中國名勝丨氣勢磅礴現英姿：秦始皇陵兵馬俑

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The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qinshihuang Mausoleum, which is regarded as the eighth wonder of the world, is five kilometers east of Lintong County, 35 kilometers from Xi'an City in Shaanxi Province. Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC), the first emperor of China, ascended the throne at the age of 13, when construction of his tomb began. On completion of his many conquests, he ordered 720,000 conscript laborers to hurry up on building his royal tomb. It was finished just-in-time in 210 BC for his use. His son, the second Qin Emperor, saw Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses near the mausoleum to his entombment.

According to the Historical Book, Li Si, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty(221BC-207BC), presided over the construction of the Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang. Li Si, due to his extraordinary talents, was always trusted and appreciated by the Emperor Qin Shihuang. Before took over the prime minister, he had participated in the charge of the construction of the mausoleum. After became the prime minister, he formally presided over the construction work. The contribution of Li Si to the mausoleum is greatest, that is to explain why Li Si is the only one to be recorded in the Historical book as the person who presided over the tomb construction.

The terracotta figures were manufactured both in workshops by government laborers and also by local craftsmen. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once assembled, intricate features such as facial expressions were added. It is believed that their legs were made in much the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were manufactured at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece of terracotta and subsequently firing it. In those days, each workshop was required to inscribe its name on items produced to ensure quality control. This has aided modern historians in verifying that workshops that once made tiles and other mundane items were commandeered to work on the terracotta army. Upon completion, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

The terracotta figures are life-like and life-sized. They vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank. The colored lacquer finish, individual facial features, and actual weapons and armor from battle were used in manufacturing these figures created a realistic appearance. The original weapons were stolen by robbers shortly after the creation of the army and the coloring has faded greatly. However, their existence serves as a testament to the amount of labor and skill involved in their construction. It also reveals the power the First Emperor possessed, enabling him to command such a monumental undertaking as this.

中國名勝丨氣勢磅礴現英姿：秦始皇陵兵馬俑

秦始皇陵是中國第一位皇帝秦始皇的陵墓，也稱「麗山」或「酈山」，位於中國陝西省西安以東30公里臨潼縣的驪山，亦稱驪山園。

建於公元前246年至公元前208年，歷時39年。

現存陵冢高76米，陵園布置仿秦都咸陽，分內外兩城，內城周長2.5公里，外城周長6.3公里。

陵冢位於內城西南，坐西面東，放置棺槨和陪葬器物的地方，為秦始皇陵建築群的核心，目前尚未發掘。

據考證，已發現的秦始皇兵馬俑被普遍認為位於秦始皇陵的外圍，有戍衛陵寢的含義，是秦始皇陵的有機組成部分。

據《史記· 秦始皇本紀》記載，「始皇初即位，穿治酈山，及並天下，天下徒送詣七十餘萬人，穿三泉，下銅而致槨，宮觀百官奇器怪徙藏滿之。

令匠作機弩矢，有所穿近者輒射之。

以水銀為百川江河大海，機相灌輸，上具天文，下具地理。

以人魚膏為燭，度不滅者久之。

」指出當時修築秦始皇陵的有七十餘萬人。

鑿穿了三層地下水，灌注銅水來填補縫隙，又修造宮殿，設置百官位置，放置奇珍異寶。

用水銀做成百川江河大海，用機械來模擬江河的流動，頂壁裝有天文圖像，下面置有地理圖形，用娃娃魚的油脂做成長明燈。

陵墓中還有許多機關。

為了防止泄密，在秦始皇入葬後，秦二世又下令將工匠封閉在地宮內城和外城之間。

從科學探測和局部發掘來看，地宮裡存在許多金屬物質，也有很好的排水系統。

至於地宮究竟有多深，學界爭議很大，從20米到50米說法不一。

有學者認為所謂「穿三泉」只是虛指。

秦陵尚未完工，便出現秦末農民暴動，章邯將修陵的七十萬人全部調去抵抗暴動，至此，秦陵的修建中斷。

項羽破關後，帶兵三十萬挖掘秦陵，隨後又有牧羊人因尋找丟失的羊群而失手將秦陵地宮燒掉的說法。

但目前尚未發現有力證據，也有學者認為秦始皇陵並未遭到大規模破壞。

根據勘查，確實在秦始皇陵周圍發現汞含量異常，學者認為如果地宮打開過，汞會很快揮發。

因此初步證實了秦始皇陵內含大量水銀的說法。

1987年，秦始皇陵及兵馬俑被列為世界文化遺產。