Caffeine dependence - Wikipedia

Caffeine dependence is the condition of having a substance dependence on caffeine, a commonplace central nervous system stimulant drug which occurs in ... Caffeinedependence FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Seealso:Caffeine-inducedanxietydisorder,caffeine-inducedsleepdisorder,andcaffeinism MedicalconditionCaffeinedependenceOthernamesCaffeineaddictionSpecialtyPsychiatry Caffeinedependenceistheconditionofhavingasubstancedependenceoncaffeine,acommonplacecentralnervoussystemstimulantdrugwhichoccursinnatureincoffee,tea,yerbamate,cocoa,andotherplants.Caffeineisalsoanadditiveinmanyconsumerproducts,includingbeveragessuchascaffeinatedalcoholicbeverages,energydrinks,andcolas. Caffeine'smechanismofactionissomewhatdifferentfromthatofcocaineandthesubstitutedamphetamines;caffeineblocksadenosinereceptorsA1andA2A.[1]Adenosineisaby-productofcellularactivity,andstimulationofadenosinereceptorsproducesfeelingsoftirednessandtheneedtosleep.Caffeine'sabilitytoblockthesereceptorsmeansthelevelsofthebody'snaturalstimulants,dopamineandnorepinephrine,continueathigherlevels. TheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisordersdescribesfourcaffeine-relateddisordersincludingintoxication,withdrawal,anxiety,andsleep.[2] Molecularstructureofcaffeine Contents 1Dependence 1.1Addictionvs.Dependence 2Physiologicaleffects 2.1Adults 2.1.1Pregnancy 2.2ChildrenandTeenagers 3Tolerance 4References 5Externallinks Dependence[edit] Mildphysicaldependencecanresultfromlong-termcaffeineuse.[3]Caffeineaddiction,orapathologicalandcompulsiveformofuse,hasbeendocumentedinhumans.[3][4] Addictionvs.Dependence[edit] Caffeineuseisclassifiedasadependence,notanaddiction.Foradrugtobeconsideredaddictive,itmustactivatethebrain'srewardcircuit.Caffeine,likeaddictivedrugs,enhancesdopaminesignalinginthebrain(iseugeroic),butnotenoughtoactivatethebrain'srewardcircuitlikeaddictivesubstancessuchascocaine,morphine,andnicotine.[5]CaffeinedependenceformsduetocaffeineantagonizingtheadenosineA2Areceptor,[6]effectivelyblockingadenosinefromtheadenosinereceptorsite.Thisdelaystheonsetofdrowsinessandreleasesdopamine.[7] Studieshavedemonstratedthatpeoplewhotakeinaminimumof100 mgofcaffeineperday(abouttheamountinonecupofcoffee)canacquireaphysicaldependencethatwouldtriggerwithdrawalsymptomsthatincludeheadaches,musclepainandstiffness,lethargy,nausea,vomiting,depressedmood,andmarkedirritability.[8]ProfessorRolandR.Griffiths,aprofessorofneurologyatJohnsHopkinsinBaltimorestronglybelievesthatcaffeinewithdrawalshouldbeclassifiedasapsychologicaldisorder.[8]Hisresearchsuggestedthatwithdrawalaffects50%ofhabitualcoffeedrinkers,beginningwithin12–24hoursaftercessationofcaffeineintake,andpeakingin20–48hours,lastingaslongas9days.[4][9] Continuedexposuretocaffeineleadsthebodytocreatemoreadenosine-receptorsinthecentralnervoussystem,whichmakesitmoresensitivetotheeffectsofadenosine.Itreducesthestimulatoryeffectsofcaffeinebyincreasingtolerance,anditincreasesthewithdrawalsymptomsofcaffeineasthebodybecomesmoresensitivetotheeffectsofadenosineoncecaffeineintakedecreases.Caffeinetolerancedevelopsveryquickly.Tolerancetothesleepdisruptioneffectsofcaffeinewereseenafterconsumptionof400 mgofcaffeine3 timesadayfor7 days,whereascompletetolerancewasobservedafterconsumptionof300 mgtaken3 timesadayfor18 days.[10] Physiologicaleffects[edit] Whenapersonbecomescaffeinedependent,itcancauseapersontosufferdifferentphysiologicaleffectswhichcouldleadtowithdrawal.Symptomscanrangefrommildtoseverethataredependentontheamountofcaffeineconsumeddaily.[11]Testsarestillbeingdonetogetabetterunderstandingoftheeffectsthatoccurtosomeonewhentheybecomedependentondifferentformsofcaffeinetomakeitthroughtheday. Adults[edit] Caffeineisconsumedbymanyeachdayandfromthisadependenceisformed.Forthemostpartcaffeineconsumptionissafe,butconsumingover400 mgofcaffeinehasshownadversephysiologicalandpsychologicaleffects;especiallyinpeoplethathavepre-existingconditions.[12]Whenadultsformadependenceoncaffeine,itcancausearangeofhealthproblemssuchasheadaches,insomnia,dizziness,cardiacissues,hypertensionandothers.Whenanadultisdependentonthissubstance,theymustconsumeacertainamountofcaffeineeverydaytoavoidtheseeffects.[12] Pregnancy[edit] Ifpregnant,itisrecommendednottoconsumeover200 mgofcaffeineaday(dependingonsizeofperson).Ifapregnantfemaleconsumeshighlevelsofcaffeine,itcanresultinlowbirthweightsduetolossofbloodflowtotheplacenta[13]whichcouldleadtoanincreasehealthproblemslaterinthatchild'slife.[14]Itcanalsoresultinprematurelabor,reducedfertility,andotherreproductiveissues.Ifafemaleisdependedonanexcessiveamountofcaffeinetogetthemthroughtheday,itisrecommendedtotalktotheirhealthcareprovidertoeithereliminatethedependencyofcaffeineortobecomelessdependentonit.[15] ChildrenandTeenagers[edit] Itisnotrecommendedforchildrenundertheageof18toconsumeseveralcaffeinateddrinksaccordingtotheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics(AAP).Iftheyweretoconsumecaffeineitisrecommendedtofollowsomeguidelinessotheydonotconsumetoomuchthroughouttheday.[16]Iftheydo,theycanbecomedependentoncaffeineandwithoutitcansuffermanydifferentsideeffects.Theseincludeincreaseofheartrateandbloodpressure,sleepdisturbance,moodswings,andacidicproblems.Longlastingproblemsonchildren'snervoussystemandcardiovascularsystemarecurrentlyunknownandstudiesarestillbeingconductedonit.[17] Tolerance[edit] Tolerancelevelsregardingcaffeinetypicallyvaryfrompersontoperson.Caffeinetoleranceoccurswhenthestimulatoryeffectsofcaffeinedecreaseovertimeduetoregularconsumption.AccordingtoH.P.AmmonfromtheNationalLibraryofMedicine,caffeinetoleranceoccurswhenthebodyrespondstoanintakeofcaffeinethroughtheup-regulationofadenosine-receptors.[18] References[edit] ^Fisone,G,BorgkvistA,UsielloA(2004):Caffeineasapsychomotorstimulant:MechanismofAction.CellularandMolecularLifeSciences61:857-872 ^Addicott,MeridethA.(2014)."CaffeineUseDisorder:AReviewoftheEvidenceandFutureImplications".CurrentAddictionReports.1(3):186–192.doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9.PMC 4115451.PMID 25089257. ^abMalenkaRC,NestlerEJ,HymanSE(2009)."Chapter15:ReinforcementandAddictiveDisorders".InSydorA,BrownRY(eds.).MolecularNeuropharmacology:AFoundationforClinicalNeuroscience(2nd ed.).NewYork:McGraw-HillMedical.p. 375.ISBN 9780071481274.Long-termcaffeineusecanleadtomildphysicaldependence.Awithdrawalsyndromecharacterizedbydrowsiness,irritability,andheadachetypicallylastsnolongerthanaday.Truecompulsiveuseofcaffeinehasbeendocumented. ^abHall,Harriet(5February2019)."CaffeineWithdrawalHeadaches".Science-BasedMedicine.RetrievedMay30,2019. ^Volkow,ND;Wang,G-J;Logan,J;Alexoff,D;Fowler,JS;Thanos,PK;Wong,C;Casado,V;Ferre,S;Tomasi,D(April2015)."CaffeineincreasesstriataldopamineD2/D3receptoravailabilityinthehumanbrain".TranslationalPsychiatry.5(4):e549–.doi:10.1038/tp.2015.46.PMC 4462609.PMID 25871974. ^Froestl,Wolfgang;Muhs,Andreas;Pfeifer,Andrea(14November2012)."CognitiveEnhancers(Nootropics).Part1:DrugsInteractingwithReceptors".JournalofAlzheimer'sDisease.32(4):793–887.doi:10.3233/JAD-2012-121186.PMID 22886028.S2CID 10511507. ^Ferré,Sergi(2016)."Mechanismsofthepsychostimulanteffectsofcaffeine:Implicationsforsubstanceusedisorders".Psychopharmacology.233(10):1963–1979.doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4212-2.PMC 4846529.PMID 26786412. ^abStudeville,George(January15,2010)."CaffeineAddictionIsaMentalDisorder,DoctorsSay".NationalGeographic. ^Juliano,L.M.;Griffiths,R.R.(2004)."Acriticalreviewofcaffeinewithdrawal:Empiricalvalidationofsymptomsandsigns,incidence,severity,andassociatedfeatures".Psychopharmacology.176(1):1–29.doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2000-x.PMID 15448977.S2CID 5572188. ^"CaffeinePharmacology".NewsMedical.28February2010. ^Meredith,StevenE.;Juliano,LauraM.;Hughes,JohnR.;Griffiths,RolandR.(September2013)."CaffeineUseDisorder:AComprehensiveReviewandResearchAgenda".JournalofCaffeineResearch.3(3):114–130.doi:10.1089/jcr.2013.0016.ISSN 2156-5783.PMC 3777290.PMID 24761279. ^ab"Caffeine".medlineplus.gov.RetrievedNovember5,2020. ^Sajadi-Ernazarova,KarimaR.;Anderson,Jackie;Dhakal,Aayush;Hamilton,RichardJ.(2020),"CaffeineWithdrawal",StatPearls,TreasureIsland(FL):StatPearlsPublishing,PMID 28613541,retrieved2020-11-06 ^"ShouldIlimitcaffeineduringpregnancy?".nhs.uk.2018-06-27.Retrieved2020-11-06. ^"CaffeineIntakeDuringPregnancy".AmericanPregnancyAssociation.2016-04-27.Retrieved2020-11-06. ^Branum,AmyM.;Rossen,LaurenM.;Schoendorf,KennethC.(March1,2014)."TrendsinCaffeineIntakeAmongUSChildrenandAdolescents".Pediatrics.133(3):386–393.doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2877.ISSN 0031-4005.PMC 4736736.PMID 24515508. ^McVay,Ellen(February19,2020)."IsCoffeeBadForKids?".RetrievedNovember5,2020. ^AmmonHP.Biochemicalmechanismofcaffeinetolerance.ArchPharm(Weinheim).1991May;324(5):261-7.doi:10.1002/ardp.19913240502.PMID1888264. Externallinks[edit] ClassificationDICD-10:F15.2 vteReinforcementdisorders:AddictionandDependenceAddictionDrug Alcohol Amphetamine Cocaine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine Opioid Behavioral Financial Gambling Shopping Palatablefood Sex-related Intercourse Pornography Internet-related Internetaddictiondisorder Internetsexaddiction Videogameaddiction Digitalmediaaddictions Cellularmechanisms Transcriptional ΔFosB c-Fos Cdk5 CREB GluR2 NF-κB Epigenetic G9a G9a-likeprotein HDAC1 HDAC2 HDAC3 HDAC4 HDAC5 HDAC9 HDAC10 SIRT1 SIRT2 ... DependenceConcepts Physicaldependence Psychologicaldependence Withdrawal Disorders Drugs Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid Non-drugstimuli Tanningdependence TreatmentandmanagementDetoxification Alcoholdetoxification Drugdetoxification Behavioraltherapies Cognitivebehavioraltherapy Relapseprevention Contingencymanagement Communityreinforcementapproachandfamilytraining Motivationalenhancementtherapy Motivationalinterviewing Motivationaltherapy Physicalexercise Treatmentprograms Drugrehab Residentialtreatmentcenter Heroin-assistedtreatment Intensiveoutpatientprogram Methadonemaintenance Smokingcessation Nicotinereplacementtherapy TobaccocessationclinicsinIndia Twelve-stepprogram Supportgroups Addictionrecoverygroups Listoftwelve-stepgroups Harmreduction Category:Harmreduction Drugchecking Reagenttesting Low-thresholdtreatmentprograms Managedalcoholprogram ModerationManagement Needleexchangeprogram Responsibledruguse Stimulantmaintenance Supervisedinjectionsite Tobaccoharmreduction Seealso Addictionmedicine AllenCarr Category:Addiction Category:Vaccinesagainstdrugs Discriminationagainstdrugaddicts Dopaminedysregulationsyndrome Cognitivecontrol Inhibitorycontrol Motivationalsalience Incentivesalience Sobercompanion Category vtePsychoactivesubstance-relateddisorderGeneral SID Substanceintoxication/Drugoverdose Substance-inducedpsychosis Withdrawal: Craving Neonatalwithdrawal Post-acute-withdrawalsyndrome(PAWS) SUD Substanceabuse/Substance-relateddisorders Physicaldependence/Psychologicaldependence/Substancedependence Combinedsubstanceuse SUD Polysubstancedependence SID Combineddrugintoxication(CDI) AlcoholSIDCardiovasculardiseases Alcoholiccardiomyopathy Alcoholflushreaction(AFR) Gastrointestinaldiseases Alcoholicliverdisease(ALD): Alcoholichepatitis Auto-brewerysyndrome(ABS) Endocrinediseases Alcoholicketoacidosis(AKA) Nervoussystemdiseases Alcohol-relateddementia(ARD) Alcoholintoxication Hangover Neurologicaldisorders Alcoholichallucinosis Alcoholicpolyneuropathy Alcohol-relatedbraindamage Alcoholwithdrawalsyndrome(AWS): Alcoholichallucinosis Deliriumtremens(DTs) Fetalalcoholspectrumdisorder(FASD) Korsakoffsyndrome Positionalalcoholnystagmus(PAN) Wernicke–Korsakoffsyndrome(WKS,Korsakoffpsychosis) Wernickeencephalopathy(WE) Respiratorytractdiseases Alcohol-inducedrespiratoryreactions Alcoholiclungdisease SUD Alcoholism(alcoholusedisorder(AUD)) Bingedrinking Caffeine SID Caffeine-inducedanxietydisorder Caffeine-inducedsleepdisorder Caffeinism SUD Caffeinedependence Cannabis SID Cannabisarteritis Cannabinoidhyperemesissyndrome(CHS) Intravenousmarijuanasyndrome SUD Amotivationalsyndrome Cannabisusedisorder(CUD) Syntheticcannabinoidusedisorder Cocaine SID Cocaineintoxication Prenatalcocaineexposure(PCE) SUD Cocainedependence Hallucinogen SID Acuteintoxicationfromhallucinogens(badtrip) Hallucinogenpersistingperceptiondisorder(HPPD) Nicotine SID GreenTobaccoSickness(GTS) Nicotinepoisoning Nicotinewithdrawal SUD Nicotinedependence Opioids SID Opioidoverdose SUD Opioidusedisorder(OUD) Sedative/hypnotic SID Kindling(sedative–hypnoticwithdrawal) benzodiazepine:SID Benzodiazepineoverdose Benzodiazepinewithdrawal SUD Benzodiazepineusedisorder(BUD) Benzodiazepinedependence barbiturate:SID Barbiturateoverdose SUD Barbituratedependence Stimulants SID Stimulantpsychosis amphetamine:SUD Amphetaminedependence Volatilesolvent SID Suddensniffingdeathsyndrome(SSDS) Toluenetoxicity SUD Inhalantabuse Related Anabolic-androgenicsteroids:SUD Anabolic-androgenicsteroidsabuse Chocolate Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caffeine_dependence&oldid=1109429042" Categories:CaffeineSubstancedependenceHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages العربيةDeutschفارسی한국어ItalianoLietuviųമലയാളം日本語РусскийไทยTürkçe中文 Editlinks