistoricalinformationinmainlandChinabefore1949. Earlysettlement(to1683) Mainarticles:PrehistoryofTaiwan,DutchFormosa,SpanishFormosa,KingdomofMiddag,andKingdomofTungning AyoungTsouman TaiwanwasjoinedtotheAsianmainlandintheLatePleistocene,untilsealevelsroseabout10,000yearsago.[61]Fragmentaryhumanremainsdated20,000to30,000yearsagohavebeenfoundontheisland,aswellaslaterartifactsofaPaleolithicculture.[62][63][64] Around6,000yearsago,Taiwanwassettledbyfarmers,mostlikelyfromwhatisnowsoutheastChina.[65] Theyarebelievedtobetheancestorsoftoday'sTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples,whoselanguagesbelongtotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,butshowmuchgreaterdiversitythantherestofthefamily,whichspansahugeareafromMaritimeSoutheastAsiawesttoMadagascarandeastasfarasNewZealand,HawaiiandEasterIsland.ThishasledlinguiststoproposeTaiwanastheurheimatofthefamily,fromwhichseafaringpeoplesdispersedacrossSoutheastAsiaandthePacificandIndianOceans.[66][67] HanChinesefishermenbegansettlinginthePenghuislandsinthe13thcentury.[68]Hostiletribes,andalackofvaluabletradeproducts,meantthatfewoutsidersvisitedthemainislanduntilthe16thcentury.[68]Duringthe16thcentury,visitstothecoastbyfishermenandtradersfromFujian,aswellasChineseandJapanesepirates,becamemorefrequent.[68] TheDutchEastIndiaCompanyattemptedtoestablishatradingoutpostonthePenghuIslands(Pescadores)in1622,butwasdrivenoffbyMingforces.[69] In1624,thecompanyestablishedastrongholdcalledFortZeelandiaonthecoastalisletofTayouan,whichisnowpartofthemainislandatAnping,Tainan.[49] WhentheDutcharrived,theyfoundsouthwesternTaiwanalreadyfrequentedbyamostly-transientChinesepopulationnumberingcloseto1,500.[70]DavidWright,aScottishagentofthecompanywholivedontheislandinthe1650s,describedthelowlandareasoftheislandasbeingdividedamong11chiefdomsranginginsizefromtwosettlementsto72.SomeofthesefellunderDutchcontrol,includingtheKingdomofMiddaginthecentralwesternplains,whileothersremainedindependent.[49][71]TheCompanyencouragedfarmerstoimmigratefromFujianandworkthelandsunderDutchcontrol.[72]Bythe1660s,some30,000to50,000Chinesewerelivingontheisland.[73] FortZeelandia,theGovernor'sresidenceinDutchFormosa In1626,theSpanishEmpirelandedonandoccupiednorthernTaiwanasatradingbase,firstatKeelungandin1628buildingFortSanDomingoatTamsui.[74]Thiscolonylasted16yearsuntil1642,whenthelastSpanishfortressfelltoDutchforces.[75]TheDutchthenmarchedsouth,subduinghundredsofvillagesinthewesternplainsbetweentheirnewpossessionsinthenorthandtheirbaseatTayouan.[75] FollowingthefalloftheMingdynastyinBeijingin1644,Koxinga(ZhengChenggong)pledgedallegiancetotheYongliEmperorofSouthernMingandattackedtheQingdynastyalongthesoutheasterncoastofChina.[76]In1661,underincreasingQingpressure,hemovedhisforcesfromhisbaseinXiamentoTaiwan,expellingtheDutchinthefollowingyear.Taiwan'sMinistryofForeignAffairsandsomeanalystsconsiderhisregimetobeloyaltotheMing,whileothersarguethatheactedasanindependentrulerandhisintentionswereunclear.[77][78][79][80] AfterbeingoustedfromTaiwan,theDutchalliedwiththenewQingdynastyinChinaagainsttheZhengregimeinTaiwan.FollowingsomeskirmishestheDutchretookthenorthernfortressatKeelungin1664.[81]ZhengJingsenttroopstodislodgetheDutch,buttheywereunsuccessful.TheDutchheldoutatKeelunguntil1668,whenaborigineresistance,[82]andthelackofprogressinretakinganyotherpartsoftheislandpersuadedthecolonialauthoritiestoabandonthisfinalstrongholdandwithdrawfromTaiwanaltogether.[83] Qingrule(1683–1895) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderQingrule Huntingdeer,paintedin1746 In1683,followingthedefeatofKoxinga'sgrandsonbyanarmadaledbyAdmiralShiLang,theQingdynastyformallyannexedTaiwan,makingitaprefectureofFujianprovincewhileretainingitsadministrativeseat(nowTainan)underKoxingaasthecapital.[84]TheQingimperialgovernmenttriedtoreducepiracyandvagrancyinthearea,issuingaseriesofedictstomanageimmigrationandrespectaboriginallandrights.ImmigrantsmostlyfromsouthernFujiancontinuedtoenterTaiwan.Theborderbetweentaxpayinglandsandwhatwasconsidered"savage"landsshiftedeastward,withsomeaboriginesbecomingsinicizedwhileothersretreatedintothemountains.Duringthistime,therewereanumberofconflictsbetweendifferentethnicgroupsofHanChinese,QuanzhouMinnanesefeudingwithZhangzhouandHakkaspeasants,andmajorclanfightsbetweenMinnans(Hoklos),Hakkasandaboriginestoo. Thereweremorethanahundredrebellions,riots,andinstancesofcivilstrifeduringtheQing'sadministration,includingtheLinShuangwenrebellion(1786–1788).Theirfrequencywasevokedbythecommonsaying"everythreeyearsanuprising,everyfiveyearsarebellion"(三年一反、五年一亂),primarilyinreferencetotheperiodbetween1820and1850.[85][86][87]Theseconditionsnotwithstanding,theproductionofsugarbecameprofitableontheislandand,togetherwithrice,providedsurplusesforexporttothemainland.Meanwhile,arapidlyincreasingpopulationsettledthewesterncoastalareas.[88] NorthernTaiwanandthePenghuIslandswerethesceneofsubsidiarycampaignsintheSino-FrenchWar(August1884toApril1885).TheFrenchoccupiedKeelungon1October1884,butwererepulsedfromTamsuiafewdayslater.TheFrenchwonsometacticalvictoriesbutwereunabletoexploitthem,andtheKeelungCampaignendedinstalemate.ThePescadoresCampaign,beginningon31March1885,wasaFrenchvictory,buthadnolong-termconsequences.TheFrenchevacuatedbothKeelungandthePenghuarchipelagoaftertheendofthewar. In1887,theQingupgradedtheisland'sadministrationfrombeingtheTaiwanPrefectureofFujianProvincetoFujian-Taiwan-Province,thetwentiethintheempire,withitscapitalatTaipei.ThiswasaccompaniedbyamodernizationdrivethatincludedatelegraphlinebetweenTainanandTaipeiandthebuildingofChina'sfirstrailway.[84][89] Japaneserule(1895–1945) Mainarticle:TaiwanunderJapaneserule JapanesecolonialsoldiersmarchTaiwanesecapturedaftertheTapaniIncidentin1915fromtheTainanjailtocourt. FollowingQing'sdefeatintheFirstSino-JapaneseWar(1894–1895),Taiwan,itsassociatedislands,andthePenghuarchipelagowerecededtotheEmpireofJapanbytheTreatyofShimonoseki,alongwithotherconcessions.[90]InhabitantsonTaiwanandPenghuwishingtoremainQingsubjectsweregivenatwo-yeargraceperiodtoselltheirpropertyandmovetomainlandChina.VeryfewFormosanssawthisasfeasible.[91]On25May1895,agroupofpro-QinghighofficialsproclaimedtheRepublicofFormosatoresistimpendingJapaneserule.JapaneseforcesenteredthecapitalatTainanandquelledthisresistanceon21October1895.[92]Guerrillafightingcontinuedperiodicallyuntilabout1902andultimatelytookthelivesof14,000Taiwanese,or0.5percentofthepopulation.[93]SeveralsubsequentrebellionsagainsttheJapanese(theBeipuuprisingof1907,theTapaniincidentof1915,andtheMushaincidentof1930)wereallunsuccessfulbutdemonstratedoppositiontoJapanesecolonialrule. Thecolonialperiodwasinstrumentaltotheindustrializationoftheisland,withitsexpansionofrailwaysandothertransportnetworks,thebuildingofanextensivesanitationsystem,theestablishmentofaformaleducationsystem,andanendtothepracticeofheadhunting.[94][95]Duringthisperiod,thehumanandnaturalresourcesofTaiwanwereusedtoaidthedevelopmentofJapan.Theproductionofcashcropssuchassugargreatlyincreased,especiallysincesugarcanewassalableonlytoafewJapanesesugarmills,andlargeareaswerethereforedivertedfromtheproductionofrice,whichtheFormosanscouldmarketorconsumethemselves.[96]By1939,Taiwanwastheseventh-greatestsugarproducerintheworld.[97] Still,theHansandtheaborigineswereclassifiedassecond-andthird-classcitizens.Manyprestigiousgovernmentandbusinesspositionswereclosedtothem,leavingfewnativescapableoftakingonleadershipandmanagementrolesdecadeslaterwhenJapanrelinquishedtheisland.[98]AftersuppressingChineseguerrillasinthefirstdecadeoftheirrule,Japaneseauthoritiesengagedinaseriesofbloodycampaignsagainstthemountainaborigines,culminatingintheMushaIncidentof1930.[99]Intellectualsandlabourerswhoparticipatedinleft-wingmovementswithinTaiwanwerealsoarrestedandmassacred(e.g.ChiangWei-shuiandMasanosukeWatanabe).[100]Around1935,theJapanesebegananisland-wideassimilationprojecttobindtheislandmorefirmlytotheJapaneseEmpire.PeopleweretaughttoseethemselvesasJapaneseundertheKominkaMovement,duringwhichTaiwanesecultureandreligionwereoutlawed,andthecitizenswereencouragedtoadoptJapanesesurnames.[101]By1938,309,000JapanesesettlerswereresidinginTaiwan.[102] BurdenedbyJapan'supcomingwarefforts,agriculture,industry,andcommercesufferedseverelyastheislandwasdevelopedintoanavalandairbase.[103][104]InitialairattacksandthesubsequentinvasionofthePhilippineswerelaunchedfromTaiwan.TheImperialJapaneseNavyoperatedheavilyfromTaiwaneseports,anditsthinktank"SouthStrikeGroup"wasbasedattheTaihokuImperialUniversityinTaipei.Militarybasesandindustrialcentres,suchasKaohsiungandKeelung,becametargetsofheavyAlliedbombings,whichalsodestroyedmanyofthefactories,dams,andtransportfacilitiesbuiltbytheJapanese.[105][104]InOctober1944,theFormosaAirBattlewasfoughtbetweenAmericancarriersandJapaneseforcesinTaiwan. DuringthecourseofWorldWarII,tensofthousandsofTaiwaneseservedintheJapanesemilitary.[106]In1944,LeeTeng-hui,whowouldbecomeTaiwan'spresidentlaterinlife,volunteeredforserviceintheImperialJapaneseArmyandbecameasecondlieutenant.[107]Hiselderbrother,LeeTeng-chin(李登欽),alsovolunteeredfortheImperialJapaneseNavyanddiedinManila.[108]Inaddition,over2,000women,euphemisticallycalled"comfortwomen",wereforcedintosexualslaveryforImperialJapanesetroops.[109] AfterJapan'ssurrenderinWWII,mostofTaiwan'sapproximately300,000JapaneseresidentswereexpelledandsenttoJapan.[110] RepublicofChina(1945–1949) Mainarticle:RepublicofChina(1912–1949) GeneralChenYi(right)acceptingthereceiptofGeneralOrderNo.1fromRikichiAndō(left),thelastJapaneseGovernor-GeneralofTaiwan,inTaipeiCityHall WhileTaiwanwasstillunderJapaneserule,theRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthemainlandon1January1912,followingtheXinhaiRevolution,whichbeganwiththeWuchanguprisingon10October1911,replacingtheQingdynastyandendingovertwothousandyearsofimperialruleinChina.[111]Fromitsfoundinguntil1949itwasbasedinmainlandChina.Centralauthoritywaxedandwanedinresponsetowarlordism(1915–28),Japaneseinvasion(1937–45),andtheChineseCivilWar(1927–50),withcentralauthoritystrongestduringtheNanjingdecade(1927–37),whenmostofChinacameunderthecontroloftheKuomintang(KMT)underanauthoritarianone-partystate.[112] InSeptember1945followingJapan'ssurrenderinWWII,ROCforces,assistedbysmallAmericanteams,preparedanamphibiousliftintoTaiwantoacceptthesurrenderoftheJapanesemilitaryforcesthere,underGeneralOrderNo.1,andtakeovertheadministrationofTaiwan.[113][114]On25October,GeneralRikichiAndō,governor-generalofTaiwanandcommander-in-chiefofallJapaneseforcesontheisland,signedthereceiptandhandeditovertoROCGeneralChenYitocompletetheofficialturnover.Chenproclaimedthatdaytobe"TaiwanRetrocessionDay",buttheAllies,havingentrustedTaiwanandthePenghuIslandstoChineseadministrationandmilitaryoccupation,nonethelessconsideredthemtobeunderJapanesesovereigntyuntil1952whentheTreatyofSanFranciscotookeffect.[115][116]Inthe1943CairoDeclaration,US,UK,andROCrepresentativesspecifiedterritoriessuchasFormosaandthePescadorestoberestoredbyJapantotheRepublicofChina.[117][118]Itstermswerelaterreferredtointhe1945PotsdamDeclaration,[119]whoseprovisionsJapanagreedtocarryoutinitsinstrumentofsurrender.[120][121]Duetodisagreementsoverwhichgovernment(PRCorROC)toinvite,ChinadidnotattendtheeventualsigningoftheTreatyofSanFrancisco,wherebyJapanrenouncedalltitlesandclaimstoFormosaandthePescadoreswithoutspecifyingtowhomtheyweresurrendered.[122]In1952,JapanandtheROCsignedtheTreatyofTaipei,recognizingthatalltreatiesconcludedbefore9December1941betweenChinaandJapanhavebecomenullandvoid.[123]InterpretationsofthesedocumentsandtheirlegalimplicationsgiverisetothedebateoverthesovereigntystatusofTaiwan. WhileinitiallyenthusiasticaboutthereturnofChineseadministrationandtheThreePrinciplesofthePeople,Formosansincreasinglygrewdissatisfiedduetobeingexcludedfromhigherpositions,thepostponementoflocalelectionsdespitetheenactmentofaconstitutiononthemainland,thesmugglingoutoftheisland'svaluables,theexpropriationofbusinessesintogovernmentoperatedmonopolies,andthehyperinflationof1945-1949.[124][125][126][127]Theshootingofacivilianon28February1947triggeredisland-wideunrest,whichwassuppressedbyChenwithmilitaryforceinwhatisnowcalledtheFebruary28Incident.[128][129]Mainstreamestimatesofthenumberkilledrangefrom18,000to30,000.Manynativeleaderswerekilled,aswellasstudentsandsomemainlanders.[130][131][132]ChenwaslaterrelievedandreplacedbyWeiTao-ming,whomadeanefforttoundopreviousmismanagementbyre-appointingagoodproportionofislandersandre-privatizingbusinesses.[133] TheNationalists'retreattoTaipei AftertheendofWorldWarII,theChineseCivilWarresumedbetweentheChineseNationalists(Kuomintang),ledbyGeneralissimoChiangKai-shek,andtheChineseCommunistParty(CCP),ledbyCCPChairmanMaoZedong.Throughoutthemonthsof1949,aseriesofChineseCommunistoffensivesledtothecaptureofitscapitalNanjingon23AprilandthesubsequentdefeatoftheNationalistarmyonthemainland,andtheCommunistsfoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChinaon1October.[134] On7December1949,afterthelossoffourcapitals,ChiangevacuatedhisNationalistgovernmenttoTaiwanandmadeTaipeithetemporarycapitaloftheROC(alsocalledthe"wartimecapital"byChiangKai-shek).[135]Some2millionpeople,consistingmainlyofsoldiers,membersoftherulingKuomintangandintellectualandbusinesselites,wereevacuatedfrommainlandChinatoTaiwanatthattime,addingtotheearlierpopulationofapproximatelysixmillion.ThesepeoplecametobeknowninTaiwanas"waishengren"(外省人),residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrender,aswellastheirdescendants.Inaddition,theROCgovernmenttooktoTaipeimanynationaltreasuresandmuchofChina'sgoldreservesandforeigncurrencyreserves.[136][137][138] AfterlosingcontrolofmainlandChinain1949,theROCretainedcontrolofTaiwanandPenghu(Taiwan,ROC),partsofFujian(Fujian,ROC)—specificallyKinmen,Wuqiu(nowpartofKinmen)andtheMatsuIslandsandtwomajorislandsintheSouthChinaSea(withintheDongsha/PratasandNansha/Spratlyislandgroups).TheseterritorieshaveremainedunderROCgovernanceuntilthepresentday.TheROCalsobrieflyretainedcontroloftheentiretyofHainan(anislandprovince),partsofZhejiang(Chekiang)—specificallytheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslands—andportionsofTibet,Qinghai,SinkiangandYunnan.TheCommunistscapturedHainanin1950,capturedtheDachenIslandsandYijiangshanIslandsduringtheFirstTaiwanStraitCrisisin1955anddefeatedtheROCrevoltsinNorthwestChinain1958.ROCforcesinYunnanprovinceenteredBurmaandThailandinthe1950sandweredefeatedbyCommunistsin1961.EversincelosingcontrolofmainlandChina,theKuomintangcontinuedtoclaimsovereigntyover'allofChina',whichitdefinedtoincludemainlandChina(includingTibet),Taiwan(includingPenghu),OuterMongolia外蒙古,andotherminorterritories. RepublicofChinaonTaiwan(1949–present) Mainarticles:HistoryoftheRepublicofChinaandHistoryofTaiwan(1945–present) Martiallawera(1949–1987) Seealso:MartiallawinTaiwanandTaiwanMiracle ChiangKai-shek,leaderoftheKuomintangfrom1925untilhisdeathin1975 Martiallaw,declaredonTaiwaninMay1949,[139]continuedtobeineffectafterthecentralgovernmentrelocatedtoTaiwan.Itwasnotrepealeduntil38yearslater,in1987.[139]Martiallawwasusedasawaytosuppressthepoliticaloppositionduringtheyearsitwasactive.[140]DuringtheWhiteTerror,astheperiodisknown,140,000peoplewereimprisonedorexecutedforbeingperceivedasanti-KMTorpro-Communist.[141]Manycitizenswerearrested,tortured,imprisonedandexecutedfortheirrealorperceivedlinktotheChineseCommunistParty.Sincethesepeopleweremainlyfromtheintellectualandsocialelite,anentiregenerationofpoliticalandsocialleaderswasdecimated.In1998,alawwaspassedtocreatethe"CompensationFoundationforImproperVerdicts"whichoversawcompensationtoWhiteTerrorvictimsandfamilies.PresidentMaYing-jeoumadeanofficialapologyin2008,expressinghopethattherewouldneverbeatragedysimilartoWhiteTerror.[142] Initially,theUnitedStatesabandonedtheKMTandexpectedthatTaiwanwouldfalltotheCommunists.However,in1950theconflictbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKorea,whichhadbeenongoingsincetheJapanesewithdrawalin1945,escalatedintofull-blownwar,andinthecontextoftheColdWar,USPresidentHarryS.TrumanintervenedagainanddispatchedtheUSNavy's7thFleetintotheTaiwanStraittopreventhostilitiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChina.[143]IntheTreatyofSanFranciscoandtheTreatyofTaipei,whichcameintoforcerespectivelyon28April1952and5August1952,Japanformallyrenouncedallright,claimandtitletoTaiwanandPenghu,andrenouncedalltreatiessignedwithChinabefore1942.Neithertreatyspecifiedtowhomsovereigntyovertheislandsshouldbetransferred,becausetheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomdisagreedonwhethertheROCorthePRCwasthelegitimategovernmentofChina.[144]ContinuingconflictoftheChineseCivilWarthroughthe1950s,andinterventionbytheUnitedStatesnotablyresultedinlegislationsuchastheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyandtheFormosaResolutionof1955. WithChiangKai-shek,USpresidentDwightD.EisenhowerwavedtocrowdsduringhisvisittoTaipeiinJune1960. AstheChineseCivilWarcontinuedwithouttruce,thegovernmentbuiltupmilitaryfortificationsthroughoutTaiwan.Withinthiseffort,KMTveteransbuiltthenowfamousCentralCross-IslandHighwaythroughtheTarokoGorgeinthe1950s.Thetwosideswouldcontinuetoengageinsporadicmilitaryclasheswithseldompublicizeddetailswellintothe1960sontheChinacoastalislandswithanunknownnumberofnightraids.DuringtheSecondTaiwanStraitCrisisinSeptember1958,Taiwan'slandscapesawNike-Herculesmissilebatteriesadded,withtheformationofthe1stMissileBattalionChineseArmythatwouldnotbedeactivateduntil1997.NewergenerationsofmissilebatterieshavesincereplacedtheNikeHerculessystemsthroughouttheisland. Duringthe1960sand1970s,theROCmaintainedanauthoritarian,single-partygovernmentwhileitseconomybecameindustrializedandtechnology-oriented.[145]Thisrapideconomicgrowth,knownastheTaiwanMiracle,occurredfollowingastrategyofprioritizingagriculture,lightandheavyindustriesinthatorder.[146]InfrastructureprojectssuchastheSunYat-senFreeway,TaoyuanInternationalAirport,TaichungHarbor,andJinshanNuclearPowerPlantwerelaunched,whiletheriseofsteel,petrochemical,andshipbuildingindustriesinsouthernTaiwansawthetransformationofKaohsiungintoaspecialmunicipalityonparwithTaipei.[147]Inthe1970s,TaiwanwaseconomicallythesecondfastestgrowingstateinAsiaafterJapan.[148]In1978,taxincentivescombinedwithacheap,well-trainedlaborforceattractedinvestmentsover$1.9billionfromoverseasChinese,theUnitedStates,andJapan,especiallyinthemanufacturingofelectricalandelectronicproducts.[149]By1980,foreigntradehasreached$39billionperyear,generatingasurplusof$46.5million,whiletheincomeratioofthehighesttothelowest20percentofwageearnersdecreasedfrom15:1to4:1between1952and1978,lessthanthatoftheUnitedStates.[146]AlongwithHongKong,Singapore,andSouthKorea,TaiwanbecameknownasoneoftheFourAsianTigers. BecauseoftheColdWar,mostWesternnationsandtheUnitedNationsregardedtheROCasthesolelegitimategovernmentofChinauntilthe1970s.Later,especiallyaftertheterminationoftheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreaty,mostnationsswitcheddiplomaticrecognitiontothePRC(seeUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution2758).Untilthe1970s,theROCgovernmentwasregardedbyWesterncriticsasundemocraticforupholdingmartiallaw,severelyrepressinganypoliticalopposition,andcontrollingthemedia.TheKMTdidnotallowthecreationofnewpartiesandthosethatexisteddidnotseriouslycompetewiththeKMT.Thus,competitivedemocraticelectionsdidnotexist.[150][151][152][153][154]Fromthelate1970stothe1990s,however,Taiwanwentthroughreformsandsocialchangesthattransformeditfromanauthoritarianstatetoademocracy.In1979,apro-democracyprotestknownastheKaohsiungIncidenttookplaceinKaohsiungtocelebrateHumanRightsDay.Althoughtheprotestwasrapidlycrushedbytheauthorities,itistodayconsideredasthemaineventthatunitedTaiwan'sopposition.[155] ChiangChing-kuo,ChiangKai-shek'ssonandsuccessorastheROCpresidentandchairmanoftheKMT,beganreformstothepoliticalsysteminthemid-1980s.Hesoughttomovemoreauthorityto"benshengren"(residentsofTaiwanbeforeJapan'ssurrenderinWorldWarIIandtheirdescendants)insteadofcontinuingtopromote"waishengren"(residentswhocametotheislandinthe1940sand50safterJapan'ssurrenderandtheirdescendants)ashisfatherhad.[156]In1984,theyoungerChiangselectedLeeTeng-hui,aTaiwan-born,US-educatedtechnocrat,tobehisvice-president.In1986,theDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wasformedandinauguratedasthefirstoppositionpartyintheROCtocountertheKMT.Ayearlater,ChiangChing-kuoliftedmartiallawonthemainislandofTaiwan(martiallawwasliftedonPenghuin1979,Matsuislandin1992andKinmenislandin1993).WiththeKMTliftingmartiallaw,movingtowarddemocracy,andchoosingthenativeTaiwaneseLeeTeng-huitoleadthecountry,theoppositionDPPgropedforamessage;itwouldgoontolosethefirstdirectpresidentialelectionin1996.[157] Post-martiallawera(1987–present) Seealso:PoliticsoftheRepublicofChina In1988,LeeTeng-huibecamethefirstpresidentoftheRepublicofChinaborninTaiwanandwasthefirsttobedirectlyelectedin1996. AfterthedeathofChiangChing-kuoinJanuary1988,LeeTeng-huisucceededhimandbecamethefirstpresidentborninTaiwan.Leecontinuedthedemocraticreformstothegovernmentandreplacedmany"waishengren"ingovernmentpositionswith"benshengren".UnderLee,TaiwanunderwentaprocessoflocalizationinwhichTaiwanesecultureandhistorywerepromotedoverapan-ChinaviewpointincontrasttoearlierKMTpolicieswhichhadpromotedaChineseidentity.Lee'sreformsincludedprintingbanknotesfromtheCentralBankratherthantheProvincialBankofTaiwan,andstreamliningtheTaiwanProvincialGovernmentwithmostofitsfunctionstransferredtotheExecutiveYuan.UnderLee,theoriginalmembersoftheLegislativeYuanandNationalAssembly(aformersupremelegislativebodydefunctin2005),[158]electedin1947torepresentmainlandChineseconstituenciesandhavingheldtheseatswithoutre-electionformorethanfourdecades,wereforcedtoresignin1991.ThepreviouslynominalrepresentationintheLegislativeYuanwasbroughttoanend,reflectingtherealitythattheROChadnojurisdictionovermainlandChina,andviceversa.RestrictionsontheuseofTaiwaneseHokkieninthebroadcastmediaandinschoolswerealsolifted.[159] Reformscontinuedinthe1990s.TheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaandtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreadefinedthestatusoftheROC,makingTaiwanitsdefactoterritory.LeeTeng-huiwasre-electedastheKMTcandidatein1996,inthefirstdirectpresidentialelectioninthehistoryoftheROC,defeatingDDPcandidatePengMing-min.[160][161]Withdemocratization,theissueofthepoliticalstatusofTaiwangraduallyresurfacedasacontroversialissuewhere,previously,thediscussionofanythingotherthanunificationundertheROCwastaboo.DuringthelateryearsofLee'sadministration,hewasinvolvedincorruptioncontroversiesrelatingtogovernmentreleaseoflandandweaponspurchase,althoughnolegalproceedingscommenced.In1997,"Tomeettherequisitesofthenationpriortonationalunification",[162]theAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinawaspassedandthentheformer"constitutionoffivepowers"turnstobemoretripartite. In2000,ChenShui-bianoftheDemocraticProgressivePartywaselectedasthefirstnon-Kuomintang(KMT)Presidentandwasre-electedtoservehissecondandlasttermsince2004,evenafterhebacktrackedontheneedtodeclareTaiwan'sindependence.[157]Meanwhile,polarizedpoliticsemergedinTaiwanwiththeformationofthePan-BlueCoalition,ledbytheKMT,andthePan-GreenCoalition,ledbytheDPP.TheformerpreferseventualChineseunification,whilethelatterprefersTaiwaneseindependence.[163] In2004,theChenadministrationpushedforareferendumoncross-Straitrelations.Inearly2006,ChenShui-bianremarked:"TheNationalUnificationCouncilwillceasetofunction.Nobudgetwillbeear-markedforitanditspersonnelmustreturntotheiroriginalposts...TheNationalUnificationGuidelineswillceasetoapply."[164]On30September2007,therulingDPPapprovedaresolutionassertingaseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Italsocalledforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,theRepublicofChina.[165] However,Chenalienatedmoderateconstituentswhosupportedthestatusquoandthosewithcross-straiteconomicties,aswellascreatingtensionwiththemainlandanddisagreementswiththeUnitedStates.[166]In2008,referendumswereheldonthesamedayasthepresidentialelectionaskingwhetherTaiwanshouldjointheUNunder"Taiwan"(DPP'smotion)or"RepublicofChina"/anyothersuitablename(KMT'smotion).Bothfailedbecauseonly35percentoftheelectorate,belowtherequiredthresholdof50percent,voted.[167]TheChenadministrationwasalsodoggedbypublicconcernsoverreducedeconomicgrowth,legislativegridlockduetoapan-blue,opposition-controlledLegislativeYuan,andcorruptioninvestigationsinvolvingtheFirstFamilyaswellasgovernmentofficials,loweringthePresident'sratingstothe20sneartheendofhissecondterm.[168][169][166] IntheJanuary2008legislativeelections,theKMT'smajorityintheLegislativeYuanincreased.ItsnomineeMaYing-jeouwentontowinthepresidencyinMarchofthesameyear,campaigningonaplatformofincreasedeconomicgrowthandbettertieswiththePRCunderapolicyof"mutualnon-denial".[167]UnderMa,TaiwanandChinaopenedupdirectflightsandcargoshipments,withthelattercountryevenmakingitpossibleforTaiwantoparticipateintheannualWorldHealthAssembly.ThreatsfromChinafadedfromthepublic'smind,althoughU.S.analystsRichardFisherandRichardBusharguedthatmilitarytensionswiththePRChadnotbeenreduced.[170] StudentprotestinTaipeiagainstacontroversialtradeagreementwithChinainMarch2014 In2014,agroupofuniversitystudentssuccessfullyoccupiedtheLegislativeYuanandpreventedtheratificationoftheCross-StraitServiceTradeAgreementinwhatbecameknownastheSunflowerStudentMovement.Themovementgaverisetoyouth-basedthirdpartiessuchastheNewPowerParty,andisviewedtohavecontributedtoDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)victoriesthe2016presidentialandlegislativeelections.[171]ThismarkedthefirsttimeinTaiwanesehistorythattheKMTlostitslegislativemajority. In2016,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPbecamethepresidentofTaiwan.In2020,shecalledontheinternationalcommunitytodefendtheself-ruledisland'sdemocracyinthefaceofrenewedthreatsfromChinaandcalledonthelattertodemocratizeandrenouncetheuseofmilitaryforceagainstTaiwan.ChineseleaderXiJinpinghadearlierexpressedthatTaiwanwaspartofChina,whoreservestherighttouseforcebutwillstrivetoachievepeaceful"reunification".Xialsoofferedtodiscussunificationwithpartiesorindividualsunderthepreconditionof"oneChina",butbothTsaiandtheKMTrejectedXi'sproposal.[172][173] InJanuary2020,Tsaiwasre-electedandinthesimultaneouslegislativeelectionPresidentTsai'sDemocraticProgressiveParty(DPP)wonamajoritywith61outof113seats.TheKuomintang(KMT)got38seats.[174] Inthe2020DemocracyIndexpublishedbytheLondon-basedEconomistIntelligenceUnit,Taiwanwasupgradedfroma"flaweddemocracy"toa"fulldemocracy",afterrisingfromthe31stplacetothe11th,moreimprovementthananyothercountry.ItwasrankedbelowCanadabutaboveGermany,Japan,andtheUnitedStates.[175] Geography Mainarticle:GeographyofTaiwan Taiwanismostlymountainousintheeast,withgentlyslopingplainsinthewest.ThePenghuIslandsarewestofthemainisland. TheareacontrolledbytheROCconsistsofseveralislandswithacombinedareaof36,193squarekilometres(13,974 sq mi).[15][176][m]Themainisland,knownhistoricallyasFormosa,makesup99percentofthisarea,measuring35,808squarekilometres(13,826 sq mi)andlyingsome180kilometres(112 mi)acrosstheTaiwanStraitfromthesoutheasterncoastofmainlandChina.TheEastChinaSealiestoitsnorth,thePhilippineSeatoitseast,theLuzonStraitdirectlytoitssouthandtheSouthChinaSeatoitssouthwest.SmallerislandsincludethePenghuIslandsintheTaiwanStrait,theKinmen,MatsuandWuqiuislandsneartheChinesecoast,andsomeoftheSouthChinaSeaislands. Themainislandisatiltedfaultblock,characterizedbythecontrastbetweentheeasterntwo-thirds,consistingmostlyoffiveruggedmountainrangesparalleltotheeastcoast,andtheflattogentlyrollingplainsofthewesternthird,wherethemajorityofTaiwan'spopulationreside.Thereareseveralpeaksover3,500metres,thehighestbeingYuShanat3,952 m(12,966 ft),makingTaiwantheworld'sfourth-highestisland.Thetectonicboundarythatformedtheserangesisstillactive,andtheislandexperiencesmanyearthquakes,afewofthemhighlydestructive.TherearealsomanyactivesubmarinevolcanoesintheTaiwanStraits. Taiwancontainsfourterrestrialecoregions:JianNansubtropicalevergreenforests,SouthChinaSeaIslands,SouthTaiwanmonsoonrainforests,andTaiwansubtropicalevergreenforests.[177]Theeasternmountainsareheavilyforestedandhometoadiverserangeofwildlife,whilelanduseinthewesternandnorthernlowlandsisintensive.Thecountryhada2019ForestLandscapeIntegrityIndexmeanscoreof6.38/10,rankingit76thgloballyoutof172countries.[178] Climate Seealso:ClimatechangeinTaiwan KöppenclimateclassificationofTaiwan TaiwanliesontheTropicofCancer,anditsgeneralclimateismarinetropical.[14]Thenorthernandcentralregionsaresubtropical,whereasthesouthistropicalandthemountainousregionsaretemperate.[179]Theaveragerainfallis2,600millimetres(100inches)peryearfortheislandproper;therainyseasonisconcurrentwiththeonsetofthesummerEastAsianMonsooninMayandJune.[180]Theentireislandexperienceshot,humidweatherfromJunethroughSeptember.TyphoonsaremostcommoninJuly,AugustandSeptember.[180]Duringthewinter(NovembertoMarch),thenortheastexperiencessteadyrain,whilethecentralandsouthernpartsoftheislandaremostlysunny. Duetoclimatechange,theaveragetemperatureinTaiwanhasrisen1.4 °C(2.5 °F)inthelast100years,whichistwiceoftheworldwidetemperaturerise.[181]ThegoaloftheTaiwanesegovernmentistocutcarbonemissionsby20percentin2030comparedto2005levels,andby50percentin2050comparedto2005levels.Carbonemissionsincreasedby0.92percentbetween2005and2016.[182] Geology Mainarticle:GeologyofTaiwan DabajianMountain TheislandofTaiwanliesinacomplextectonicareabetweentheYangtzePlatetothewestandnorth,theOkinawaPlateonthenorth-east,andthePhilippineMobileBeltontheeastandsouth.Theupperpartofthecrustontheislandisprimarilymadeupofaseriesofterranes,mostlyoldislandarcswhichhavebeenforcedtogetherbythecollisionoftheforerunnersoftheEurasianPlateandthePhilippineSeaPlate.ThesehavebeenfurtherupliftedasaresultofthedetachmentofaportionoftheEurasianPlateasitwassubductedbeneathremnantsofthePhilippineSeaPlate,aprocesswhichleftthecrustunderTaiwanmorebuoyant.[183] TheeastandsouthofTaiwanareacomplexsystemofbeltsformedby,andpartofthezoneof,activecollisionbetweentheNorthLuzonTroughportionoftheLuzonVolcanicArcandSouthChina,whereaccretedportionsoftheLuzonArcandLuzonforearcformtheeasternCoastalRangeandparallelinlandLongitudinalValleyofTaiwan,respectively.[184] ThemajorseismicfaultsinTaiwancorrespondtothevarioussuturezonesbetweenthevariousterranes.Thesehaveproducedmajorquakesthroughoutthehistoryoftheisland.On21September1999,a7.3quakeknownasthe"921earthquake"killedmorethan2,400people.TheseismichazardmapforTaiwanbytheUSGSshows9/10oftheislandatthehighestrating(mosthazardous).[185] Politicalandlegalstatus Mainarticle:PoliticalstatusofTaiwan Seealso:ListofstateswithlimitedrecognitionandForeignrelationsofChina§ Internationalterritorialdisputes ThepoliticalandlegalstatusesofTaiwanarecontentiousissues.ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(PRC)claimsthatTaiwanisChineseterritoryandthatitselfhasreplacedtheROCgovernmentin1949,becomingthesolelegalgovernmentofChina.[60]TheROChasitsowncurrency,widelyacceptedpassport,postagestamps,internetTLD,armedforcesandconstitutionwithanindependentlyelectedpresident.[186]Ithasnotformallyrenounceditsclaimtothemainland,butROCgovernmentpublicationshaveincreasinglydownplayedthishistoricalclaim.[187] ThoughitwasafoundingmemberofUnitedNations,theROCnowhasneitherofficialmembershipnorobserverstatusintheorganization. RelationswiththePRC Seealso:Cross-Straitrelations 2015Ma–Ximeeting TheMainlandAffairsCouncil(MAC)ofTaiwanisresponsibleforrelationswiththePRC,whiletheTaiwanAffairsOffice(TAO)ofthePRCisresponsibleforrelationswithTaiwan.Exchangesareconductedthroughprivateorganizationsbothfoundedin1991:theStraitsExchangeFoundation(SEF)ofTaiwanandtheAssociationforRelationsAcrosstheTaiwanStraits(ARATS)ofthePRC. Thepoliticalenvironmentiscomplicatedbythepotentialformilitaryconflict[188][189][190][191]shouldeventsoutlinedinthePRC'santi-secessionlawoccur,suchasTaiwandeclaringdejureindependence.Whileitaimsforpeacefulreunification,thePRCdoesnotruleouttheuseofforce.[60][192][193]ThereisasubstantialmilitarypresenceontheFujiancoastaswellasPRCsortiesintoTaiwan'sADIZ.[194][195][196]ThePRC'sOne-ChinaprinciplestatesthatTaiwanandmainlandChinaarebothpartofChina,andthatthePRCistheonlylegitimategovernmentofChina.[35]ItseekstopreventorreduceanyformalrecognitionoftheROCasanindependentsovereignstate,[failedverification][34]meaningthatTaiwanparticipatesinmanyinternationalforumsasanon-statememberundernamessuchas"ChineseTaipei". Foralmost60 years,therewerenodirecttransportationlinks,includingdirectflights,betweenTaiwanandthePRC.ThiswasaproblemformanyTaiwanesebusinessesthathadopenedfactoriesorbranchesinmainlandChina.Inthe2006LunarNewYearSpeech,PresidentChenShui-biancalledformanagedopeningoflinks.DirectweekendcharterflightsbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinabeganinJuly2008undertheKMTgovernment,andthefirstdirectdailycharterflightstookoffinDecember2008.[197] InNovember1992,theARATSandSEFheldameetingwhichwouldlaterbecomeknownasthe1992Consensus.TheSEFannouncedthatbothsidesagreedthatthattherewasonlyoneChina,butdisagreedonthedefinitionofChina(i.e.theROCvs.PRC),whiletheAARTSannouncedthatthetwoagreedontheOneChinaPrinciple,butdidnotmentiondifferencesregardingitsdefinitionmadeintheSEFstatement.[198]ThisdiscrepancybetweenthetwostatementswascriticizedbytheDPPandformerpresidentLeeTeng-hui.[199]ThePRChassincevieweditasaprerequisitefordialoguebetweentheROCandPRC.[199]InFebruary2000,thePRCsuggestedthe"onecountry,twosystems"employedinHongKongasamodelforpeacefulunificationwithTaiwan.[60] PresidentChenShui-bianoftheDPP,electedinMarch2000,initiallyindicatedawillingnesstoacceptthe1992Consensus,butlaterbackeddownduetopressurewithinhispartyandsoughtamiddlegroundbyattemptingdialoguewiththePRConthebasisofthe1992ConsensuswithoutexplicitlyacceptingtheOneChinaPrinciple;thiswasnotwell-receivedbythePRCandofficialdialoguewassuspended.[200]On29April2005,KuomintangChairmanLienChantravelledtoBeijingandmetwithChineseCommunistPartyGeneralSecretaryHuJintao,thefirstmeetingbetweentheleadersofthetwopartiessincetheendoftheChineseCivilWarin1949.[201][202][203]AccordingtoUSsources,Husaidin2008thattalksbetweenTaiwanandthemainlandshouldberestoredonthebasisofthe1992Consensus.[204][205][206] MaYing-jeouoftheKMTfullyendorsedthe1992Consensus,thoughhestatedthattherewouldbeneitherunificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[207]Afterbecomingelectedpresidentin2008,talksbetweentheROCandPRCresumed.[208]On11February2014,MainlandAffairsCouncilheadWangYu-chitravelledtoNanjingandmetwithTaiwanAffairsOfficeheadZhangZhijun,thefirstmeetingbetweenhigh-rankingofficialsfromeitherside.[209]ZhangpaidareciprocalvisittoTaiwanandmetWangon25June2014,makingZhangthefirstminister-levelPRCofficialtoevervisitTaiwan.[210]On7November2015,MaYing-jeouandXiJinping[211]hadaface-to-facemeetinginSingapore,thefirsttimetwoROCandPRCleadershadmetsince1945.[212][213] Duringthe2016Taiwanesepresidentialelection,TsaiIng-wenoftheDPPinitiallypursuedasimilarstrategyasChenShui-bian,butafterwinningtheelectionshereceivedasimilarlyfrostyreceptionfromthePRC.[214][215][216]In2019,Tsai,whosupportedthe2019–20HongKongprotests,pledgedthataslongassheisTaiwan'spresident,shewillneveraccept"onecountry,twosystems",andthatsincethePRCequatedthe1992Consensuswith"onecountry,twosystems",shecouldnotacceptthe1992Consensusaswell.[217][218][172][219] Foreignrelations Mainarticle:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan CountriesmaintainingrelationswiththeROC  diplomaticrelationsandembassyinTaipei  unofficialrelations(seetext) Before1928,theforeignpolicyofRepublicanChinawascomplicatedbyalackofinternalunity—competingcentresofpowerallclaimedlegitimacy.ThissituationchangedafterthedefeatofthePeiyangGovernmentbytheKuomintang(KMT),whichledtowidespreaddiplomaticrecognitionoftheRepublicofChina.[220] AftertheKMT'sretreattoTaiwan,mostcountries,notablythecountriesintheWesternBloc,continuedtomaintainrelationswiththeROC,butrecognitiongraduallyerodedandmanycountriesswitchedrecognitiontothePeople'sRepublicofChinainthe1970s.On25October1971,UNResolution2758wasadoptedby76votesto35with17abstensions,recognizingthePRC,foundedin1949onthemainland,asChina'ssolerepresentativeintheUnitedNations;countriesinsupportincludedFrance,India,theUK,andtheUSSR,andcountriesinoppositionincludedJapanandtheUnitedStates.[221][222] ROCembassyinEswatini ThePRCrefusestohavediplomaticrelationswithanynationthathasdiplomaticrelationswiththeROC,andrequiresallnationswithwhichithasdiplomaticrelationstomakeastatementrecognizingitsclaimstoTaiwan.[223]Asaresult,only13 UNmemberstatesandtheHolySeemaintainofficialdiplomaticrelationswiththeRepublicofChina.[35][36][224]TheROCmaintainsunofficialrelationswithmostcountriesviadefactoembassiesandconsulatescalledTaipeiEconomicandCulturalRepresentativeOffices(TECRO),withbranchofficescalled"TaipeiEconomicandCulturalOffices"(TECO).BothTECROandTECOare"unofficialcommercialentities"oftheROCinchargeofmaintainingdiplomaticrelations,providingconsularservices(i.e.visaapplications),andservingthenationalinterestsoftheROCinothercountries.[225] From1954to1979,theUnitedStateswasapartnerwithTaiwaninamutualdefensetreaty.TheUnitedStatesremainsoneofthemainsupportersofTaiwanand,throughtheTaiwanRelationsActpassedin1979,hascontinuedsellingarmsandprovidingmilitarytrainingtotheArmedForces.[226]ThissituationcontinuestobeanissueforthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichconsidersUSinvolvementdisruptivetothestabilityoftheregion.InJanuary2010,theUSannounceditsintentiontosell$6.4 billionworthofmilitaryhardwaretoTaiwan.Asaconsequence,thePRCwarnedthatitsco-operationwiththeUSoninternationalandregionalissuescouldsufferandthatthecompaniesinvolved,namelyRaytheon,LockheedMartin,Boeing,andUnitedTechnologies,couldfaceChinesesanctions.[227] TheofficialpositionoftheUnitedStatesisthatthePRCisexpectedto"usenoforceorthreat[en]touseforceagainstTaiwan"andtheROCisto"exerciseprudenceinmanagingallaspectsofCross-Straitrelations."Botharetorefrainfromperformingactionsorespousingstatements"thatwouldunilaterallyalterTaiwan'sstatus".[228]On16December2015,theObamaadministrationannouncedadealtosell$1.83 billionworthofarmstothearmedforcesoftheROC.[229][230]TheforeignministryofthePRChadexpresseditsdisapprovalforthesalesandissuedtheUSa"sternwarning",sayingitwouldhurtPRC–USrelations.[231]InresponsetoUSsupportforTaiwan,thePRCdefenseministerWeiFenghesaidin2019that"IfanyonedarestosplitTaiwanfromChina,theChinesemilitaryhasnochoicebuttofightatallcosts".[232] Participationininternationaleventsandorganizations Seealso:ForeignrelationsofTaiwan§ RelationwithInternationalorganizations,andChineseTaipei TheROCwasafoundingmemberoftheUnitedNations,andheldtheseatofChinaontheSecurityCouncilandotherUNbodiesuntil1971,whenitwasexpelledbyResolution2758andreplacedinallUNorganswiththePRC.Eachyearsince1992,theROChaspetitionedtheUNforentry,butitsapplicationshavenotmadeitpastcommitteestage.[233] TheflagusedbyTaiwanattheOlympicGames,whereitcompetesas"ChineseTaipei"(中華台北) Duetoitslimitedinternationalrecognition,theRepublicofChinahasbeenamemberoftheUnrepresentedNationsandPeoplesOrganization(UNPO)sincethefoundationoftheorganizationin1991,representedbyagovernment-fundedorganization,theTaiwanFoundationforDemocracy(TFD),underthename"Taiwan".[234][235] AlsoduetoitsOneChinapolicy,thePRConlyparticipatesininternationalorganizationswheretheROCdoesnotparticipateasasovereigncountry.Mostmemberstates,includingtheUnitedStates,donotwishtodiscusstheissueoftheROC'spoliticalstatusforfearofsouringdiplomatictieswiththePRC.[236]However,boththeUSandJapanpubliclysupporttheROC'sbidformembershipintheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)asanobserver.[237]However,thoughtheROCsoughttoparticipateintheWHOsince1997,[238][239]theireffortswererejecteduntil2009,whentheyparticipatedunderthename"ChineseTaipei"afterreachinganagreementwithBeijing.[59][240]In2017,TaiwanagainbegantobeexcludedfromtheWHOeveninanobservercapacity.[241]ThisexclusioncausedanumberofscandalsduringtheCOVID-19outbreak.[242][243] TheNagoyaResolutionin1979betweenTaiwan(ROC),China(PRC),andtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)providedacompromisefortheROCtousethename"ChineseTaipei"ininternationaleventswherethePRCisalsoaparty,suchastheOlympicGames.[244][245][246]UndertheIOCcharter,ROCflagscannotbeflownatanyofficialOlympicvenueorgathering;thiscausedsomeconcernin2002whenresidentsofadowntowncondominiuminSaltLakeCityhungtwoflagsfromTaiwan.[247]TheROCalsoparticipatesintheAsia-PacificEconomicCooperationforum(since1991)andtheWorldTradeOrganization(since2002)underthename"ChineseTaipei".ItwasafoundingmemberoftheAsianDevelopmentBank,butsinceChina'sascensionin1986hasparticipatedunderthename"Taipei,China".TheROCisabletoparticipateas"China"inorganizationsinwhichthePRCdoesnotparticipate,suchastheWorldOrganizationoftheScoutMovement.Areferendumquestionin2018askedifTaiwan'sathletesshouldcompeteunder"Taiwan"inthe2020SummerOlympicsbutdidnotpass;theNewYorkTimesattributedthefailuretoacampaigncautioningthatanamechangemightleadtoTaiwanbeingbanned"underChinesepressure".[248] Domesticopinion Seealso:TaiwanindependenceandChineseUnification Broadlyspeaking,domesticpublicopinionhaspreferredmaintainingthestatusquo,thoughpro-independencesentimenthassteadilyrisensince1994.InJune2021,anannualpollrunbytheNationalChengchiUniversityfoundthat28.2percentofrespondentssupportedthestatusquoandpostponingadecision,27.5percentsupportedmaintainingthestatusquoindefinitely,25.8percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardindependence,5.9percentsupportedthestatusquowithamovetowardunification,5.7percentgavenoresponse,5.6percentsupportedindependenceassoonaspossible,and1.5percentsupportedunificationassoonaspossible.[249] TheKMT,thelargestPan-Blueparty,supportsthestatusquofortheindefinitefuturewithastatedultimategoalofunification.However,itdoesnotsupportunificationintheshorttermwiththePRCassuchaprospectwouldbeunacceptabletomostofitsmembersandthepublic.[citationneeded]MaYing-jeou,chairmanoftheKMTandformerpresidentoftheROC,hassetoutdemocracy,economicdevelopmenttoalevelnearthatofTaiwan,andequitablewealthdistributionastheconditionsthatthePRCmustfulfillforreunificationtooccur.[250] TheDemocraticProgressiveParty,thelargestPan-Greenparty,officiallyseeksindependence,butinpracticealsosupportsthestatusquobecauseneitherindependencenorre-unificationseemslikelyintheshortorevenmediumterm.[251] On2September2008,theMexicannewspaperElSoldeMéxicoaskedPresidentMaoftheKMTabouthisviewsonthesubjectof"twoChinas"andiftherewasasolutionforthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwo.ThepresidentrepliedthattherelationsareneitherbetweentwoChinasnortwostates.Itisaspecialrelationship.Further,hestatedthatthesovereigntyissuesbetweenthetwocannotberesolvedatpresent,buthequotedthe"1992Consensus",acceptedbyboththeKMTandtheChineseCommunistParty,asatemporarymeasureuntilasolutionbecomesavailable.[252]However,theconsensuswasrejectedbyformerpresidentLeeTeng-hui,aswellasPresidentTsaiIng-wenandmostofthePan-GreenCoalition. On27September2017,TaiwanesepremierWilliamLaioftheDemocraticProgressivePartysaidthathewasa"politicalworkerwhoadvocatesTaiwanindependence",butthatasTaiwanwasalreadyanindependentcountrycalledtheRepublicofChina,[191][193][196][253][254]ithadnoneedtodeclareindependence.[255] Governmentandpolitics Mainarticles:GovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaandPoliticsoftheRepublicofChina Seealso:ElectionsinTaiwan,HumanrightsinTaiwan,andNorth-SouthdivideinTaiwan Taiwan'spopularlyelectedpresidentresidesinthePresidentialOfficeBuilding,Taipei,originallybuiltintheJapaneseeraforcolonialgovernors. ThegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinawasfoundedonthe1947ConstitutionoftheROCanditsThreePrinciplesofthePeople,whichstatesthattheROC"shallbeademocraticrepublicofthepeople,tobegovernedbythepeopleandforthepeople".[256]Itunderwentsignificantrevisionsinthe1990s,knowncollectivelyastheAdditionalArticles.Thegovernmentisdividedintofivebranches(Yuan):theExecutiveYuan(cabinet),theLegislativeYuan(CongressorParliament),theJudicialYuan,theControlYuan(auditagency),andtheExaminationYuan(civilserviceexaminationagency). TsaiIng-wen,PresidentoftheRepublicofChina Theheadofstateandcommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesisthepresident,whoiselectedbypopularvoteforamaximumof2four-yeartermsonthesameticketasthevice-president.ThepresidentappointsthemembersoftheExecutiveYuanastheircabinet,includingapremier,whoisofficiallythePresidentoftheExecutiveYuan;membersareresponsibleforpolicyandadministration.[256] ThemainlegislativebodyistheunicameralLegislativeYuanwith113seats.Seventy-threeareelectedbypopularvotefromsingle-memberconstituencies;thirty-fourareelectedbasedontheproportionofnationwidevotesreceivedbyparticipatingpoliticalpartiesinaseparatepartylistballot;andsixareelectedfromtwothree-memberaboriginalconstituencies.Membersservefour-yearterms.OriginallytheunicameralNationalAssembly,asastandingconstitutionalconventionandelectoralcollege,heldsomeparliamentaryfunctions,buttheNationalAssemblywasabolishedin2005withthepowerofconstitutionalamendmentshandedovertotheLegislativeYuanandalleligiblevotersoftheRepublicviareferendums.[256][257] SuTseng-chang,PremieroftheRepublicofChina Thepremierisselectedbythepresidentwithouttheneedforapprovalfromthelegislature,butthelegislaturecanpasslawswithoutregardforthepresident,asneitherhenorthePremierwieldsvetopower.[256]Thus,thereislittleincentiveforthepresidentandthelegislaturetonegotiateonlegislationiftheyareofopposingparties.Aftertheelectionofthepan-Green'sChenShui-bianasPresidentin2000,legislationrepeatedlystalledbecauseofdeadlockwiththeLegislativeYuan,whichwascontrolledbyapan-Bluemajority.[258]Historically,theROChasbeendominatedbystrongmansinglepartypolitics.Thislegacyhasresultedinexecutivepowerscurrentlybeingconcentratedintheofficeofthepresidentratherthanthepremier,eventhoughtheconstitutiondoesnotexplicitlystatetheextentofthepresident'sexecutivepower.[259] TheJudicialYuanisthehighestjudicialorgan.Itinterpretstheconstitutionandotherlawsanddecrees,judgesadministrativesuits,anddisciplinespublicfunctionaries.Thepresidentandvice-presidentoftheJudicialYuanandadditionalthirteenjusticesformtheCouncilofGrandJustices.[260]Theyarenominatedandappointedbythepresident,withtheconsentoftheLegislativeYuan.Thehighestcourt,theSupremeCourt,consistsofanumberofcivilandcriminaldivisions,eachofwhichisformedbyapresidingjudgeandfourassociatejudges,allappointedforlife.In1993,aseparateconstitutionalcourtwasestablishedtoresolveconstitutionaldisputes,regulatetheactivitiesofpoliticalpartiesandacceleratethedemocratizationprocess.Thereisnotrialbyjurybuttherighttoafairpublictrialisprotectedbylawandrespectedinpractice;manycasesarepresidedoverbymultiplejudges.[256] TheControlYuanisawatchdogagencythatmonitors(controls)theactionsoftheexecutive.ItcanbeconsideredastandingcommissionforadministrativeinquiryandcanbecomparedtotheCourtofAuditorsoftheEuropeanUnionortheGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeoftheUnitedStates.[256]ItisalsoresponsiblefortheNationalHumanRightsCommission. TheExaminationYuanisinchargeofvalidatingthequalificationofcivilservants.ItisbasedontheoldimperialexaminationsystemusedindynasticChina.ItcanbecomparedtotheEuropeanPersonnelSelectionOfficeoftheEuropeanUnionortheOfficeofPersonnelManagementoftheUnitedStates.[256]Itwasdownsizedin2019,andtherehavebeencallsforitsabolition.[261][262] Constitution TheconstitutionwasdraftedinbytheKMTwhiletheROCstillgovernedtheChinesemainland,wentintoeffecton25December1947.[263]TheROCremainedundermartiallawfrom1948until1987andmuchoftheconstitutionwasnotineffect.[citationneeded]Politicalreformsbeginninginthelate1970sresultedintheendofmartiallawin1987,andTaiwantransformedintoamultipartydemocracyintheearly1990s.TheconstitutionalbasisforthistransitiontodemocracywasgraduallylaidintheAdditionalArticlesoftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChina.Inaddition,thesearticleslocalizedtheConstitutionbysuspendingportionsoftheConstitutiondesignedforgovernanceofChinaandreplacingthemwitharticlesadaptedforthegovernanceofandguaranteeingthepoliticalrightsofresidentsoftheTaiwanArea,asdefinedintheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandArea.[264] Nationalboundarieswerenotexplicitlyprescribedbythe1947Constitution,andtheConstitutionalCourtdeclinedtodefinetheseboundariesina1993interpretation,viewingthequestionasapoliticalquestiontoberesolvedbytheExecutiveandLegislativeYuans.[265]The1947ConstitutionincludedarticlesregardingrepresentativesfromformerQingdynastyterritoriesincludingTibetandMongolia(thoughitdidnotspecifywhetherthisexcludedOuterMongolia).[266][267]TheROCrecognizedMongoliaasanindependentcountryin1946aftersigningthe1945Sino-SovietTreatyofFriendshipandAlliance,butafterretreatingtoTaiwanin1949itrenegedonitsagreementinordertopreserveitsclaimoverChina.[268]TheAdditionalArticlesofthe1990sdidnotalternationalboundaries,butsuspendedarticlesregardingMongolianandTibetanrepresentatives.TheROCbegantoaccepttheMongolianpassportandremovedclausesreferringtoOuterMongoliafromtheActGoverningRelationsbetweenthePeopleoftheTaiwanAreaandtheMainlandAreain2002.[269]In2012theMainlandAffairsCouncilissuedastatementclarifyingthatOuterMongoliawasnotpartoftheROC'snationalterritoryin1947,[270]andthattheterminationoftheSino-SovietTreatyhadnotalterednationalterritoryaccordingtotheConstitution.[271]TheMongolianandTibetanAffairsCommissionintheExecutiveYuanwasabolishedin2017. Majorcamps EmblemoftheKuomintang,themainPan-BlueCoalitionparty Taiwan'spoliticalsceneisdividedintotwomajorcampsintermsofcross-Straitrelations,i.e.howTaiwanshouldrelatetoChinaorthePRC.ThePan-GreenCoalition(e.g.theDemocraticProgressiveParty)leanspro-independence,andthePan-BlueCoalition(e.g.theKuomintang)leanspro-unification.ModeratesinbothcampsregardtheRepublicofChinaasasovereignindependentstate,butthePan-GreenCoalitionregardtheROCassynonymouswithTaiwan,whilemoderatesinthePan-BlueCoalitionviewitassynonymouswithChina.ThesepositionsformedagainstthebackdropofthePRC'sAnti-SecessionLaw,whichthreatensinvasionintheeventofformalindependence. Taiwanese-bornTangwai("independent")politicianWuSan-lien(secondleft)celebrateswithsupportershislandslidevictoryof65.5percentinTaipei'sfirstmayoralelectioninJanuary1951. ThePan-GreenCoalitionismainlyledbythepro-independenceDemocraticProgressivePartyandTaiwanStatebuildingParty(TSP).TheyopposetheideathatTaiwanispartofChina,andseekswidediplomaticrecognitionandaneventualdeclarationofformalTaiwanindependence.[272]InSeptember2007,thethenrulingDemocraticProgressivePartyapprovedaresolutionassertingseparateidentityfromChinaandcalledfortheenactmentofanewconstitutionfora"normalcountry".Itcalledalsoforgeneraluseof"Taiwan"asthecountry'sname,withoutabolishingitsformalname,the"RepublicofChina".[273]Thename"Taiwan"hasbeenusedincreasinglyoftenaftertheemergenceoftheTaiwaneseindependencemovement.[166]Somemembersofthecoalition,suchasformerPresidentChenShui-bian,arguethatitisunnecessarytoproclaimindependencebecause"Taiwanisalreadyanindependent,sovereigncountry"andtheRepublicofChinaisthesameasTaiwan.[274]DespitebeingamemberofKMTpriortoandduringhispresidency,LeeTeng-huialsoheldasimilarviewandwasasupporteroftheTaiwanizationmovement.[275] ThePan-BlueCoalition,composedofthepro-unificationKuomintang,PeopleFirstParty(PFP)andNewPartygenerallysupportthespiritofthe1992Consensus,wheretheKMTclaimedthatthereisoneChina,butthattheROCandPRChavedifferentinterpretationsofwhat"China"means.Theyfavoureventualre-unificationofChina.[276]Regardingindependence,themainstreamPan-Bluepositionistomaintainthestatusquo,whilerefusingimmediatereunification.[citationneeded]PresidentMaYing-jeoustatedthattherewillbenounificationnordeclarationofindependenceduringhispresidency.[277][278]Asof2009[update],Pan-BluemembersusuallyseektoimproverelationshipswithPRC,withacurrentfocusonimprovingeconomicties.[279] Nationalidentity Mainarticle:Taiwanesepeople§ ThecurrentstateofTaiwaneseidentitySeealso:OpinionpollingonTaiwaneseidentity Resultsfromanidentitysurveyconductedeachyearfrom1992to2020bytheElectionStudyCenter,NationalChengchiUniversity.[280]ResponsesareTaiwanese(green),Chinese(red)orBothTaiwaneseandChinese(hatched).Noresponseisshownasgrey. Roughly84percentofTaiwan'spopulationaredescendantsofHanChineseimmigrantsfromQingChinabetween1683and1895.AnothersignificantfractiondescendsfromHanChinesewhoimmigratedfrommainlandChinainthelate1940sandearly1950s.Thesharedculturalorigincombinedwithseveralhundredyearsofgeographicalseparation,somehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationandforeigninfluences,aswellashostilitybetweentherivalROCandPRChaveresultedinnationalidentitybeingacontentiousissuewithpoliticalovertones. Sincedemocraticreformsandtheliftingofmartiallaw,adistinctTaiwaneseidentity(asopposedtoTaiwaneseidentityasasubsetofaChineseidentity)isoftenattheheartofpoliticaldebates.ItsacceptancemakestheislanddistinctfrommainlandChina,andthereforemaybeseenasasteptowardsformingaconsensusfordejureTaiwanindependence.[281]ThePan-GreencampsupportsapredominantlyTaiwaneseidentity(although"Chinese"maybeviewedasculturalheritage),whilethePan-BluecampsupportsapredominantlyChineseidentity(with"Taiwanese"asaregional/diasporicChineseidentity).[276]TheKMThasdownplayedthisstanceintherecentyearsandnowsupportsaTaiwaneseidentityaspartofaChineseidentity.[282][283] InannualpollsconductedbyNationalChengchiUniversity,Taiwaneseidentificationhasincreasedsubstantiallysincetheearly1990s,whileChineseidentificationhasfallentoalowlevel,andidentificationasbothhasalsoseenareduction.In1992,17.6percentofrespondentsidentifiedasTaiwanese,25.5percentasChinese,46.4percentasboth,and10.5percentnon-response.InJune2021,63.3percentidentifiedasTaiwanese,2.6percentasChinese,31.4percentasboth,and2.7percentnon-response.[280]AsurveyconductedinTaiwanbyGlobalViewsSurveyResearchCenterinJuly2009showedthat82.8percentofrespondentsconsidertheROCandthePRCastwoseparatecountrieswitheachdevelopingonitsownbut80.2percentthinktheyaremembersoftheChinese.[284] Administrativedivisions Mainarticle:AdministrativedivisionsofTaiwan Taiwanis,inpractice,dividedinto22subnationaldivisions,eachwithaself-governingbodyledbyanelectedleaderandalegislativebodywithelectedmembers.Dutiesoflocalgovernmentsincludesocialservices,education,urbanplanning,publicconstruction,watermanagement,environmentalprotection,transport,publicsafety,andmore. Therearethreetypesofsubnationaldivisions:specialmunicipalities,counties,andcities.Specialmunicipalitiesandcitiesarefurtherdividedintodistrictsforlocaladministration.Countiesarefurtherdividedintotownshipsandcounty-administeredcitieswhichhaveelectedmayorsandcouncils,andsharedutieswiththecounty.Somedivisionsareindigenousdivisionswhichhavedifferentdegreesofautonomytostandardones.Inaddition,districts,citiesandtownshipsarefurtherdividedintovillagesandneighbourhoods. OverviewofadministrativedivisionsoftheRepublicofChina RepublicofChina Taipei NewTaipei Keelung Taoyuan HsinchuCounty Hsinchu Miaoli Taichung Changhua Penghu Nantou Yunlin ChiayiCounty Chiayi Tainan Kaohsiung Pingtung Yilan Hualien Taitung TaiwanProvince Kinmen Lienchiang(Matsu) FujianProvince TaiwanStrait SouthChinaSea EastChinaSea PescadoresChannel BashiChannel PhilippineSea(PacificOcean) Freearea[i] Mainlandarea[ii] Specialmunicipalities[α][iii] Provinces[iv] Notadministered[v] Counties[α] Cities[α][vi] Districts[β] Mountainindigenousdistricts[α] County-administeredcities[α] Townships[α][β][vii] Districts[β] Villages[γ][viii] Neighborhoods Notes ^abcdefHasanelectedexecutiveandanelectedlegislativecouncil. ^abcHasanappointeddistrictadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. ^Hasanelectedvillageadministratorformanaginglocalaffairsandcarryingouttaskscommissionedbysuperioragency. Military Mainarticle:RepublicofChinaArmedForces Seealso:RepublicofChinaMilitaryAcademy RepublicofChinaArmyThunderbolt-2000 TheRepublicofChinaArmytakesitsrootsintheNationalRevolutionaryArmy,whichwasestablishedbySunYat-senin1925inGuangdongwithagoalofreunifyingChinaundertheKuomintang.WhenthePeople'sLiberationArmywontheChineseCivilWar,muchoftheNationalRevolutionaryArmyretreatedtoTaiwanalongwiththegovernment.ItwaslaterreformedintotheRepublicofChinaArmy.UnitswhichsurrenderedandremainedinmainlandChinawereeitherdisbandedorincorporatedintothePeople'sLiberationArmy. TheROCandtheUnitedStatessignedtheSino-AmericanMutualDefenseTreatyin1954,andestablishedtheUnitedStatesTaiwanDefenseCommand.About30,000UStroopswerestationedinTaiwan,untiltheUnitedStatesestablisheddiplomaticrelationswiththePRCin1979.[285] Today,Taiwanmaintainsalargeandtechnologicallyadvancedmilitary,mainlyasadefencetotheconstantthreatofinvasionbythePeople'sLiberationArmyusingtheAnti-SecessionLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaasapretext.Thislawauthorizestheuseofmilitaryforcewhencertainconditionsaremet,suchasadangertomainlanders.[195] From1949tothe1970s,theprimarymissionoftheTaiwanesemilitarywasto"retakemainlandChina"throughProjectNationalGlory.AsthismissionhastransitionedawayfromattackbecausetherelativestrengthofthePRChasmassivelyincreased,theROCmilitaryhasbeguntoshiftemphasisfromthetraditionallydominantArmytotheairforceandnavy. RepublicofChinaAirForceindigenouslyproducedfighterairplaneinChingChuanKangAirBase Controlofthearmedforceshasalsopassedintothehandsoftheciviliangovernment.[286][287]AstheROCmilitaryshareshistoricalrootswiththeKMT,theoldergenerationofhigh-rankingofficerstendstohavePan-Bluesympathies.However,manyhaveretiredandtherearemanymorenon-mainlandersenlistinginthearmedforcesintheyoungergenerations,sothepoliticalleaningsofthemilitaryhavemovedclosertothepublicnorminTaiwan.[288] TheROCbeganaforcereductionplan,JingshiAn(translatedtostreamliningprogram),toscaledownitsmilitaryfromalevelof450,000in1997to380,000in2001.[289]Asof2009[update],thearmedforcesoftheROCnumberapproximately300,000,[290]withnominalreservestotalling3.6 millionasof2015[update].[291]Conscriptionremainsuniversalforqualifiedmalesreachingageeighteen,butasapartofthereductioneffortmanyaregiventheopportunitytofulfilltheirdraftrequirementthroughalternativeserviceandareredirectedtogovernmentagenciesorarmsrelatedindustries.[292]Currentplanscallforatransitiontoapredominantlyprofessionalarmyoverthenextdecade.[293][294]Conscriptionperiodsareplannedtodecreasefrom14 monthsto12.[295]InthelastmonthsoftheBushadministration,Taipeitookthedecisiontoreversethetrendofdecliningmilitaryspending,atatimewhenmostAsiancountrieskeptonreducingtheirmilitaryexpenditures.Italsodecidedtostrengthenbothdefensiveandoffensivecapabilities.Taipeistillkeepsalargemilitaryapparatusrelativetotheisland'spopulation:militaryexpendituresfor2008wereNTD334billion(approximatelyUS$10.5billion),whichaccountedfor2.94percentofGDP. TheC-130HinSongshanAFB Thearmedforces'primaryconcernatthistime,accordingtotheNationalDefenseReport,isthepossibilityofaninvasionbythePRC,consistingofanavalblockade,airborneassaultormissilebombardment.[286]FourupgradedKidd-classdestroyerswerepurchasedfromtheUnitedStates,andcommissionedintotheRepublicofChinaNavyin2005–2006,significantlyupgradingTaiwan'sprotectionfromaerialattackandsubmarinehuntingabilities.[296]TheMinistryofNationalDefenseplannedtopurchasediesel-poweredsubmarinesandPatriotanti-missilebatteriesfromtheUnitedStates,butitsbudgethasbeenstalledrepeatedlybytheopposition-Pan-BlueCoalitioncontrolledlegislature.Themilitarypackagewasstalledfrom2001to2007whereitwasfinallypassedthroughthelegislatureandtheUSrespondedon3October2008,witha$6.5 billionarmspackageincludingPACIIIAnti-Airsystems,AH-64DApacheAttackhelicoptersandotherarmsandparts.[297]AsignificantamountofmilitaryhardwarehasbeenboughtfromtheUnitedStates,and,asof2009[update],continuestobelegallyguaranteedbytheTaiwanRelationsAct.[226]Inthepast,FranceandtheNetherlandshavealsosoldmilitaryweaponsandhardwaretotheROC,buttheyalmostentirelystoppedinthe1990sunderpressureofthePRC.[298][299] ThefirstlineofprotectionagainstinvasionbythePRCistheROC'sownarmedforces.CurrentROCmilitarydoctrineistoholdoutagainstaninvasionorblockadeuntiltheUSmilitaryresponds.[300]Thereis,however,noguaranteeintheTaiwanRelationsActoranyothertreatythattheUnitedStateswilldefendTaiwan,evenintheeventofinvasion.[301]ThejointdeclarationonsecuritybetweentheUSandJapansignedin1996mayimplythatJapanwouldbeinvolvedinanyresponse.However,Japanhasrefusedtostipulatewhetherthe"areasurroundingJapan"mentionedinthepactincludesTaiwan,andtheprecisepurposeofthepactisunclear.[302]TheAustralia,NewZealand,UnitedStatesSecurityTreaty(ANZUSTreaty)maymeanthatotherUSallies,suchasAustralia,couldtheoreticallybeinvolved.[303][304]WhilethiswouldriskdamagingeconomictieswithChina,[305]aconflictoverTaiwancouldleadtoaneconomicblockadeofChinabyagreatercoalition.[306][307][308][309][310] Economy Mainarticles:EconomyofTaiwanandEconomichistoryofTaiwan Taipei101heldtheworldrecordforskyscraperheightfrom2004to2010. ThequickindustrializationandrapidgrowthofTaiwanduringthelatterhalfofthe20thcenturyhasbeencalledthe"TaiwanMiracle".Taiwanisoneofthe"FourAsianTigers"alongsideHongKong,SouthKoreaandSingapore. JapaneserulepriortoandduringWorldWarIIbroughtchangesinthepublicandprivatesectors,mostnotablyintheareaofpublicworks,whichenabledrapidcommunicationsandfacilitatedtransportthroughoutmuchoftheisland.TheJapanesealsoimprovedpubliceducationandmadeitcompulsoryforallresidentsofTaiwan.By1945,hyperinflationwasinprogressinmainlandChinaandTaiwanasaresultofthewarwithJapan.ToisolateTaiwanfromit,theNationalistgovernmentcreatedanewcurrencyareafortheisland,andbeganapricestabilizationprogramme.Theseeffortssignificantlyslowedinflation. WhentheKMTgovernmentfledtoTaiwanitbroughtmillionsoftaels(where1 tael=37.5gor~1.2 ozt)ofgoldandtheforeigncurrencyreserveofmainlandChina,which,accordingtotheKMT,stabilizedpricesandreducedhyperinflation.[311]Perhapsmoreimportantly,aspartofitsretreattoTaiwan,theKMTbroughttheintellectualandbusinesselitesfrommainlandChina.[312]TheKMTgovernmentinstitutedmanylawsandlandreformsthatithadnevereffectivelyenactedonmainlandChina.Thegovernmentalsoimplementedapolicyofimport-substitution,attemptingtoproduceimportedgoodsdomestically.[313] In1950,withtheoutbreakoftheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatesbegananaidprogrammewhichresultedinfullystabilizedpricesby1952.[314]EconomicdevelopmentwasencouragedbyAmericaneconomicaidandprogrammessuchastheJointCommissiononRuralReconstruction,whichturnedtheagriculturalsectorintothebasisforlatergrowth.Underthecombinedstimulusofthelandreformandtheagriculturaldevelopmentprogrammes,agriculturalproductionincreasedatanaverageannualrateof4percentfrom1952to1959,whichwasgreaterthanthepopulationgrowth,3.6percent.[315] In1962,Taiwanhada(nominal)per-capitagrossnationalproduct(GNP)of$170,placingitseconomyonaparwiththoseoftheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Onapurchasingpowerparity(PPP)basis,itsGDPpercapitaintheearly1960swas$1,353(in1990prices).By2011per-capitaGNP,adjustedforpurchasingpowerparity(PPP),hadrisento$37,000,contributingtoaHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)equivalenttothatofotherdevelopedcountries.In2019,theHDIcalculatedbyTaiwan'sgovernmentwastheseventh-highestintheAsia-Pacificregion.[21] NeihuTechnologyParkinTaipei In1974,ChiangChing-kuoimplementedtheTenMajorConstructionProjects,thebeginningfoundationsthathelpedTaiwantransformintoitscurrentexportdriveneconomy.Sincethe1990s,anumberofTaiwan-basedtechnologyfirmshaveexpandedtheirreacharoundtheworld.Well-knowninternationaltechnologycompaniesheadquarteredinTaiwanincludepersonalcomputermanufacturersAcerInc.andAsus,mobilephonemakerHTC,aswellaselectronicsmanufacturinggiantFoxconn,whichmakesproductsforApple,Amazon,andMicrosoft.ComputexTaipeiisamajorcomputerexpo,heldsince1981. TodayTaiwanhasadynamic,capitalist,export-driveneconomywithgraduallydecreasingstateinvolvementininvestmentandforeigntrade.Inkeepingwiththistrend,somelargegovernment-ownedbanksandindustrialfirmsarebeingprivatized.[316]RealgrowthinGDPhasaveragedabout8percentduringthepastthreedecades.Exportshaveprovidedtheprimaryimpetusforindustrialization.Thetradesurplusissubstantial,andforeignreservesaretheworld'sfifthlargest.[317]ThecurrencyofTaiwanistheNewTaiwandollar. Sincethebeginningofthe1990s,theeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandthePeople'sRepublicofChinahavebeenveryprolific.Asof2008[update],morethanUS$150 billion[318]havebeeninvestedinthePRCbyTaiwanesecompanies.AlthoughtheeconomyofTaiwanbenefitsfromthissituation,somehaveexpressedtheviewthattheislandhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonthemainlandChineseeconomy.A2008whitepaperbytheDepartmentofIndustrialTechnologystatesthat"TaiwanshouldseektomaintainstablerelationwithChinawhilecontinuingtoprotectnationalsecurity,andavoidingexcessive'Sinicization'ofTaiwaneseeconomy."[319]OthersarguethatcloseeconomictiesbetweenTaiwanandmainlandChinawouldmakeanymilitaryinterventionbythePLAagainstTaiwanverycostly,andthereforelessprobable.[320] Taiwan'stotaltradein2010reachedanall-timehighofUS$526.04 billion,accordingtoTaiwan'sMinistryofFinance.Bothexportsandimportsfortheyearreachedrecordlevels,totallingUS$274.64 billionandUS$251.4 billion,respectively.[321] RicepaddyfieldsinYilanCounty In2001,agricultureconstitutedonly2percentofGDP,downfrom35percentin1952.[322]Traditionallabour-intensiveindustriesaresteadilybeingmovedoffshoreandwithmorecapitalandtechnology-intensiveindustriesreplacingthem.High-technologyindustrialparkshavesprungupineveryregioninTaiwan.TheROChasbecomeamajorforeigninvestorinthePRC,Thailand,Indonesia,thePhilippines,Malaysia,andVietnam.Itisestimatedthatsome50,000 Taiwanesebusinessesand1,000,000 businesspeopleandtheirdependentsareestablishedinthePRC.[323] Becauseofitsconservativefinancialapproachanditsentrepreneurialstrengths,Taiwansufferedlittlecomparedwithmanyofitsneighboursinthe1997Asianfinancialcrisis.Unlikeitsneighbours,SouthKoreaandJapan,theTaiwaneseeconomyisdominatedbysmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses,ratherthanthelargebusinessgroups.Theglobaleconomicdownturn,however,combinedwithpoorpolicyco-ordinationbythenewadministrationandincreasingbaddebtsinthebankingsystem,pushedTaiwanintorecessionin2001,thefirstwholeyearofnegativegrowthsince1947.Duetotherelocationofmanymanufacturingandlabour-intensiveindustriestothePRC,unemploymentalsoreachedalevelnotseensincethe1970soilcrisis.Thisbecameamajorissueinthe2004presidentialelection.Growthaveragedmorethan4percentinthe2002–2006periodandtheunemploymentratefellbelow4percent.[324] TheROCoftenjoinsinternationalorganizations(especiallyonesthatalsoincludethePeople'sRepublicofChina)underapoliticallyneutralname.TheROChasbeenamemberofgovernmentaltradeorganizationssuchastheWorldTradeOrganizationunderthenameSeparateCustomsTerritoryofTaiwan,Penghu,KinmenandMatsu(ChineseTaipei)since2002.[325] Transport Mainarticle:TransportationinTaiwan ChinaAirlinesaircraftline-upatTaoyuanInternationalAirport TheMinistryofTransportationandCommunicationsoftheRepublicofChinaisthecabinet-levelgoverningbodyofthetransportnetworkinTaiwan. CiviliantransportinTaiwanischaracterisedbyextensiveuseofscooters.InMarch2019,13.86 millionwereregistered,twicethatofcars.[326] Bothhighwaysandrailwaysareconcentratednearthecoasts,wherethemajorityofthepopulationresides,with1,619 km(1,006 mi)ofmotorway. RailwaysinTaiwanareprimarilyusedforpassengerservices,withTaiwanRailwayAdministration(TRA)operatingacircularrouteandTaiwanHighSpeedRail(THSR)runninghighspeedservicesonthewestcoast.UrbantransitsystemsincludeTaipeiMetro,KaohsiungRapidTransit,TaoyuanMetroandNewTaipeiMetro. MajorairportsincludeTaiwanTaoyuan,Kaohsiung,TaipeiSongshanandTaichung.TherearecurrentlysevenairlinesinTaiwan,thelargestonesbeingChinaAirlinesandEVAAir. Therearefourinternationalseaports:Keelung,Kaohsiung,Taichung,andHualien. Education Mainarticles:EducationinTaiwan,AcademiaSinica,andHistoryofeducationinTaiwan Seealso:ScholarshipsinTaiwanandEconomyofTaiwan§ Science Taiwan'shighereducationsystemwasestablishedbyJapanduringthecolonialperiod.However,aftertheRepublicofChinatookoverin1945,thesystemwaspromptlyreplacedbythesamesystemasinmainlandChinawhichmixedfeaturesoftheChineseandAmericaneducationalsystems.[327] ChildrenataTaiwaneseschool TaiwaniswellknownforadheringtotheConfucianparadigmofvaluingeducationasameanstoimproveone'ssocioeconomicpositioninsociety.[328][329]Heavyinvestmentandaculturalvaluingofeducationhascatapultedtheresource-poornationconsistentlytothetopofglobaleducationrankings.Taiwanisoneofthetop-performingcountriesinreadingliteracy,mathematicsandsciences.In2015,Taiwanesestudentsachievedoneoftheworld'sbestresultsinmathematics,scienceandliteracy,astestedbytheProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA),withtheaveragestudentscoring519,comparedwiththeOECDaverageof493,placingitseventhintheworld.[330][331][332] TheTaiwaneseeducationsystemhasbeenpraisedforvariousreasons,includingitscomparativelyhightestresultsanditsmajorroleinpromotingTaiwan'seconomicdevelopmentwhilecreatingoneoftheworld'smosthighlyeducatedworkforces.[333][334]Taiwanhasalsobeenpraisedforitshighuniversityentranceratewheretheuniversityacceptanceratehasincreasedfromaround20percentbeforethe1980sto49percentin1996andover95percentsince2008,amongthehighestinAsia.[335][336][337]Thenation'shighuniversityentranceratehascreatedahighlyskilledworkforcemakingTaiwanoneofthemosthighlyeducatedcountriesintheworldwith68.5percentofTaiwanesehighschoolstudentsgoingontoattenduniversity.[338]Taiwanhasahighpercentageofitscitizensholdingatertiaryeducationdegreewhere45percentofTaiwaneseaged25–64holdabachelor'sdegreeorhighercomparedwiththeaverageof33percentamongmembercountriesoftheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).[337][339] Ontheotherhand,thesystemhasbeencriticisedforplacingexcessivepressureonstudentswhileeschewingcreativityandproducinganexcesssupplyofover-educateduniversitygraduatesandahighgraduateunemploymentrate.Withalargenumberofuniversitygraduatesseekingalimitednumberofprestigiouswhitecollarjobsinaneconomicenvironmentthatisincreasinglylosingitscompetitiveedge,thishasledmanygraduatestobeemployedinlower-endjobswithsalariesfarbeneaththeirexpectations.[340][329]Taiwan'suniversitieshavealsobeenundercriticismfornotbeingabletofullymeettherequirementsanddemandsofTaiwan's21st-centuryfast-movinglabourmarket,citingaskillsmismatchamongalargenumberofself-assessed,overeducateduniversitygraduateswhodon'tfitthedemandsofthemodernTaiwaneselabourmarket.[341]TheTaiwanesegovernmenthasalsoreceivedcriticismforunderminingtheeconomyasithasbeenunabletoproduceenoughjobstomeetthedemandsofnumerousunderemployeduniversitygraduates.[335][342] AstheTaiwaneseeconomyislargelyscienceandtechnologybased,thelabourmarketdemandspeoplewhohaveachievedsomeformofhighereducation,particularlyrelatedtoscienceandengineeringtogainacompetitiveedgewhensearchingforemployment.AlthoughcurrentTaiwaneselawmandatesonlynineyearsofschooling,95percentofjuniorhighgraduatesgoontoattendaseniorvocationalhighschool,university,juniorcollege,tradeschool,orotherhighereducationinstitution.[338][343] SinceMadeinChina2025wasannouncedin2015,aggressivecampaignstorecruitTaiwanesechipindustrytalenttosupportitsmandatesresultedinthelossofmorethan3,000chipengineerstomainlandChina,[344]andraisedconcernsofa"braindrain"inTaiwan.[345][344][346] ManyTaiwanesestudentsattendcramschools,orbuxiban,toimproveskillsandknowledgeonproblemsolvingagainstexamsofsubjectslikemathematics,naturescience,historyandmanyothers.Coursesareavailableformostpopularsubjectsandincludelectures,reviews,privatetutorialsessions,andrecitations.[347][348] Asof2020[update],theliteracyrateinTaiwanwas99.03percent.[349] Demographics Mainarticle:DemographicsofTaiwan PopulationdensitymapofTaiwan(residentspersquarekilometre) Taiwanhasapopulationofabout23.4 million,[350]mostofwhomareontheislandofTaiwan.TheremainderliveontheoutlyingislandsofPenghu(101,758),Kinmen(127,723),andMatsu(12,506).[351] Largestcitiesandcounties Mainarticle:ListofcitiesinTaiwan ThefiguresbelowaretheMarch2019estimatesforthetwentymostpopulousadministrativedivisions;adifferentrankingexistswhenconsideringthetotalmetropolitanareapopulations(insuchrankingstheTaipei-Keelungmetroareaisbyfarthelargestagglomeration).Thefiguresreflectthenumberofhouseholdregistrationsineachcity,whichmaydifferfromthenumberofactualresidents.   LargestcitiesandspecialmunicipalitiesinTaiwansource Rank Name Division Pop. NewTaipeiTaichung 1 NewTaipei NewTaipeiCity 4,000,164 KaohsiungTaipei 2 Taichung TaichungCity 2,809,004 3 Kaohsiung KaohsiungCity 2,773,229 4 Taipei TaipeiCity 2,661,317 5 Taoyuan TaoyuanCity 2,230,653 6 Tainan TainanCity 1,883,078 7 Hsinchu HsinchuCity 446,701 8 Keelung KeelungCity 369,820 9 Chiayi ChiayiCity 268,474 10 Changhua ChanghuaCounty 232,505 Ethnicgroups Mainarticles:Taiwanesepeople,HanTaiwanese,HanChinese,andTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples OriginalgeographicdistributionsofTaiwaneseindigenouspeoples TheROCgovernmentreportsthatover95percentofthepopulationisHanChinese,includingdescendantsofthosewhoarrivedinlargenumbersstartinginthe18thcentury,2percentindigenousMalayo-Polynesianpeoples,and2percentnewimmigrantsprimarilyfromChinaandSoutheastAsia.[77][14] TheHoklopeoplearethelargestethnicgroup(70percentofthetotalpopulation),whoseHanancestorsmigratedfromthecoastalsouthernFujianregionacrosstheTaiwanStraitstartinginthe17thcentury.TheHakkacompriseabout15percentofthetotalpopulation,anddescendfromHanmigrantsfromeasternGuangdong.[352] TheindigenousTaiwaneseaboriginesnumberabout533,600andaredividedinto16groups.[353]TheAmi,Atayal,Bunun,Kanakanavu,Kavalan,Paiwan,Puyuma,Rukai,Saisiyat,Saaroa,Sakizaya,Sediq,Thao,TrukuandTsoulivemostlyintheeasternhalfoftheisland,whiletheYamiinhabitOrchidIsland.[354][355] Languages Mostcommonlyusedhomelanguageineacharea,darkerinproportiontotheleadoverthenextmostcommon  MandarinChinese  HokkienorMinNan  HakkaChinese  Austronesianlanguages Mainarticle:LanguagesofTaiwan Mandarinistheprimarylanguageusedinbusinessandeducation,andisspokenbythevastmajorityofthepopulation.TraditionalChineseisusedasthewritingsystem.[356]TheRepublicofChinadoesnothaveanylegallydesignatedofficiallanguage,butMandarinplaystheroleofthedefactoofficiallanguage.[3] SincetheMayFourthMovement,writtenvernacularChinesehadreplacedClassicalChineseandemergedasthemainstreamwrittenChineseintheRepublicofChina.ButClassicalChinesecontinuedtobewidelyusedintheGovernmentoftheRepublicofChina.MostgovernmentdocumentsintheRepublicofChinawerewritteninClassicalChineseuntilreformsinthe1970s,inareformmovementspearheadedbyPresidentYenChia-kantoshiftthewrittenstyletoamoreintegratedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[357][358]After1January2005,theExecutiveYuanalsochangedthelong-standingofficialdocumentwritinghabitfromverticalwritingstyletohorizontalwritingstyle. Today,pureClassicalChineseisoccasionallyusedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalritesinTaiwan.TheNationalAnthemoftheRepublicofChina(中華民國國歌),forexample,isinClassicalChinese.TaoisttextsarestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposed.Buddhisttexts,orsutras,arestillpreservedinClassicalChinesefromthetimetheywerecomposedortranslatedfromSanskritsources.InpracticethereisasociallyacceptedcontinuumbetweenvernacularChineseandClassicalChinese.Mostofficialgovernmentdocuments,legal,courtsrulingsandjudiciarydocumentsuseacombinedvernacularChineseandClassicalChinesestyle(文白合一行文).[359]Forexample,mostofficialnoticesandformallettersarewrittenwithanumberofstockClassicalChineseexpressions(e.g.salutation,closing).Personalletters,ontheotherhand,aremostlywritteninvernacular,butwithsomeClassicalphrases,dependingonthesubjectmatter,thewriter'slevelofeducation,etc. AsmanylegaldocumentsarestillwritteninClassicalChinese,whichisnoteasilyunderstoodbythegeneralpublic,agroupofTaiwanesehadlaunchedtheLegalVernacularMovementhopingtobringmoreVernacularChineseintothelegalwritingsoftheRepublicofChina.[360] 70percentofthepopulationbelongtotheHokloethnicgroupandspeakHokkiennativelyinadditiontoMandarin.TheHakkagroup,comprisingsome14–18percentofthepopulation,speakHakka.AlthoughMandarinisthelanguageofinstructioninschoolsanddominatestelevisionandradio,non-MandarinChinesevarietieshaveundergonearevivalinpubliclifeinTaiwan,particularlysincerestrictionsontheirusewereliftedinthe1990s.[356] FormosanlanguagesarespokenprimarilybytheindigenouspeoplesofTaiwan.TheydonotbelongtotheChineseorSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily,buttotheAustronesianlanguagefamily,andarewritteninLatinalphabet.[361]TheiruseamongaboriginalminoritygroupshasbeenindeclineasusageofMandarinhasrisen.[356]Ofthe14extantlanguages,fiveareconsideredmoribund.[362] Taiwanisofficiallymultilingual.AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11]Asof2019,policiesonnationallanguagesareinearlystagesofimplementation,withHakkaandindigenouslanguagesdesignatedassuch. Religion Mainarticle:ReligioninTaiwan Estimatedreligiouscompositionin2020[13]   Chinesefolkreligion(includingConfucianism)(43.8%)  Buddhists(21.2%)  Others(includingTaoists)(15.5%)  Unaffiliated(13.7%)  Christians(5.8%)  Muslims(1%) TheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinaprotectspeople'sfreedomofreligionandthepracticesofbelief.[363]FreedomofreligioninTaiwanisstrongandrankshighat9.2in2018accordingtoworldbank.[364] In2005,thecensusreportedthatthefivelargestreligionswere:Buddhism,Taoism,Yiguandao,Protestantism,andRomanCatholicism.[365]AccordingtoPewResearch,thereligiouscompositionofTaiwanin2020[366]isestimatedtobe43.8percentFolkreligions,21.2percentBuddhist,15.5Others(includingTaoism),13.7percentUnaffiliated,5.8percentChristianand1%Muslim.TaiwaneseaboriginescompriseanotablesubgroupamongprofessingChristians:"...over64percentidentifyasChristian...ChurchbuildingsarethemostobviousmarkersofAboriginalvillages,distinguishingthemfromTaiwaneseorHakkavillages".[367]TherehasbeenasmallMuslimcommunityofHuipeopleinTaiwansincethe17thcentury.[368] Confucianismisaphilosophythatdealswithsecularmoralethics,andservesasthefoundationofbothChineseandTaiwaneseculture.ThemajorityofTaiwanesepeopleusuallycombinethesecularmoralteachingsofConfucianismwithwhateverreligionstheyareaffiliatedwith. Asof2019[update],therewere15,175religiousbuildingsinTaiwan,approximatelyoneplaceofworshipper1,572residents.12,279templeswerededicatedtoTaoismandBuddhism.Therewere9,684TaoistTemplesand2,317BuddhistTemples.[369]InTaiwan's36,000squarekilometersofland,therearemorethan33,000placesforreligious(believers)toworshipandgather.Onaverage,thereisonetempleorchurch(church)orreligiousbuildingforeverysquarekilometer.Thehighdensityofplaceofworshipisrareintheworld,anditistheareawiththehighestdensityofreligiousbuildingsintheChinese-speakingworld.TaiwanisalsothemostreligiousregionintheChinese-speakingworld.EvenforChristianity,thereare2,845Churches.[369] AsignificantpercentageofthepopulationofTaiwanisnon-religious.Taiwan'sstronghumanrightsprotections,lackofstate-sanctioneddiscrimination,andgenerallyhighregardforfreedomofreligionorbeliefearneditajoint#1rankinginthe2018FreedomofThoughtReport,alongsidetheNetherlandsandBelgium.[370] Taiwanisclearlyanoutlierinthetop3,all-clearcountries.Itisnon-European,anddemographicallymuchmorereligious.Butinitsrelativelyopen,democraticandtolerantsocietywehaverecordednoevidenceoflawsorsocialdiscriminationagainstmembersofthenon-religiousminority.[371] LGBT Mainarticles:LGBTrightsinTaiwanandSame-sexmarriageinTaiwan On24May2017,theConstitutionalCourtruledthatthen-currentmarriagelawshadbeenviolatingtheConstitutionbydenyingTaiwanesesame-sexcouplestherighttomarry.TheCourtruledthatiftheLegislativeYuandidnotpassadequateamendmentstoTaiwanesemarriagelawswithintwoyears,same-sexmarriageswouldautomaticallybecomelawfulinTaiwan.[372]Inareferendumquestionin2018,however,votersexpressedoverwhelmingoppositiontosame-sexmarriageandsupportedtheremovalofcontentabouthomosexualityfromprimaryschooltextbooks.AccordingtotheNewYorkTimes,theaforementionedreferendumquestionsweresubjecttoa"well-fundedandhighlyorganizedcampaignledbyconservativeChristiansandothergroups"involvingtheuseof"misinformation,thebulkofwhichwasspreadonline".[248]Nevertheless,thevoteagainstsame-sexmarriagedoesnotaffectthecourtruling,andon17May2019,Taiwan'sparliamentapprovedabilllegalisingsame-sexmarriage,makingitthefirstcountryinAsiatodoso.[373][374][375] Publichealth Mainarticle:HealthcareinTaiwan NationalTaiwanUniversityHospital ThecurrenthealthcaresysteminTaiwan,knownasNationalHealthInsurance(NHI,Chinese:全民健康保險),wasinstitutedin1995.NHIisasingle-payercompulsorysocialinsuranceplanthatcentralizesthedisbursementofhealthcarefunds.Thesystempromisesequalaccesstohealthcareforallcitizens,andthepopulationcoveragehadreached99percentbytheendof2004.[376]NHIismainlyfinancedthroughpremiums,whicharebasedonthepayrolltax,andissupplementedwithout-of-pocketco-paymentsanddirectgovernmentfunding.Preventativehealthservice,low-incomefamilies,veterans,childrenunderthreeyearsold,andcatastrophicdiseasesareexemptfromco-payment.Lowincomehouseholdsmaintain100percentpremiumcoveragebytheNHIandco-paysarereducedfordisabledorcertainelderlypeople.[citationneeded] Earlyintheprogram,thepaymentsystemwaspredominantlyfee-for-service.Mosthealthprovidersoperateintheprivatesectorandformacompetitivemarketonthehealthdeliveryside.However,manyhealthcareproviderstookadvantageofthesystembyofferingunnecessaryservicestoalargernumberofpatientsandthenbillingthegovernment.Inthefaceofincreasinglossandtheneedforcostcontainment,NHIchangedthepaymentsystemfromfee-for-servicetoaglobalbudget,akindofprospectivepaymentsystem,in2002. Theimplementationofuniversalhealthcarecreatedfewerhealthdisparitiesforlower-incomecitizensinTaiwan.Accordingtoarecentlypublishedsurvey,outof3,360 patientssurveyedatarandomlychosenhospital,75.1percentofthepatientssaidtheyare"verysatisfied"withthehospitalservice;20.5percentsaidtheyare"okay"withtheservice.Only4.4percentofthepatientssaidtheyareeither"notsatisfied"or"verynotsatisfied"withtheserviceorcareprovided.[377] TheTaiwanesediseasecontrolauthorityistheTaiwanCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),andduringtheSARSoutbreakinMarch2003therewere347 confirmedcases.DuringtheoutbreaktheCDCandlocalgovernmentssetupmonitoringstationsthroughoutpublictransportation,recreationalsitesandotherpublicareas.WithfullcontainmentinJuly2003,therehasnotbeenacaseofSARSsince.[378]OwingtothelessonsfromSARS,aNationalHealthCommandCenterwasestablishedin2004,whichincludestheCentralEpidemicCommandCenter(CECC).TheCECChassinceplayedacentralroleinTaiwan'sapproachtoepidemics,includingtheCOVID-19pandemic. In2019,theinfantmortalityratewas4.2deathsper1,000livebirths,with20 physiciansand71hospitalbedsper10,000 people.[379][380]Lifeexpectancyatbirthin2020is77.5 yearsand83.9 yearsformalesandfemales,respectively.[381] Culture Mainarticles:CultureofTaiwan,CulturalhistoryofTaiwan,andChineseCulturalRenaissance Seealso:TaiwaneseWave ApoHsuandtheNTNUSymphonyOrchestraonstageintheNationalConcertHallTheculturesofTaiwanareahybridblendfromvarioussources,incorporatingelementsofthemajoritytraditionalChineseculture,aboriginalcultures,Japaneseculturalinfluence,traditionalConfucianistbeliefs,andincreasingly,Westernvalues. DuringthemartiallawperiodinwhichtheRepublicofChinawasofficiallyanti-communist,theKuomintangpromotedanofficialtraditionalChinesecultureoverTaiwaninordertoemphasizethattheRepublicofChinarepresentsthetrueorthodoxytoChineseCulture(andthereforethe"realandlegitimateChina")asopposedtoCommunistChina.[382]Thegovernmentlaunchedwhat'sknownastheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwaninoppositiontotheculturaldestructionscausedbytheChineseCommunistPartyduringtheCulturalRevolution.TheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture(中華文化總會)wasestablishedasamovementpromotioncounciltohelppromoteChineseCultureinTaiwanandoverseas.ItwasKuomintang'sfirststructuredplanforculturaldevelopmentonTaiwan.ChianghimselfwastheheadoftheGeneralAssemblyofChineseCulture.SubsequentPresidentoftheRepublicofChinaalsobecametheheadofthisGeneralAssembly.TheChineseCulturalRenaissancemovementinTaiwancoupledwithChineseCulturaleducationinTaiwanhadhelpedtoelevatetheculturalrefinement,mannerismandpolitenessofmanyTaiwanese,incontrasttotheculturaldestruction(unculturedbehaviour)ofmanymainlandChineseduetotheCulturalRevolution.[383]ThishasalsoledtoChineseCulture(especiallyitssoftculture)beingbetterpreservedinTaiwanthaninmainlandChina.AnexampleofthispreservationisthecontinueduseofTraditionalChinese.TheinfluenceofConfucianismcanbefoundinthebehaviourofTaiwanesepeople,knownfortheirfriendlinessandpoliteness.[384] TheupliftingofmartiallawusheredaperiodofdemocratizationwherebyFreedomofSpeechandExpressionledtoaflourishingTaiwaneseliteratureandMassmediainTaiwan. ReflectingthecontinuingcontroversysurroundingthepoliticalstatusofTaiwan,politicscontinuestoplayaroleintheconceptionanddevelopmentofaTaiwaneseculturalidentity,especiallyinitsrelationshiptoChineseculture.[385]Inrecentyears,theconceptofTaiwanesemulticulturalismhasbeenproposedasarelativelyapoliticalalternativeview,whichhasallowedfortheinclusionofmainlandersandotherminoritygroupsintothecontinuingre-definitionofTaiwanesecultureascollectivelyheldsystemsofmeaningandcustomarypatternsofthoughtandbehavioursharedbythepeopleofTaiwan.[386]Identitypolitics,alongwiththeoveronehundredyearsofpoliticalseparationfrommainlandChina,hasledtodistincttraditionsinmanyareas,includingcuisineandmusic. Arts Mainarticles:MusicofTaiwanandTaiwaneseart Thissectionappearstobeslantedtowardsrecentevents.Pleasetrytokeeprecenteventsinhistoricalperspectiveandaddmorecontentrelatedtonon-recentevents.(June2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Taiwanesewriter,literarycriticandpoliticianWangTuoh AcclaimedclassicalmusiciansincludeviolinistCho-LiangLin,pianistChing-YunHu,andtheLincolnCenterChamberMusicSocietyartistdirectorWuHan.OthermusiciansincludeJayChouandgroupssuchasMaydayandheavymetalbandChthonic,ledbysingerFreddyLim,whichhasbeenreferredtoasthe"BlackSabbathofAsia".[387][388] Taiwanesefilmshavewonvariousinternationalawardsatfilmfestivalsaroundtheworld.AngLee,aTaiwanesedirector,hasdirectedcriticallyacclaimedfilmssuchas:CrouchingTiger,HiddenDragon;EatDrinkManWoman;SenseandSensibility;BrokebackMountain;LifeofPi;andLust,Caution.OtherfamousTaiwanesedirectorsincludeTsaiMing-liang,EdwardYang,andHouHsiao-hsien.TaiwanhashostedtheGoldenHorseFilmFestivalandAwardssince1962. TaiwanhoststheNationalPalaceMuseum,whichhousesmorethan650,000piecesofChinesebronze,jade,calligraphy,painting,andporcelainandisconsideredoneofthegreatestcollectionsofChineseartandobjectsintheworld.[389]TheKMTmovedthiscollectionfromtheForbiddenCityinBeijingin1933andpartofthecollectionwaseventuallytransportedtoTaiwanduringtheChineseCivilWar.Thecollection,estimatedtobeone-tenthofChina'sculturaltreasures,issoextensivethatonly1percentisondisplayatanytime.ThePRChadsaidthatthecollectionwasstolenandhascalledforitsreturn,buttheROChaslongdefendeditscontrolofthecollectionasanecessaryacttoprotectthepiecesfromdestruction,especiallyduringtheCulturalRevolution.Relationsregardingthistreasurehavesincewarmed,withtheNationalPalaceMuseumloaningartworktovariousmuseumsinthePRCin2010.[390] Popularculture Karaoke,drawnfromcontemporaryJapaneseculture,isextremelypopularinTaiwan,whereitisknownasKTV.KTVbusinessesoperateinahotel-likestyle,rentingoutsmallroomsandballroomsaccordingtothenumberofguestsinagroup.ManyKTVestablishmentspartnerwithrestaurantsandbuffetstoformall-encompassingandelaborateeveningaffairsforfamilies,friends,orbusinessmen.TourbussesthattravelaroundTaiwanhaveseveralTVs,primarilyforsingingkaraoke.TheentertainmentcounterpartofaKTVisMTVTaiwan,particularlyinurbanareas.There,DVDmoviescanbeplayedinaprivatetheatreroom.However,MTV,moresothanKTV,hasagrowingreputationforbeingaplacethatyoungcoupleswillgotobealoneandintimate.[391][citationneeded] Taiwanhasahighdensityof24-hourconveniencestores,which,inadditiontotheusualservices,provideservicesonbehalfoffinancialinstitutionsorgovernmentagencies,suchascollectionofparkingfees,utilitybills,trafficviolationfines,andcreditcardpayments.[392]Theyalsoprovideaserviceformailingpackages.ChainssuchasFamilyMartprovideclothinglaundryservices,[393]anditispossibletopurchaseorreceiveticketsforTRAandTHSRticketsatconveniencestores,specifically7-Eleven,FamilyMart,Hi-LifeandOK.[394][395] Taiwaneseculturehasalsoinfluencedothercultures.Bubbleteahasnowbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithitspopularityspreadingacrosstheglobe.[396] Sports Mainarticle:SportinTaiwan YaniTsengwiththe2011Women'sBritishOpentrophy TaiTzu-ying,thecurrentworldNo.1inBWFatthe2018ChineseTaipeiOpen BaseballisTaiwan'snationalsportandisapopularspectatorsport.TheTaiwanesemen'sbaseballteamandwomen'sbaseballteamareworldNo.2intheWBSCRankingsasofJune2021.TherehavebeensixteenTaiwaneseMajorLeagueBaseballplayersintheUnitedStatesasofthe2020MLBSeason,includingformerpitchersChien-MingWangandWei-YinChen.TheChineseProfessionalBaseballLeagueinTaiwanwasestablishedin1989[397]andeventuallyabsorbedthecompetingTaiwanMajorLeaguein2003.Asof2019[update],theCPBLhasfourteams,withaverageattendanceover5,826pergame.[398] Besidesbaseball,basketballisTaiwan'sothermajorsport.[399]TheP.League+wasestablishedinSeptember2020asTaiwan'sprofessionalbasketballleagueandconsistsoffourteams.[400]Asemi-professionalSuperBasketballLeague(SBL)hasalsobeeninplaysince2003.[401]TwootherteamsfromTaiwancompeteintheASEANBasketballLeague,aprofessionalmen'sbasketballleagueinEastandSoutheastAsia. Taiwanparticipatesininternationalsportingorganizationsandeventsunderthenameof"ChineseTaipei"duetoitspoliticalstatus.In2009,Taiwanhostedtwointernationalsportingeventsontheisland.TheWorldGames2009wereheldinKaohsiungbetween16and26July2009.Taipeihostedthe21stSummerDeaflympicsinSeptemberofthesameyear.Furthermore,TaipeihostedtheSummerUniversiadein2017.[402]Inthenearfuture,TaipeiandNewTaipeiCitywillco-hostthe2025WorldMastersGames,asgovernedbytheInternationalMastersGamesAssociation(IMGA).[403] TaekwondohasbecomeamatureandsuccessfulsportinTaiwaninrecentyears.Inthe2004Olympics,ChenShih-hsinandChuMu-yenwonthefirsttwogoldmedalsinthewomen'sflyweighteventandthemen'sflyweightevent,respectively.SubsequenttaekwondocompetitorssuchasYangShu-chunhavestrengthenedTaiwan'staekwondoculture. Taiwanhasalonghistoryofstronginternationalpresenceintabletennis.ChenPao-peiwasagoldmedalistinthewomen'ssinglesattheAsianTableTennisChampionshipsin1953andgoldmedalistwithChiangTsai-yuninthe1957women'sdoublesandwomen'steamevents.LeeKou-tinwonthemen'ssinglesatthe1958AsianTableTennisChampionships.Morerecently,ChenChien-anwonthe2008WorldJuniorTableTennisChampionshipsinsinglesandpairedwithChuangChih-yuantowinthemen'sdoublesin2013atthe52ndWorldTableTennisChampionships.PlayingforTaiwan,ChenJingwonabronzemedalatthe1996OlympicGamesandasilvermedalatthe2000OlympicGames.17-year-oldLinYun-JuupsetbothreigningworldchampionMaLongandworldrankedNo.3FanZhendongtowinthe2019men'ssinglesintheT2DiamondSeriesinMalaysia.[404][405][406][407] InTennis,HsiehSu-weiisthecountry'smostsuccessfulplayer,havingbeenrankedinsidethetop25insinglesintheWTArankings.[408]ShebecamejointNo.1indoubleswithherpartnerPengShuaiin2014.[409]ThesistersChanYung-jan(LatishaChan)andChanHao-chingaredoublesspecialists.Theywontheir13thWTAtournamenttogetheratthe2019EastbourneInternational,[410]thesecond-highestnumberofwinsforapairofsistersaftertheWilliamssisters.[411]LatishaChanbecamejointNo.1withpartnerMartinaHingisin2017.[412]Themostsuccessfulmen'splayerwasLuYen-hsun,whoreachedNo.33intheATPrankingsin2010.[413] Taiwanisalsoamajorcompetitorinkorfball,earningthirdplacefourtimesattheWorldChampionship(in1991,2011,2015,and2019),andhostingandtakingsecondplaceattheU23WorldChampionshipin2008[414](aswellastakingthirdin2012andsecondin2016).Taiwanalsotooksilveratthe2017WorldGamesandbronzein1997,2001,and2013andatthe2009gamesheldinKaohsiung.[415]Taiwanisalsosettohostthe2023IKFWorldKorfballChampionship. YaniTsengisthemostfamousTaiwaneseprofessionalgolfercurrentlyplayingontheUS-basedLPGATour.Sheistheyoungestplayerever,maleorfemale,towinfivemajorchampionshipsandwasrankednumber1intheWomen'sWorldGolfRankingsfor109consecutiveweeksfrom2011to2013.[416][417][418] Taiwan'sstrengthinbadmintonisdemonstratedbythecurrentworldNo.1rankingfemaleplayer,TaiTzu-ying,andtheworldNo.2rankingmaleplayerChouTien-chenintheBWFWorldTour.[419][420] Calendar Mainarticle:RepublicofChinacalendar Seealso:ChinesecalendarandPublicholidaysinTaiwan ThestandardGregoriancalendarisusedformostpurposesinTaiwan.TheyearisoftendenotedbytheMinguoerasystemwhichstartsin1912,theyeartheROCwasfounded.2021isyear110Minguo(民國110年).TheEastAsiandateformatisusedinChinese.[421] Priortostandardisationin1929,theChinesecalendarwasofficiallyused.ItisaLunisolarcalendarsystemwhichremainsinusetodayfortraditionalfestivalssuchastheLunarNewYear,theLanternFestival,andtheDragonBoatFestival.[422] Seealso Taiwanportal Islandsportal IndexofTaiwan-relatedarticles OutlineofTaiwan Notes ^TaipeiistheofficialseatofgovernmentoftheRepublicofChinaalthoughtheConstitutionoftheRepublicofChinadoesnotspecifythedejurecapital.[1] ^MandarinasthestandardvarietyofChinese[3]VernacularChinese(usedinmostoccasions)ClassicalChinese(usedinformalorceremonialoccasions,religiousorculturalrites,officialdocuments,legalandcourtrulingsandjudiciarydocuments)[4] ^abcdNotdesignatedbutmeetslegaldefinition ^AnationallanguageinTaiwanislegallydefinedas"anaturallanguageusedbyanoriginalpeoplegroupofTaiwanandtheTaiwanSignLanguage".[11] ^Mixedindigenous-HanancestryisincludedinthefigureforHanChinese. ^Interpretationsonwhetherthisentailsacompletetransferoftheterritory'ssovereigntytotheRepublicofChinavary.JapanrenounceditsclaimstoTaiwanandthePescadoresintheTreatyofSanFranciscoin1952;seeRetrocessionDay,TheoryoftheUndeterminedStatusofTaiwanandpoliticalstatusofTaiwan. ^TheRepublicofChinawasthefoundingmemberoftheUnitedNationsandjoinedon24October1945.RecognitionwasshiftedtothePeople'sRepublicofChinabytheSovietUnion(2October1949),theUnitedKingdom(6January1950),France(27January1964),andtheUnitedStates(1January1979);seetheTimelineofdiplomaticrelationsoftheRepublicofChina,ForeignrelationsofTaiwanandOne-Chinapolicy. ^220Visalsousedforhighpowerappliancessuchasairconditioners ^seeetymologybelow ^TheUNdoesnotconsidertheRepublicofChinaasasovereignstate.TheHDIreportdoesnotincludeTaiwanaspartofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawhencalculatingmainlandChina'sfigures.[31]Taiwan'sgovernmentcalculateditsHDItobe0.907basedonUNDP's2010methodology,whichwouldrankit21st,betweenAustriaandLuxembourgintheUNlistdated14September2018.[32][33] ^Althoughthisisthepresentmeaningofguó,inOldChinese(whenitspronunciationwassomethinglike/*qʷˤək/)[52]itmeantthewalledcityoftheChineseandtheareastheycouldcontrolfromthem.[53] ^Itsuseisattestedfromthe6th-centuryClassicofHistory,whichstates"Huangtianbestowedthelandsandthepeoplesofthecentralstatetotheancestors"(皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).[54] ^Therearethreecontemporarygeographicdefinitionsof"Taiwan"(seeListofislandsofTaiwanandRegionsofTaiwan),whichmayreferto:1.CommonnameofthestateofficiallynamedtheRepublicofChina,thiscontainsall166islandsadministeredbytheROC,collectivelyknownastheTaiwanArea;2.Taiwanproperregion(本島地區),thegeographicalunitencompasstheislandofTaiwananditsoffshoreislandsaswellasthePenghuIslands,excludingtheoutlyingislandgroupsofKinmen,Matsu,Wuqiu,andtheSouthChinaSeaislands;3.TheislandofTaiwan,thisindicatesonlythemainislandinthegeographicalunitandthestate. ^AlsoknownastheTaiwanareaorTai–Minarea(Chinese:臺閩地區;lit.'Taiwan–Fujianarea') ^ThemainlandareaconsistsofMainlandChina,Tibetand(previously)OuterMongolia ^Specialmunicipalities,cities,andcounty-administeredcitiesareallcalledshi(Chinese:市;lit.'city') ^Nominal;provincialgovernmentshavebeenabolished ^Constitutionallyhavingthesamestructureasthefreearea,thesearecurrentlyundertheChineseCommunistPartycontrolwithadifferentstructure ^Sometimescalledprovincialcities(Chinese:省轄市)todistinguishthemfromspecialmunicipalitiesandcounty-administeredcities ^Therearetwotypesoftownships:ruraltownshipsorxīang(Chinese:鄉)andurbantownshipsorzhèn(Chinese:鎮) ^Villagesinruraltownshipsareknownastsūn(Chinese:村),thoseinotherjurisdictionsareknownaslǐ(Chinese:里) Wordsinnativelanguages ^abTraditionalChinesescript:中華民國MandarinPinyin:ZhōnghuáMínguóHokkien:Tiong-hûaBîn-kokSixianHakka:Chûng-fàMìn-koet ^TraditionalChinesescript:臺灣or台灣MandarinPinyin:TáiwānHokkien:Tâi-uânSixianHakka:Tǒi-vǎnAmis:TaywanPaiwan:Taiwan References Citations 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^abReid,Katie(18May2009)."TaiwanhopesWHOassemblywillhelpboostitsprofile".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15October2013.Retrieved11June2013. ^abcd"WhitePaper--TheOne-ChinaPrincipleandtheTaiwanIssue".EmbassyofthePRCintheKingdomofNorway.TheTaiwanAffairsOfficeandTheInformationOfficeoftheStateCouncil.21February2000.Retrieved27November2021.Aswehavealreadysaid,TaiwanisaninalienablepartofChineseterritoryand,afterreplacingthegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinain1949,thegovernmentofthePRChasbecomethesolelegalgovernmentofChina,enjoyingandexercisingsovereigntyoverthewholeofChina,includingTaiwan. ^RosemaryGillespie;RosemaryG.Gillespie;D.A.Clague(2009).EncyclopediaofIslands.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.p. 904.ISBN 978-0-520-25649-1. ^BagyoPrasetyo;TitiSurtiNastiti;TrumanSimanjuntak(2021).AUSTRONESIANDIASPORA:ANewPerspective.UGMPRESS.p. 125.ISBN 978-602-386-202-3. ^Olsen,JohnW.;Miller-Antonio,Sari(1992)."ThePalaeolithicinSouthernChina".AsianPerspectives.31(2):129–160.hdl:10125/17011. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 89–90. ^Jiao(2007),pp. 91–94. ^Diamond,JaredM(2000)."Taiwan'sgifttotheworld"(PDF).Nature.403(6771):709–710.Bibcode:2000Natur.403..709D.doi:10.1038/35001685.PMID 10693781.S2CID 4379227.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on16September2006. ^Fox,JamesJ(2004)."CurrentDevelopmentsinComparativeAustronesianStudies"(PDF).SymposiumAustronesia.UniversitasUdayana,Bali. ^abcShepherd,JohnR.(1993).StatecraftandPoliticalEconomyontheTaiwanFrontier,1600–1800.StanfordUniversityPress.pp. 7–8.ISBN 978-0-8047-2066-3.ReprintedTaipei:SMCPublishing,1995. ^Wills(2006),p. 88. ^Andrade(2008),Chapter6Note5. ^Campbell,William(1903).FormosaUndertheDutch:DescribedfromContemporaryRecords,withExplanatoryNotesandaBibliographyoftheIsland.KeganPaul,Trench,Trubner.pp. 6–7.ISBN 9789576380839. ^Andrade2008,Chapter6. ^Wills(2006),p. 98. ^"FortSanDomingo".TamsuiHistoricalMuseum.Retrieved30October2020.FortSanDomingo,locatedatthehilltopoverlookingTamsuiRiverestuary,wasestablishedbytheSpanishin1628. ^abWills(2006),p. 91. ^YanXing.臺南與鄭成功[TainanandZhengChenggong(Koxinga)].TainanLiteratureandHistoryResearchDatabase.NationalMuseumofTaiwanHistory.Retrieved12February2021.這時成功意志堅决，便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動，以金，厦兩島爲根據地地，不斷地向閩，浙東南一進攻，奉永明王永曆正朔...于永曆十一年（清順治十四年公元一六五七年）受永水明王封為延平王[ThenChenggong(Koxinga)resolutelyandindependentlyadvocatedforthemovementtoresisttheManchusandrestoreMing,withbasesinKinmenandXiamencontinuouslyattackedsoutheasternMin(Fujian)andZhejiang,pledgedtoservetheYoungliemperorofMing...in1657wasconferredthetitleKingofYanpingbytheYongMingemperor]. ^ab2020-2021TaiwanataGlance(PDF).Taiwan:MinistryofForeignAffairs,RepublicofChina(Taiwan).September2020.p. 14.ISBN 978-986-5447-15-1. ^Andrade(2008),PrefaceNote1:"Second,thisbookisalsoabouthowTaiwanfirstcameunderChinesepoliticalcontrol,thankstotheMingloyalistregimeofZhengChenggong." ^Wills(2006),pp. 94–95. ^Struve,Lynn(1988)."TheSouthernMing".InMote,FredericW.;Twitchett,Denis(eds.).CambridgeHistoryofChina,Volume7,TheMingDynasty,1368–1644.Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress.pp. 641–725.ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.pp.722–725. ^Wills,JohnE.(2001).TheDutchReoccupationofChi-lung,1664–1668.California:UniversityofCalifornia.ISBN 9780936127095. ^Shepherd1993,p.95. ^Blussé,Leonard(1January1989)."Pioneersorcattlefortheslaughterhouse?ArejoindertoA.R.T.Kemasang".BijdragentotdeTaal-,Land-enVolkenkunde.145(2):357.doi:10.1163/22134379-90003260. ^abBallantine(1952),p. 15. ^Skoggard,IanA.(1996).TheIndigenousDynamicinTaiwan'sPostwarDevelopment:TheReligiousandHistoricalRootsofEntrepreneurship.M.E.Sharpe.ISBN 9781563248467.OL 979742M.p.10 ^三年小反五年大亂.台灣海外網(inChinese(Taiwan)). ^民變[CivilStrife].EncyclopediaofTaiwan(台灣大百科).TaiwanMinistryofCulture.Retrieved28February2021.臺灣有「三年一小反，五年一大反」之謠。

但是根據研究，這句俗諺所形容民變迭起的現象，以道光朝（1820-1850）的三十多年間為主[Therumorof"everythreeyearsasmalluprising,fiveyearsalargerebellion"circulatedaroundTaiwan.Accordingtoresearch,therepeatedcommotionsdescribedbythisidiomoccurredprimarilyduringthe30-yearperiodbetween1820and1850.]. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 16. ^Davidson(1903),pp. 247,620. ^"TreatyofPeacebetweenChinaandJapan(TreatyofShimonoseki)"(PDF).Ch'ingDynastyTreatiesandAgreementsPreservedbytheMinistryofForeignAffairsoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan).NationalPalaceMuseum.17April1895.Retrieved10February2021.中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本...台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿...澎湖列岛[ChinashallyieldtoJapaninperpetuitytherightstoadministerthefollowingregionsaswellasallfortresses,munitionfactories,andpublicpropertiesthereof...theentireislandofTaiwanandallappertainingislands...Penghuarchipelago]. ^Shiba,Ryōtarō(1995).Taiwankikō :kaidōoyukuyonjū台湾紀行:街道をゆく〈40〉(inJapanese).Tōkyō:AsahiShinbunsha.ISBN 978-4-02-256808-3. ^Morris,Andrew(2002)."TheTaiwanRepublicof1895andthefailureoftheQingmodernizingproject".InCorcuff,Stéphane(ed.).Memoriesofthefuture:nationalidentityissuesandthesearchforanewTaiwan.M.E.Sharpe.pp. 3–24.ISBN 978-0-7656-0792-8. ^"HistoryofTaiwan".WindowsonAsia.AsianStudiesCenter,MichiganStateUniversity.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1September2006.Retrieved3December2014. ^Hsu,Mutsu(1991).Culture,SelfandAdaptation:ThePsychologicalAnthropologyofTwoMalayo-PolynesianGroupsinTaiwan.Taipei,Taiwan:InstituteofEthnology,AcademiaSinica.ISBN 978-957-9046-78-7. ^Chou,ChuingPrudence;Ho,Ai-Hsin(2007)."SchoolinginTaiwan".InPostiglione,GerardA.;Tan,Jason(eds.).GoingtoschoolinEastAsia.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.pp. 344–377.ISBN 978-0-313-33633-1.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2010. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 39. ^"History".TheRepublicofChinaYearbook2001.GovernmentInformationOffice.2001.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27October2003. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 48. ^Tierney,Robert(2010).TropicsofSavagery:TheCultureofJapaneseEmpireinComparativeFrame.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.pp. 8–9.ISBN 978-0-520-94766-5. ^吕正惠：战后台湾左翼思想状况漫谈一——日本剥削下的台湾社会.18November2014. ^KominkaMovement–台灣大百科全書EncyclopediaofTaiwan.Taiwanpedia.culture.tw(5August2013).Retrieved25August2013. ^Grajdanzev,A.J.(1942)."Formosa(Taiwan)UnderJapaneseRule".PacificAffairs.15(3):311–324.doi:10.2307/2752241.JSTOR 2752241. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 110. ^abBallantine(1952),p. 47. ^"ShuLinKouAirStation:WorldWarII".KenAshley,U.S.militaryphotoarchives.Retrieved14June2011. ^"History".OverseaOfficeRepublicofChina(Taiwan).2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon28March2007.Retrieved2July2007. ^Jacobs,J.Bruce;Liu,I-haoBen(June2007)."LeeTeng-HuiandtheIdeaof"Taiwan"".TheChinaQuarterly.190(190):375–393.doi:10.1017/S0305741007001245.JSTOR 20192775.S2CID 154384016. ^再發"參拜靖國神社"論李登輝媚日情結大起底3November2010.People'sDaily.3November2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2January2013.Retrieved1October2012–via兩岸網. ^"ProtestersdemandjusticefromJapanon'comfortwomen'(update)|Society–FOCUSTAIWAN–CNAENGLISHNEWS".focustaiwan.tw. ^Morris,AndrewD.(30July2015).JapaneseTaiwan:ColonialRuleanditsContestedLegacy.BloomsburyPublishing.pp. 115–118.ISBN 978-1-4725-7674-3. ^China,FiverthousandyearsofHistoryandCivilization.CityUniversityOfHongKongPress.2007.p. 116.ISBN 978-962-937-140-1.Retrieved9September2014. ^Roy,Denny(2003).Taiwan:APoliticalHistory.Ithaca,NewYork:CornellUniversityPress.pp. 55,56.ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 57:"ChineseforceswerepreparedtomovewithAmericanaidbyanamphbiousliftintoFormosa...InSeptember1945theadministrationofFormosawastakenoverfromtheJapanesebyChineseforcesassistedbynumericallysmallUnitedStatesteams". ^"TheExerciseofLegitimateAuthority".TaiwanAutonomyFoundation.2021.Retrieved8January2022.Therulesofthepost-Napoleonicworldconsiderthatmilitaryoccupationisonlyatemporarysituation.Thelegalacquisitionofterritoryandanylong-termcontinuingexerciseoflegitimateauthorityovertheterritoryisonlyaccomplishedthroughspecificarrangementsmadeinthefinalpeacesettlement. ^"FarEast(FormosaandthePescadores)".Hansard.540(cc1870–4).4May1955.Retrieved1September2010.ThesovereigntywasJapaneseuntil1952.TheJapaneseTreatycameintoforce,andatthattimeFormosawasbeingadministeredbytheChineseNationalists,towhomitwasentrustedin1945,asamilitaryoccupation. ^Charney,JonathanI.;Prescott,J.R.V.(2000)."ResolvingCross-StraitRelationsBetweenChinaandTaiwan".AmericanJournalofInternationalLaw.94(3):453–477.doi:10.2307/2555319.JSTOR 2555319.S2CID 144402230.AfteroccupyingTaiwanin1945asaresultofJapan'ssurrender,theNationalistsweredefeatedonthemainlandin1949,abandoningittoretreattoTaiwan. ^"CairoCommuniqué,December1,1943".BirthoftheConstitutionofJapan.NationaDietLibrary.Retrieved29November2021.ItistheirpurposethatJapanshallbestrippedofalltheislandsinthePacificwhichshehasseizedoroccupiedsincethebeginningofthefirstWorldWarin1914,andthatalltheterritoriesJapanhasstolenfromtheChinese,suchasManchuria,Formosa,andThePescadores,shallberestoredtotheRepublicofChina. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 162:"UnitedStatesGovernmentrepliedonthispointasfollows:...CairoDeclarationprovidedthatManchuria,Formosa,andthePescadores,shallberestoredtotheRepublicofChina". ^"PotsdamDeclaration".TheAtomicHeritageFoundation.TheAtomicHeritageFoundationandtheNationalMuseumofNuclearScience&History.Retrieved29November2021.ThetermsoftheCairoDeclarationshallbecarriedoutandJapanesesovereigntyshallbelimitedtotheislandsofHonshu,Hokkaido,Kyushu,Shikokuandsuchminorislandsaswedetermine. ^"JapaneseInstrumentofSurrender".TheNationalArchivesFoundation.TheNationalArchives.Retrieved29November2021.WeherebyundertakefortheEmperor,theJapaneseGovernmentandtheirsuccessorstocarryouttheprovisionsofthePotsdamDeclarationingoodfaith ^Ballantine(1952),p. 58. ^"TreatyofPeacewithJapan"(PDF).UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved29November2021. ^"TreatyofPeacebetweentheRepuiblicofChinaandJapan"(PDF).UnitedNationsTreatiesCollection.TheUnitedNations.Retrieved29November2021. ^Makinen&Woodward(1989):"Yet,theChineseNationalistgovernmentattemptedtoisolateTaiwanfromthemainlandinflationbycreatingitasanindependentcurrencyarea.AndduringthelaterstagesofthecivilwaritwasabletoendthehyperinflationonTaiwan,somethingitwasunabletodoonthemainlanddespitetwoattempts." ^"Formosaintransition".TheWorldToday.Vol. 4,no. 5.London:RoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairs.1948.p. 213. ^Ballantine(1952),p. 59. ^UnitedStates(1949),p. 923-925. ^"China:SnowRed&MoonAngel".Time.NewYork.7April1947.Archivedfromtheoriginalon11January2007. ^Shackleton,AllanJ.(1998).FormosaCalling:AnEyewitnessAccountofConditionsinTaiwanduringtheFebruary28th,1947Incident(PDF).Upland,California:TaiwanPublishingCompany.OCLC 40888167.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5February2011.Retrieved18December2014. ^Ballatine(1952),p. 63.sfnperror:notarget:CITEREFBallatine1952(help) ^UnitedStates(1949),p. 932. ^"Taiwantakesfirststepstoexplain1947massacre".UnitedPressInternational.28February1991. ^Ballatine(1952),p. 64-65.sfnperror:notarget:CITEREFBallatine1952(help) ^Kubek,Anthony(1963).HowtheFarEastwaslost:AmericanpolicyandthecreationofCommunistChina.ISBN 978-0-85622-000-5. ^Huang,Fu-san(2010).臺灣簡史－麻雀變鳳凰的故事[ABriefHistoryofTaiwan:ASparrowTransformedintoaPhoenix](inChinese).GovernmentInformationOffice,RepublicofChina.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29April2011.Retrieved13September2009.1949年，國民政府退守臺灣後，以臺北為戰時首都 ^"TaiwanTimeline –RetreattoTaiwan".BBCNews.2000.Retrieved21June2009. ^Dunbabin,J.P.D.(2008).TheColdWar.PearsonEducation.p. 187.ISBN 978-0-582-42398-5.In1949ChiangKai-shekhadtransferredtoTaiwanthegovernment,goldreserve,andsomeofthearmyofhisRepublicofChina. ^Ng,Franklin(1998).TheTaiwaneseAmericans.GreenwoodPublishingGroup.p. 10.ISBN 978-0-313-29762-5. ^ab三、台灣戒嚴令[III.DecreetoestablishmartiallawinTaiwan](inChinese).NationalArchivesAdministration,NationalDevelopmentCouncil.2October2009.Retrieved23May2012. ^"28February1947 –Taiwan'sHolocaustRemembered –60thCommemoration".NewTaiwan,IlhaFormosa.2007.Retrieved2July2009. ^"Taiwanpresidentapologisesfor'whiteterror'era".Reuters.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1April2019.Retrieved2July2009. ^Gluck,Caroline(16July2008)."Taiwansorryforwhiteterrorera".BBCNews.London. ^USDepartmentofDefense(1950)."ClassifiedTeletypeConference,dated27June1950,betweenthePentagonandGeneralDouglasMacArthurregardingauthorizationtousenavalandairforcesinsupportofSouthKorea.PapersofHarryS.Truman:NavalAideFiles".TrumanPresidentialLibraryandMuseum:1and4.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19April2006.Retrieved9March2006.Page1:Inaddition7thFleetwilltakestationsoastopreventinvasionofFormosaandtoinsurethatFormosanotbeusedasbaseofoperationsagainstChinesemainland."Page4:"SeventhFleetisherebyassignedtooperationalcontrolCINCFEforemploymentinfollowingtaskherebyassignedCINCFE:BynavalandairactionpreventanyattackonFormosa,oranyairorseaoffensivefromFormosaagainstmainlandofChina.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Alagappa,Muthiah(2001).Taiwan'spresidentialpolitics.M.E.Sharpe.p. 265.ISBN 978-0-7656-0834-5. ^"TaiwanTimeline –Coldwarfortress".BBCNews.2002.Retrieved2July2009. ^abHsü(1982),p. 173. ^Hsü(1982),p. 174. ^"China:ChiangKai-shek:DeathoftheCasualty".Time.14April1975.p. 3.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20December2009.Retrieved16December2009. ^Hsü(1982),p. 175,176. ^Sun,Yat-sen;JulieLeeWei;RamonHawleyMyers;DonaldG.Gillin(1994).JulieLeeWei;RamonHawleyMyers;DonaldG.Gillin(eds.).PrescriptionsforsavingChina:selectedwritingsofSunYat-sen.HooverPress.p. 36.ISBN 978-0-8179-9281-1.ThepartyfirstappliedSun'sconceptofpoliticaltutelagebygoverningthroughmartiallaw,nottoleratingoppositionparties,controllingthepublicmedia,andusingthe1947constitutiondrawnupontheChinamainlandtogovern.Thus,muchoftheworldinthoseyearsgavethegovernmentlowscoresfordemocracyandhumanrightsbutadmittedithadaccomplishedaneconomicmiracle. ^Chao,Linda;RamonHawleyMyers(1997).Democracy'snewleadersintheRepublicofChinaonTaiwan.HooverPress.p. 3.ISBN 978-0-8179-3802-4.Althoughthisparty[theKMT]hadinitiatedademocraticbreakthroughandguidedthedemocratictransition,ithadalsoupheldmartiallawforthirty-sixyearsandseverelyrepressedpoliticaldissentandanyeffortstoestablishanoppositionparty.[...]Howwasitpossiblethatthisparty,sohatedbyoppositionpoliticiansandlongregardedbyWesterncriticsasadictatorial,Leninist-typeparty,stillremainedinpower? ^Fung(2000),p. 67:"Nanjingwasnotonlyundemocraticandrepressivebutalsoinefficientandcorrupt.[...]Furthermore,likeotherauthoritarianregimes,theGMDsoughttocontrolpeople'smind." ^Fung(2000),p. 85:"Theresponsetonationalemergency,criticsargued,wasnotmerelymilitary,itwas,evenmoreimportant,political,requiringtheterminationofone-partydictatorshipandthedevelopmentofdemocraticinstitutions." 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