Lymphoma - Wikipedia

Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). ... In current usage the name usually refers to just the ... Lymphoma FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Hematologiccancerthataffectslymphocytes MedicalconditionLymphomaFollicularlymphomareplacingalymphnodeSpecialtyHematologyandoncologySymptomsEnlargedlymphnodes,fever,sweats,unintendedweightloss,itching,feelingtired[1][2]RiskfactorsEpstein–Barrvirus,autoimmunediseases,HIV/AIDS,tobaccosmoking[2][3]DiagnosticmethodLymphnodebiopsy[1][2]TreatmentChemotherapy,radiationtherapy,protontherapy,targetedtherapy,surgery[1][2]PrognosisAveragefiveyearsurvival85%(USA)[4]Frequency4.9million(2015)[5]Deaths204,700(2015)[6] Lymphomaisagroupofbloodandlymphtumorsthatdevelopfromlymphocytes(atypeofwhitebloodcell).[7]Incurrentusagethenameusuallyreferstojustthecancerousversionsratherthanallsuchtumours.[7]Signsandsymptomsmayincludeenlargedlymphnodes,fever,drenchingsweats,unintendedweightloss,itching,andconstantlyfeelingtired.[1][2]Theenlargedlymphnodesareusuallypainless.[1]Thesweatsaremostcommonatnight.[1][2] Manysubtypesoflymphomasareknown.[8]Thetwomaincategoriesoflymphomasarethenon-Hodgkinlymphoma(NHL)(90%ofcases)[9][10]andHodgkinlymphoma(HL)(10%).[9]TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)includestwoothercategoriesastypesoflymphoma–multiplemyelomaandimmunoproliferativediseases.[11]Lymphomasandleukemiasareapartofthebroadergroupoftumorsofthehematopoieticandlymphoidtissues.[12] RiskfactorsforHodgkinlymphomaincludeinfectionwithEpstein–Barrvirusandahistoryofthediseaseinthefamily.[1]Riskfactorsforcommontypesofnon-Hodgkinlymphomasincludeautoimmunediseases,HIV/AIDS,infectionwithhumanT-lymphotropicvirus,immunosuppressantmedications,andsomepesticides.[2][13]Eatinglargeamountsofredmeatandtobaccosmokingmayalsoincreasetherisk.[3][14][15]Diagnosis,ifenlargedlymphnodesarepresent,isusuallybylymphnodebiopsy.[1][2]Blood,urine,andbonemarrowtestingmayalsobeusefulinthediagnosis.[2]Medicalimagingmaythenbedonetodetermineifandwherethecancerhasspread.[1][2]Lymphomamostoftenspreadstothelungs,liver,andbrain.[1][2] Treatmentmayinvolveoneormoreofthefollowing:chemotherapy,radiationtherapy,protontherapy,targetedtherapy,andsurgery.[1][2]Insomenon-Hodgkinlymphomas,anincreasedamountofproteinproducedbythelymphomacellscausesthebloodtobecomesothickthatplasmapheresisisperformedtoremovetheprotein.[2]Watchfulwaitingmaybeappropriateforcertaintypes.[2]Theoutcomedependsonthesubtypewithsomebeingcurableandtreatmentprolongingsurvivalinmost.[9]Thefive-yearsurvivalrateintheUnitedStatesforallHodgkinlymphomasubtypesis85%,[4]whilethatfornon-Hodgkinlymphomasis69%.[16]Worldwide,lymphomasdevelopedin566,000peoplein2012andcaused305,000deaths.[11]Theymakeup3–4%ofallcancers,makingthemasagrouptheseventh-mostcommonform.[11][17]Inchildren,theyarethethird-mostcommoncancer.[18]Theyoccurmoreofteninthedevelopedworldthanthedevelopingworld.[11] Contents 1Signsandsymptoms 1.1Mouth 2Diagnosis 2.1Classification 2.1.1Hodgkinlymphoma 2.1.2Non-Hodgkinlymphomas 2.1.3Epstein–Barrvirus-associatedlymphoproliferativediseases 2.1.4WHOclassification 2.1.5Previousclassifications 2.2Staging 2.3Differentialdiagnosis 3Treatment 3.1Low-grade 3.2High-grade 3.2.1Hodgkinlymphoma 3.3Palliativecare 3.4Supportivetreatment 4Prognosis 5Epidemiology 6History 7Research 8Otheranimals 9References 10Externallinks Signsandsymptoms[edit] Thelymphnodeswherelymphomamostcommonlydevelops Lymphomaandlymphaticsystem Lymphomamaypresentwithcertainnonspecificsymptoms;ifthesymptomsarepersistent,anevaluationtodeterminetheircause,includingpossiblelymphoma,shouldbeundertaken. Lymphadenopathy[19][20]orswellingoflymphnodes,istheprimarypresentationinlymphoma.Itisgenerallypainless. Bsymptoms(systemicsymptoms)–canbeassociatedwithbothHodgkinlymphomaandnon-Hodgkinlymphoma.Theyconsistof: Fever[19][20] Nightsweats[19][20] Weightloss[19][20] Othersymptoms: Anemia,bleeding,increasedsusceptibilitytoinfections[21] Lossofappetiteoranorexia[20] Fatigue[19][20] Respiratorydistressordyspnea[20] Itching[19][20] Mouth[edit] Asymptomaticsoftswelling,whichmayormaynotbeulcerated,isprimarilyseenonthetonsils,buccalmucosa,palate,gums,salivaryglands,tongue,thefloorofthemouth,andretromolarregion.[citationneeded] Diagnosis[edit] Aninitialevaluationofasuspectedlymphomaistomakea"touchprep"whereinaglassslideislightlypressedagainstexcisedlymphoidtissue,andsubsequentlystained(usuallyH&Estain)forevaluationunderlightmicroscopy. Lymphomaisdefinitivelydiagnosedbyalymph-nodebiopsy,meaningapartialortotalexcisionofalymphnodeexaminedunderthemicroscope.[22]Thisexaminationrevealshistopathologicalfeaturesthatmayindicatelymphoma.Afterlymphomaisdiagnosed,avarietyoftestsmaybecarriedouttolookforspecificfeaturescharacteristicofdifferenttypesoflymphoma.Theseinclude: Immunophenotyping Flowcytometry Fluorescenceinsituhybridizationtesting Classification[edit] Lymphnodewithmantlecelllymphoma(low-powerview,H&E) AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),lymphomaclassificationshouldreflectinwhichlymphocytepopulationtheneoplasmarises.[23]Thus,neoplasmsthatarisefromprecursorlymphoidcellsaredistinguishedfromthosethatarisefrommaturelymphoidcells.[23]Mostmaturelymphoidneoplasmscomprisethenon-Hodgkinlymphomas.[23]Historically,maturehistiocyticanddendriticcell(HDC)neoplasmshavebeenconsideredmaturelymphoidneoplasms,sincetheseofteninvolvelymphoidtissue.[23] Lymphomacanalsospreadtothecentralnervoussystem,oftenaroundthebraininthemeninges,knownaslymphomatousmeningitis(LM).[24] Hodgkinlymphoma[edit] Mainarticle:Hodgkinlymphoma Hodgkinlymphomaaccountsforabout15%oflymphomas.[25]Itdiffersfromotherformsoflymphomasinitsprognosisandseveralpathologicalcharacteristics.AdivisionintoHodgkinandnon-Hodgkinlymphomasisusedinseveraloftheolderclassificationsystems.AHodgkinlymphomaismarkedbythepresenceofatypeofcellcalledtheReed–Sternbergcell.[26][27] Non-Hodgkinlymphomas[edit] Non-Hodgkinlymphomas,whicharedefinedasbeingalllymphomasexceptHodgkinlymphoma,aremorecommonthanHodgkinlymphoma.Awidevarietyoflymphomasareinthisclass,andthecauses,thetypesofcellsinvolved,andtheprognosesvarybytype.Thenumberofcasesperyearofnon-Hodgkinlymphomaincreaseswithage.Itisfurtherdividedintoseveralsubtypes.[citationneeded] Epstein–Barrvirus-associatedlymphoproliferativediseases[edit] Epstein–Barrvirus-associatedlymphoproliferativediseasesareagroupofbenign,premalignant,andmalignantdiseasesoflymphoidcells,i.e.Bcells,Tcells,NKcells,andhistiocytic-dendriticcellsinwhichoneormoreofthesecelltypesisinfectedwiththeEpstein–Barrvirus(EBV).Thevirusmayberesponsibleforthedevelopmentand/orprogressionofthesediseases.InadditiontoEBV-positiveHodgkinlymphomas,theWorldHealthOrganization(2016)includesthefollowinglymphomas,whenassociatedwithEBVinfection,inthisgroupofdiseases:Burkittlymphoma;largeBcelllymphoma,nototherwisespecified;diffuselargeBcelllymphomaassociatedwithchronicinflammation;fibrin-associateddiffuselargeBcelllymphoma;primaryeffusionlymphoma;plasmablasticlymphoma;extranodalNK/Tcelllymphoma,nasaltype;peripheralTcelllymphoma,nototherwisespecified;angioimmunoblasticTcelllymphoma;follicularTcelllymphoma;andsystemicTcelllymphomaofchildhood.[28] WHOclassification[edit] TheWHOclassification,publishedin2001andupdatedin2008,[29][30]isbaseduponthefoundationslaidwithinthe"revisedEuropean–Americanlymphomaclassification"(REAL).Thissystemgroupslymphomasbycelltype(i.e.thenormalcelltypethatmostresemblesthetumor)anddefiningphenotypic,molecular,orcytogeneticcharacteristics.Thefivegroupsareshowninthetable.HodgkinlymphomaisconsideredseparatelywithintheWHOandprecedingclassifications,althoughitisrecognizedasbeingatumor,albeitmarkedlyabnormal,oflymphocytesofmatureBcelllineage.[citationneeded] Ofthemanyformsoflymphoma,somearecategorizedasindolent(e.g.smalllymphocyticlymphoma),compatiblewithalonglifeevenwithouttreatment,whereasotherformsareaggressive(e.g.Burkitt'slymphoma),causingrapiddeteriorationanddeath.However,mostoftheaggressivelymphomasrespondwelltotreatmentandarecurable.Theprognosis,therefore,dependsonthecorrectdiagnosisandclassificationofthedisease,whichisestablishedafterexaminationofabiopsybyapathologist(usuallyahematopathologist).[31] Lymphomasubtypes(WHO2008) MatureBcellneoplasms DNA-microarrayanalysisofBurkitt'slymphomaanddiffuselargeB-celllymphoma(DLBCL)showingdifferencesingeneexpressionpatterns.Colorsindicatelevelsofexpression;greenindicatesgenesthatareunderexpressedinlymphomacells(ascomparedtonormalcells),whereasredindicatesgenesthatareoverexpressedinlymphomacells. B-cellchroniclymphocyticleukemia/smallcelllymphoma 3to4%oflymphomasinadults Smallrestinglymphocytesmixedwithvariablenumbersoflargeactivatedcells,lymphnodesdiffuselyeffaced CD5,surfaceimmunoglobulin 5-yearsurvivalrate50%.[32] Occursinolderadults,usuallyinvolveslymphnodes,bonemarrowandspleen,mostpatientshaveperipheralbloodinvolvement,indolent B-cellprolymphocyticleukemia Lymphoplasmacyticlymphoma(suchasWaldenströmmacroglobulinemia) Splenicmarginalzonelymphoma Hairycellleukemia Plasmacellneoplasms: Plasmacellmyeloma(alsoknownasmultiplemyeloma) Plasmacytoma Monoclonalimmunoglobulindepositiondiseases Heavychaindiseases ExtranodalmarginalzoneBcelllymphoma,alsocalledMALTlymphoma About5%oflymphomasinadults Variablecellsizeanddifferentiation,40%showplasmacelldifferentiation,homingofBcellstoepitheliumcreateslymphoepitheliallesions. CD5,CD10,surfaceIg Frequentlyoccursoutsidelymphnodes,veryindolent,maybecuredbylocalexcision NodalmarginalzoneBcelllymphoma Follicularlymphoma About40%oflymphomasinadults Small"cleaved"[cleft]cells(centrocytes)mixedwithlargeactivatedcells(centroblasts),usuallynodular("follicular")growthpattern CD10,surfaceIg About72–77%[33] Occursinolderadults,usuallyinvolveslymphnodes,bonemarrowandspleen,associatedwitht(14;18)translocationoverexpressingBcl-2,indolent Primarycutaneousfolliclecenterlymphoma Mantlecelllymphoma About3to4%oflymphomasinadults Lymphocytesofsmalltointermediatesizegrowingindiffusepattern CD5 About50[34]to70%[34] Occursmainlyinadultmales,usuallyinvolveslymphnodes,bonemarrow,spleenandGItract,associatedwitht(11;14)translocationoverexpressingcyclinD1,moderatelyaggressive DiffuselargeBcelllymphoma,nototherwisespecified About40to50%oflymphomasinadults Variable,mostresembleBcellsoflargegerminalcenters,diffusegrowthpattern VariableexpressionofCD10andsurfaceIg Five-yearsurvivalrate60%[35] Occursinallages,butmostcommonlyinolderadults,mayoccuroutsidelymphnodes,aggressive DiffuselargeB-celllymphomaassociatedwithchronicinflammation Epstein–BarrviruspositivediffuselargeB-celllymphoma,nototherwisespecified Lymphomatoidgranulomatosis Primarymediastinal(thymic)largeB-celllymphoma IntravascularlargeB-celllymphoma ALK+largeB-celllymphoma Plasmablasticlymphoma Primaryeffusionlymphoma LargeB-celllymphomaarisinginHHV8-associatedmulticentricCastleman'sdisease Burkittlymphoma/leukemia <1%oflymphomasintheUnitedStates Roundlymphoidcellsofintermediatesizewithseveralnucleoli,starry-skyappearancebydiffusespreadwithinterspersedapoptosis CD10,surfaceIg Five-yearsurvivalrate50%[36] EndemicinAfrica,sporadicelsewhere,morecommoninimmunocompromisedandchildren,oftenvisceralinvolvement,highlyaggressive MatureTcellandnaturalkiller(NK)cellneoplasms T-cellprolymphocyticleukemia T-celllargegranularlymphocyteleukemia AggressiveNKcellleukemia AdultT-cellleukemia/lymphoma ExtranodalNK/T-celllymphoma,nasaltype Enteropathy-associatedT-celllymphoma HepatosplenicT-celllymphoma BlasticNKcelllymphoma Mycosisfungoides/Sézarysyndrome Mostcommoncutaneouslymphoidmalignancy Usuallysmalllymphoidcellswithconvolutednucleithatofteninfiltratetheepidermis,creatingPautriermicroabscesseses CD4 5-yearsurvival75%[37] Localizedormoregeneralizedskinsymptoms,generallyindolent,inamoreaggressivevariant,Sézary'sdisease,skinerythemaandperipheralbloodinvolvement PrimarycutaneousCD30-positiveTcelllymphoproliferativedisorders Primarycutaneousanaplasticlargecelllymphoma Lymphomatoidpapulosis PeripheralT-celllymphomanototherwisespecified MostcommonTcelllymphoma Variable,usuallyamixsmalltolargelymphoidcellswithirregularnuclearcontours CD3 Probablyconsistsofseveralraretumortypes,oftendisseminatedandgenerallyaggressive AngioimmunoblasticTcelllymphoma Anaplasticlargecelllymphoma:ALK-positiveandALK-negativetypes Breastplant-associatedanaplasticlargecelllymphoma Precursorlymphoidneoplasms B-lymphoblasticleukemia/lymphomanototherwisespecified B-lymphoblasticleukemia/lymphomawithrecurrentgeneticabnormalities T-lymphoblasticleukemia/lymphoma 15%ofchildhoodacutelymphoblasticleukemiaand90%oflymphoblasticlymphoma.[29]: 635  Lymphoblastswithirregularnuclearcontours,condensedchromatin,smallnucleoliandscantcytoplasmwithoutgranules TdT,CD2,CD7 Itoftenpresentsasamediastinalmassbecauseofinvolvementofthethymus.ItishighlyassociatedwithNOTCH1mutations,andismostcommoninadolescentmales. Hodgkinlymphoma ClassicalHodgkinlymphomas: NodularsclerosisformofHodgkinlymphoma MostcommontypeofHodgkinlymphoma Reed-Sternbergcellvariantsandinflammation,usuallybroadscleroticbandsthatconsistofcollagen CD15,CD30 Mostcommoninyoungadults,oftenarisesinthemediastinumorcervicallymphnodes MixedcellularityHodgkinlymphoma Second-mostcommonformofHodgkinlymphoma ManyclassicReed-Sternbergcellsandinflammation CD15,CD30 Mostcommoninmen,morelikelytobediagnosedatadvancedstagesthanthenodularsclerosisformEpstein–Barrvirusinvolvedin70%ofcases Lymphocyte-rich Lymphocytedepletedornotdepleted Nodularlymphocyte-predominantHodgkinlymphoma Immunodeficiency-associatedlymphoproliferativedisorders Associatedwithaprimaryimmunedisorder Associatedwiththehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV) Post-transplant Associatedwithmethotrexatetherapy Primarycentralnervoussystemlymphomaoccursmostofteninimmunocompromisedpatients,inparticularthosewithAIDS,butitcanoccurintheimmunocompetent,aswell.Ithasapoorprognosis,particularlyinthosewithAIDS.Treatmentcanconsistofcorticosteroids,radiotherapy,andchemotherapy,oftenwithmethotrexate. Previousclassifications[edit] Severalpreviousclassificationshavebeenused,includingRappaport1956,Lennert/Kiel1974,BNLI,Workingformulation(1982),andREAL(1994). TheWorkingFormulationof1982wasaclassificationofnon-Hodgkinlymphoma.ItexcludedtheHodgkinlymphomasanddividedtheremaininglymphomasintofourgrades(low,intermediate,high,andmiscellaneous)relatedtoprognosis,withsomefurthersubdivisionsbasedonthesizeandshapeofaffectedcells.Thispurelyhistologicalclassificationincludednoinformationaboutcellsurfacemarkers,orgenetics,anditmadenodistinctionbetweenT-celllymphomasandB-celllymphomas.Itwaswidelyacceptedatthetimeofitspublicationbutisnowobsolete.[38] In1994,theRevisedEuropean-AmericanLymphoma(REAL)classificationappliedimmunophenotypicandgeneticfeaturesinidentifyingdistinctclinicopathologicentitiesamongallthelymphomasexceptHodgkinlymphoma.[39]Forcodingpurposes,theICD-O(codes9590–9999)[40]andICD-10(codesC81-C96)[41]areavailable. Staging[edit] Diagramshowingcommonsiteswherelymphomaspreads Afteradiagnosisandbeforetreatment,cancerisstaged.Thisreferstodeterminingifthecancerhasspread,andifso,whetherlocallyortodistantsites.StagingisreportedasagradebetweenI(confined)andIV(spread).Thestageofalymphomahelpspredictapatient'sprognosisandisusedtohelpselecttheappropriatetherapy.[42] TheAnnArborstagingsystemisroutinelyusedforstagingofbothHLandNHL.Inthisstagingsystem,stageIrepresentslocalizeddiseasecontainedwithinalymphnodegroup,IIrepresentsthepresenceoflymphomaintwoormorelymphnodesgroups,IIIrepresentsspreadofthelymphomatolymphnodesgroupsonbothsidesofthediaphragm,andIVindicatesspreadtotissueoutsidethelymphaticsystem.Differentsuffixesimplytheinvolvementofdifferentorgans,forexample,SforthespleenandHfortheliver.Extra-lymphaticinvolvementisexpressedwiththeletterE.Inaddition,thepresenceofBsymptoms(oneormoreofthefollowing:unintentionallossof10%bodyweightinthelast6months,nightsweats,orpersistentfeverof38 °Cormore)ortheirabsenceisexpressedwithBorA,respectively.[43] CTscanorPETscanimagingmodalitiesareusedtostagecancer.PETscanningisadvisedforfluorodeoxyglucose-avidlymphomas,suchasHodgkinlymphoma,asastagingtoolthatcanevenreplacebonemarrowbiopsy.Forotherlymphomas,CTscanningisrecommendedforstaging.[42] Ageandpoorperformancestatusareotherestablishedpoorprognosticfactors.[44]Thismeansthatpeoplewhoareelderlyortoosicktotakecareofthemselvesaremorelikelytodiefromlymphomathanothers. Mantlecelllymphoma:Noticetheirregularnuclearcontoursofthemedium-sizedlymphomacellsandthepresenceofapinkhistiocyte.Byimmunohistochemistry,thelymphomacellsexpressedCD20,CD5,andCyclinD1(high-powerview,H&E) Hodgkinlymphoma,nodularlymphocytepredominant(low-powerview):Noticethenodulararchitectureandtheareasof"mottling".(H&E) Hodgkinlymphoma,nodularlymphocytepredominant(high-powerview):NoticethepresenceofL&Hcells,alsoknownas"popcorncells".(H&E) Differentialdiagnosis[edit] Certainlymphomas(extranodalNK/T-celllymphoma,nasaltypeandtypeIIenteropathy-associatedT-celllymphoma)canbemimickedbytwobenigndiseaseswhichinvolvetheexcessiveproliferationofnon-malignantNKcellsintheGItract,naturalkillercellenteropathy,adiseasewhereinNKcellinfiltrativelesionsoccurintheintestine,colon,stomach,oresophagus,andlymphomatoidgastropathy,adiseasewhereinthesecells'infiltrativelesionsarelimitedtothestomach.Thesediseasesdonotprogresstocancer,mayregressspontaneouslyanddonotrespondto,anddonotrequire,chemotherapyorotherlymphomatreatments.[45] Treatment[edit] PrognosesandtreatmentsaredifferentforHLandbetweenallthedifferentformsofNHL,[46]andalsodependonthegradeoftumour,referringtohowquicklyacancerreplicates.Paradoxically,high-gradelymphomasaremorereadilytreatedandhavebetterprognoses:[citationneeded]Burkittlymphoma,forexample,isahigh-gradetumourknowntodoublewithindays,andishighlyresponsivetotreatment. Low-grade[edit] Manylow-gradelymphomasremainindolent(growingslowlyornotatall)formanyyears–sometimes,fortherestoftheperson'slife.Withanindolentlymphoma,suchasfollicularlymphoma,watchfulwaitingisoftentheinitialcourseofaction,becausemonitoringislessriskyandlessharmfulthanearlytreatment.[47] Ifalow-gradelymphomabecomessymptomatic,radiotherapyorchemotherapyarethetreatmentsofchoice.Althoughthesetreatmentsdonotpermanentlycurethelymphoma,theycanalleviatethesymptoms,particularlypainfullymphadenopathy.Peoplewiththesetypesoflymphomacanlivenear-normallifespans,eventhoughthediseaseistechnicallyincurable. Somecentersadvocatetheuseofsingleagentrituximabinthetreatmentoffollicularlymphomaratherthanthewait-and-watchapproach.Watchfulwaitingisnotadesirablestrategyforeveryone,asitleadstosignificantdistressandanxietyinsomepeople.Ithasbeencalled"watchandworry".[48] High-grade[edit] Treatmentofsomeother,moreaggressive,formsoflymphoma[which?]canresultinacureinthemajorityofcases,buttheprognosisforpeoplewithapoorresponsetotherapyisworse.[49]Treatmentforthesetypesoflymphomatypicallyconsistsofaggressivechemotherapy,includingtheCHOPorR-CHOPregimen.Anumberofpeoplearecuredwithfirst-linechemotherapy.Mostrelapsesoccurwithinthefirsttwoyears,andtherelapseriskdropssignificantlythereafter.[50]Forpeoplewhorelapse,high-dosechemotherapyfollowedbyautologousstemcelltransplantationisaprovenapproach.[51] Thetreatmentofsideeffectsisalsoimportantastheycanoccurduetothechemotherapyorthestemcelltransplantation.Itwasevaluatedwhethermesenchymalstromalcellscanbeusedforthetreatmentandprophylaxisofgraft-versus-hostdiseases.Theevidenceisveryuncertainaboutthetherapeuticeffectofmesenchymalstromalcellstotreatgraft-versus-hostdiseasesontheall-causemortalityandcompletedisappearofchronicacutegraft-versus-hostdiseases.Mesenchymalstromalcellsmayresultinlittletonodifferenceintheall-causemortality,relapseofmalignantdiseaseandincidenceofacuteandchronicgraft-versus-hostdiseasesiftheyareusedforprophylacticreason.[52]Moreover,itwasseenthatplatelettransfusionsforpeopleundergoingachemotherapyorastemcelltransplantationforthepreventionofbleedingeventshaddifferenteffectsonthenumberofparticipantswithableedingevent,thenumberofdaysonwhichableedingoccurred,themortalitysecondarytobleedingandthenumberofplatelettransfusionsdependingonthewaytheywereused(therapeutic,dependingonathreshold,differentdoseschedulesorprophylactic).[53][54] FourchimericantigenreceptorCAR-TcelltherapiesareFDA-approvedfornon-Hodgkinlymphoma,includinglisocabtagenemaraleucel(forrelapsedorrefractorylargeB-celllymphomawithtwofailedsystemictreatments),axicabtageneciloleucel,tisagenlecleucel(forlargeB-celllymphoma),andbrexucabtageneautoleucel(formantlecelllymphoma).Thesetherapiescomewithcertificationandotherrestrictions.[55] Hodgkinlymphoma[edit] Hodgkinlymphomatypicallyistreatedwithradiotherapyalone,aslongasitislocalized.[56] AdvancedHodgkindiseaserequiressystemicchemotherapy,sometimescombinedwithradiotherapy.[57]ChemotherapyusedincludestheABVDregimen,whichiscommonlyusedintheUnitedStates.OtherregimensusedinthemanagementofHodgkinlymphomaincludeBEACOPPandStanfordV.ConsiderablecontroversyexistsregardingtheuseofABVDorBEACOPP.Briefly,bothregimensareeffective,butBEACOPPisassociatedwithmoretoxicity.Encouragingly,asignificantnumberofpeoplewhorelapseafterABVDcanstillbesalvagedbystemcelltransplant.[58] Scientistsevaluatedwhetherpositron-emission-tomographyscansbetweenthechemotherapycyclescanbeusedtomakeassumptionsaboutthesurvival.Theevidenceisveryuncertainabouttheeffectofnegative(=goodprognosis)orpositive(=badprognosis)interimPETscanresultsontheprogression-freesurvival.NegativeinterimPETscanresultsmayresultinanincreaseinprogression-freesurvivalcomparediftheadjustedresultwasmeasured.NegativeinterimPETscanresultsprobablyresultinalargeincreaseintheoverallsurvivalcomparedtothosewithapositiveinterimPETscanresult.[59] CurrentresearchevaluatedwhetherNivolumabcanbeusedforthetreatmentofaHodgkin'slymphoma.TheevidenceisveryuncertainabouttheeffectofNivolumabforpatientswithaHodgkin'slymphomaontheoverallsurvival,thequalityoflife,thesurvivalwithoutaprogression,theresponserate(=completedisappear)andgrade3or4seriousadverseevents.[60] Palliativecare[edit] Palliativecare,aspecializedmedicalcarefocusedonthesymptoms,pain,andstressofaseriousillness,isrecommendedbymultiplenationalcancertreatmentguidelinesasanaccompanimenttocurativetreatmentsforpeoplewithlymphoma.[61][62]Itisusedtoaddressboththedirectsymptomsoflymphomaandmanyunwantedsideeffectsthatarisefromtreatments.[63][64]Palliativecarecanbeespeciallyhelpfulforchildrenwhodeveloplymphoma,helpingbothchildrenandtheirfamiliesdealwiththephysicalandemotionalsymptomsofthedisease.[63][65][66][67]Forthesereasons,palliativecareisespeciallyimportantforpeoplerequiringbonemarrowtransplants.[68][69] Supportivetreatment[edit] Addingphysicalexercisestothestandardtreatmentforadultpatientswithhaematologicalmalignancieslikelymphomasmayresultinlittletonodifferenceinthemortality,thequalityoflifeandthephysicalfunctioning.Theseexercisesmayresultinaslightreductionindepression.Furthermore,aerobicphysicalexercisesprobablyreducefatigue.Theevidenceisveryuncertainabouttheeffectonanxietyandseriousadverseevents.[70]   Prognosis[edit] Five-yearrelativesurvivalbystageatdiagnosis[71] Stageatdiagnosis Five-yearrelativesurvival(%) Percentageofcases(%) Localized(confinedtoprimarysite) 82.3 26 Regional(spreadtoregionallymphnodes) 78.3 19 Distant(cancerhasmetastasized) 62.7 47 Unknown(unstaged) 68.6 8 Epidemiology[edit] Deathsfromlymphomasandmultiplemyelomapermillionpersonsin2012  0-13  14-18  19-22  23-28  29-34  35-42  43-57  58-88  89-121  122-184 Lymphomaisthemostcommonformofhematologicalmalignancy,or"bloodcancer",inthedevelopedworld. Takentogether,lymphomasrepresent5.3%ofallcancers(excludingsimplebasalcellandsquamouscellskincancers)intheUnitedStatesand55.6%ofallbloodcancers.[72] AccordingtotheU.S.NationalInstitutesofHealth,lymphomasaccountforabout5%,andHodgkinlymphomainparticularaccountsforlessthan1%ofallcasesofcancerintheUnitedStates.[citationneeded] Becausethewholelymphaticsystemispartofthebody'simmunesystem,peoplewithaweakenedimmunesystemsuchasfromHIVinfectionorfromcertaindrugsormedicationalsohaveahighernumberofcasesoflymphoma.[73] History[edit] ThomasHodgkin ThomasHodgkinpublishedthefirstdescriptionoflymphomain1832,specificallyoftheformnamedafterhim.[74]Sincethen,manyotherformsoflymphomahavebeendescribed. Theterm"lymphoma"isfromLatinlympha("water")andfromGreek-oma("morbidgrowth,tumor").[75] Research[edit] Thetwotypesoflymphomaresearchareclinicalortranslationalresearchandbasicresearch.Clinical/translationalresearchfocusesonstudyingthediseaseinadefinedandgenerallyimmediatelyapplicableway,suchastestinganewdruginpeople.Studiesmayfocusoneffectivemeansoftreatment,betterwaysoftreatingthedisease,improvingthequalityoflifeforpeople,orappropriatecareinremissionoraftercures.Hundredsofclinicaltrialsarebeingplannedorconductedatanygiventime.[76] Basicscienceresearchstudiesthediseaseprocessatadistance,suchasseeingwhetherasuspectedcarcinogencancausehealthycellstoturnintolymphomacellsinthelaboratoryorhowtheDNAchangesinsidelymphomacellsasthediseaseprogresses.Theresultsfrombasicresearchstudiesaregenerallylessimmediatelyusefultopeoplewiththedisease,[77]butcanimprovescientists'understandingoflymphomaandformthefoundationforfuture,moreeffectivetreatments. Otheranimals[edit] Mainarticle:Lymphomainanimals References[edit] ^abcdefghijk"GeneralInformationAboutAdultHodgkinLymphoma".NationalCancerInstitute.2014-04-23.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5July2014.Retrieved20June2014. ^abcdefghijklmn"GeneralInformationAboutAdultNon-HodgkinLymphoma".NationalCancerInstitute.2014-04-25.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5July2014.Retrieved20June2014. ^abKamper-JørgensenM,RostgaardK,GlaserSL,ZahmSH,CozenW,SmedbyKE,et al.(September2013)."CigarettesmokingandriskofHodgkinlymphomaanditssubtypes:apooledanalysisfromtheInternationalLymphomaEpidemiologyConsortium(InterLymph)".AnnalsofOncology.24(9):2245–2255.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt218.PMC 3755332.PMID 23788758. ^ab"HodgkinLymphoma—SEERStatFactSheets".Seer.cancer.gov.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-10-17.Retrieved2012-08-26. ^AllenC,AroraM,BarberRM,BhuttaZA,BrownA,CarterA,et al.(GBD2015DiseaseandInjuryIncidenceandPrevalenceCollaborators)(October2016)."Global,regional,andnationalincidence,prevalence,andyearslivedwithdisabilityfor310diseasesandinjuries,1990-2015:asystematicanalysisfortheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2015".Lancet.388(10053):1545–1602.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.PMC 5055577.PMID 27733282. ^Wang,Haidong;et al.(October2016)."Global,regional,andnationallifeexpectancy,all-causemortality,andcause-specificmortalityfor249causesofdeath,1980-2015:asystematicanalysisfortheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2015".Lancet.388(10053):1459–1544.doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1.PMC 5388903.PMID 27733281. ^abTaylor,ElizabethJ.(2000).Dorland'sIllustratedmedicaldictionary(29th ed.).Philadelphia:Saunders.p. 1038.ISBN 0721662544. ^AdityaBardia(2010).JohnsHopkinsPatients'GuidetoLymphoma.Jones&BartlettLearning.p. 6.ISBN 9781449631413.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-09-10. ^abcTheLymphomaGuideInformationforPatientsandCaregivers(PDF).LeukemiaandLymphomaSociety.2013.Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon14July2014.Retrieved20June2014. ^"Lymphoma".NCI.2011-02-02.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5July2014.Retrieved13June2014. ^abcdWorldCancerReport2014.WorldHealthOrganization.2014.pp. Chapter5.13.ISBN 978-9283204299. ^VardimanJW,ThieleJ,ArberDA,BrunningRD,BorowitzMJ,PorwitA,et al.(July2009)."The2008revisionoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)classificationofmyeloidneoplasmsandacuteleukemia:rationaleandimportantchanges".Blood.114(5):937–951.doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262.PMID 19357394.S2CID 3101472. ^HuL,LuoD,ZhouT,TaoY,FengJ,MeiS(December2017)."Theassociationbetweennon-Hodgkinlymphomaandorganophosphatepesticidesexposure:Ameta-analysis".EnvironmentalPollution.231(Pt1):319–328.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.028.PMID 28810201. ^YangL,DongJ,JiangS,ShiW,XuX,HuangH,et al.(November2015)."RedandProcessedMeatConsumptionIncreasesRiskforNon-HodgkinLymphoma:APRISMA-CompliantMeta-AnalysisofObservationalStudies".Medicine.94(45):e1729.doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001729.PMC 4912242.PMID 26559248. ^SoliminiAG,LombardiAM,PalazzoC,DeGiustiM(May2016)."Meatintakeandnon-Hodgkinlymphoma:ameta-analysisofobservationalstudies".CancerCauses&Control.27(5):595–606.doi:10.1007/s10552-016-0745-2.PMID 27076059.S2CID 17430078. ^"SEERStatFactSheets:Non-HodgkinLymphoma".NCI.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6July2014.Retrieved18June2014. ^Marcus,Robert(2013).Lymphoma :pathology,diagnosisandtreatment(Second ed.).p. 1.ISBN 9781107010598.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-09-06. ^Tepper,JohnE.Niederhuber,JamesO.Armitage,JamesH.Doroshow,MichaelB.Kastan,JoelE.(2014)."Childhoodlymphoma".Abeloff'sclinicaloncology(Fifth ed.).p. Chapter97.ISBN 978-1455728657. ^abcdef"AboutLymphoma".LymphomaResearchFoundation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2December2012.Retrieved22December2012. ^abcdefgh"WarningSignsofLymphoma—FirstSignsofLymphoma".Lymphoma.about.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-11-18.Retrieved2012-12-01. ^"PrimaryCNSLymphoma:Overview,Etiology,Epidemiology".2019-11-09.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Mallick,Indranil."HowIsLymphomaDiagnosed?".lymphoma.about.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16January2013.Retrieved22December2012. ^abcdManliJiang,N.NoraBennani,andAndrewL.Feldman.Lymphomaclassificationupdate:T-celllymphomas,Hodgkinlymphoma,andhistiocytic/dendriticcellneoplasms.ExpertRevHematol.2017Mar;10(3):239–249.AuthorManuscript. ^CanovaF,MarinoD,TrentinC,SoldàC,GhiottoC,AversaSM(August2011)."Intrathecalchemotherapyinlymphomatousmeningitis".CriticalReviewsinOncology/Hematology.79(2):127–134.doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.07.005.PMID 20696592. ^"HodgkinsLymphomaIncidence".2015-05-14.Retrieved2October2017. ^NationalCancerInstitute,"HodgkinLymphoma","Lymphoma—PatientVersion".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-08-02.Retrieved2013-08-05.,accessedon2013-08-05 ^NationalCancerInstitute."WhatYouNeedToKnowAboutHodgkinLymphoma".U.S.DeptofHealthandHumanServices,(onlineat"Archivedcopy"(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2014-01-24.Retrieved2013-08-05.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link)),pg4. ^RezkSA,ZhaoX,WeissLM(September2018)."Epstein-Barrvirus(EBV)-associatedlymphoidproliferations,a2018update".HumanPathology.79:18–41.doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020.PMID 29885408.S2CID 47010934. ^abJaffe,ES;Harris,NL;Vardiman,JW;Campo,E;Arber,DA.(2011).Hematopathology(1st ed.).ElsevierSaunders.ISBN 9780721600406. ^Swerdlow,StevenH.;InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer;WorldHealthOrganization(2008).WHOclassificationoftumoursofhaematopoieticandlymphoidtissues.WorldHealthOrganizationclassificationoftumours.Vol. 2(4th ed.).InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.ISBN 9789283224310.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-02-11. ^WagmanLD.(2008)."PrinciplesofSurgicalOncology".InPazdurR,WagmanLD,CamphausenKA,HoskinsWJ(eds.).CancerManagement:AMultidisciplinaryApproach(11th ed.).CMPMedica.ISBN 9781891483622.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-10-04. ^"ChronicLeukemias".TheMerckManualofGeriatrics.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2010-07-04. ^Lymphoma,FollicularateMedicine ^ab 50%forlimitedstage:LeitchHA,GascoyneRD,ChhanabhaiM,VossNJ,KlasaR,ConnorsJM(October2003)."Limited-stagemantle-celllymphoma".AnnalsofOncology.14(10):1555–1561.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdg414.PMID 14504058. 70%foradvancedstage:HerrmannA,HosterE,ZwingersT,BrittingerG,EngelhardM,MeusersP,et al.(February2009)."Improvementofoverallsurvivalinadvancedstagemantlecelllymphoma".JournalofClinicalOncology.27(4):511–518.doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8435.PMID 19075279.S2CID 32350562. ^Turgeon,MaryLouise(2005).ClinicalHematology:TheoryandProcedures.Vol. 936(4 ed.).LippincottWilliams&Wilkins.pp. 285–6.ISBN 978-0-7817-5007-3.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2015-09-06. ^DivinéM,CasassusP,KoscielnyS,BosqJ,SebbanC,LeMaignanC,et al.(December2005)."Burkittlymphomainadults:aprospectivestudyof72patientstreatedwithanadaptedpediatricLMBprotocol".AnnalsofOncology.16(12):1928–1935.doi:10.1093/annonc/mdi403.PMID 16284057. ^KirovaYM,PiedboisY,HaddadE,LevyE,CalitchiE,MarinelloG,LeBourgeoisJP(May1999)."Radiotherapyinthemanagementofmycosisfungoides:indications,results,prognosis.Twentyyearsexperience".RadiotherapyandOncology.51(2):147–151.doi:10.1016/S0167-8140(99)00050-X.PMID 10435806. ^ClarkeCA,GlaserSL,DorfmanRF,BracciPM,EberleE,HollyEA(January2004)."Expertreviewofnon-Hodgkin'slymphomasinapopulation-basedcancerregistry:reliabilityofdiagnosisandsubtypeclassifications".CancerEpidemiology,Biomarkers&Prevention.13(1):138–143.doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-03-0250.PMID 14744745. ^Non-HodgkinLymphomaateMedicine ^"Archivedcopy".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune27,2004.Retrieved2005-11-07.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link)CS1maint:bot:originalURLstatusunknown(link) ^"2022ICD-10-CMCodesC81-C96:Malignantneoplasmsoflymphoid,hematopoieticandrelatedtissue".www.icd10data.com.Retrieved2022-02-02. ^abChesonBD,FisherRI,BarringtonSF,CavalliF,SchwartzLH,ZuccaE,ListerTA(September2014)."Recommendationsforinitialevaluation,staging,andresponseassessmentofHodgkinandnon-Hodgkinlymphoma:theLuganoclassification".JournalofClinicalOncology.32(27):3059–3068.doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8800.PMC 4979083.PMID 25113753. ^CarbonePP,KaplanHS,MusshoffK,SmithersDW,TubianaM(November1971)."ReportoftheCommitteeonHodgkin'sDiseaseStagingClassification".CancerResearch.31(11):1860–1861.PMID 5121694. ^InternationalNon-Hodgkin'sLymphomaPrognosticFactorsProject(September1993)."Apredictivemodelforaggressivenon-Hodgkin'slymphoma".TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.329(14):987–994.doi:10.1056/NEJM199309303291402.PMID 8141877. ^XiaD,MorganEA,BergerD,PinkusGS,FerryJA,ZukerbergLR(January2019)."NK-CellEnteropathyandSimilarIndolentLymphoproliferativeDisorders:ACaseSeriesWithLiteratureReview".AmericanJournalofClinicalPathology.151(1):75–85.doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqy108.PMID 30212873.S2CID 52272766. ^SweetenhamJW(November2009)."Treatmentoflymphoblasticlymphomainadults".Oncology.23(12):1015–1020.PMID 20017283. ^ElpheeEE(May2008)."Understandingtheconceptofuncertaintyinpatientswithindolentlymphoma".OncologyNursingForum.35(3):449–454.doi:10.1188/08.ONF.449-454.PMID 18467294.S2CID 25207677. ^AnsellSM(April2014)."Follicularlymphoma:watchandwaitiswatchandworry".TheLancet.Oncology.15(4):368–369.doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70066-X.PMID 24602759. ^BernsteinSH,BurackWR(2009)."Theincidence,naturalhistory,biology,andtreatmentoftransformedlymphomas".Hematology.AmericanSocietyofHematology.EducationProgram.2009:532–541.doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.532.PMID 20008238.S2CID 12185761. ^JenkinsEC(January1972)."Wire-loopapplicationofliquidemulsiontoslidesforautoradiographyinlightmicroscopy".StainTechnology.47(1):23–26.doi:10.3109/10520297209116530.PMID 4550425. ^PhilipT,GuglielmiC,HagenbeekA,SomersR,VanderLelieH,BronD,et al.(December1995)."Autologousbonemarrowtransplantationascomparedwithsalvagechemotherapyinrelapsesofchemotherapy-sensitivenon-Hodgkin'slymphoma".TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.333(23):1540–1545.doi:10.1056/nejm199512073332305.PMID 7477169. ^FisherSA,CutlerA,DoreeC,BrunskillSJ,StanworthSJ,NavarreteC,GirdlestoneJ(January2019).CochraneHaematologicalMalignanciesGroup(ed.)."Mesenchymalstromalcellsastreatmentorprophylaxisforacuteorchronicgraft-versus-hostdiseaseinhaematopoieticstemcelltransplant(HSCT)recipientswithahaematologicalcondition".TheCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews.1(1):CD009768.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009768.pub2.PMC 6353308.PMID 30697701. ^EstcourtL,StanworthS,DoreeC,HopewellS,MurphyMF,TinmouthA,HeddleN(May2012).CochraneHaematologicalMalignanciesGroup(ed.)."Prophylacticplatelettransfusionforpreventionofbleedinginpatientswithhaematologicaldisordersafterchemotherapyandstemcelltransplantation".TheCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews(5):CD004269.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004269.pub3.PMID 22592695. ^EstcourtLJ,StanworthSJ,DoreeC,HopewellS,TrivellaM,MurphyMF(November2015).CochraneHaematologicalMalignanciesGroup(ed.)."Comparisonofdifferentplateletcountthresholdstoguideadministrationofprophylacticplatelettransfusionforpreventingbleedinginpeoplewithhaematologicaldisordersaftermyelosuppressivechemotherapyorstemcelltransplantation".TheCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews.2015(11):CD010983.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010983.pub2.PMC 4717525.PMID 26576687. ^Ingram,Ian(2021-02-05)."NewCAR-TforAggressiveB-CellLymphomaWinsFDANod".www.medpagetoday.com.Retrieved2021-02-09. ^MartinNE,NgAK(November2009)."Goodthingscomeinsmallpackages:low-doseradiationaspalliationforindolentnon-Hodgkinlymphomas".Leukemia&Lymphoma.50(11):1765–1772.doi:10.3109/10428190903186510.PMID 19883306.S2CID 11004437. ^KuruvillaJ(2009)."StandardtherapyofadvancedHodgkinlymphoma".Hematology.AmericanSocietyofHematology.EducationProgram.2009:497–506.doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.497.PMID 20008235. ^VivianiS,ZinzaniPL,RambaldiA,BrusamolinoE,LevisA,BonfanteV,et al.(July2011)."ABVDversusBEACOPPforHodgkin'slymphomawhenhigh-dosesalvageisplanned".TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.365(3):203–212.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100340.PMID 21774708.S2CID 10038896. ^AldinA,UmlauffL,EstcourtLJ,CollinsG,MoonsKG,EngertA,et al.(January2020).CochraneHaematologyGroup(ed.)."InterimPET-resultsforprognosisinadultswithHodgkinlymphoma:asystematicreviewandmeta-analysisofprognosticfactorstudies".TheCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews.1(8):CD012643.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3.PMC 6984446.PMID 31930780. ^GoldkuhleM,DimakiM,GartlehnerG,MonsefI,DahmP,GlossmannJP,et al.(July2018).CochraneHaematologicalMalignanciesGroup(ed.)."NivolumabforadultswithHodgkin'slymphoma(arapidreviewusingthesoftwareRobotReviewer)".TheCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews.2018(7):CD012556.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012556.pub2.PMC 6513229.PMID 30001476. ^FerrellB,ConnorSR,CordesA,DahlinCM,FinePG,HuttonN,et al.(June2007)."Thenationalagendaforqualitypalliativecare:theNationalConsensusProjectandtheNationalQualityForum".JournalofPainandSymptomManagement.33(6):737–744.doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.024.PMID 17531914. ^*TheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncologymadethisrecommendationbasedonvariouscancers.SeeAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology,"FiveThingsPhysiciansandPatientsShouldQuestion"(PDF),ChoosingWisely:aninitiativeoftheABIMFoundation,AmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology,archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onJuly31,2012,retrievedAugust14,2012 ^abHigginsonIJ,EvansCJ(2010)."Whatistheevidencethatpalliativecareteamsimproveoutcomesforcancerpatientsandtheirfamilies?".CancerJournal.16(5):423–435.doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5.PMID 20890138.S2CID 39881122. ^"PalliativeCare:It'sforCaregiversToo,SaysStudy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-06-01.Retrieved2014-08-21. ^HeathJA,ClarkeNE,DonathSM,McCarthyM,AndersonVA,WolfeJ(January2010)."Symptomsandsufferingattheendoflifeinchildrenwithcancer:anAustralianperspective".TheMedicalJournalofAustralia.192(2):71–75.doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03420.x.PMID 20078405.S2CID 8355159. ^SchmidtP,OttoM,HechlerT,MetzingS,WolfeJ,ZernikowB(September2013)."Didincreasedavailabilityofpediatricpalliativecareleadtoimprovedpalliativecareoutcomesinchildrenwithcancer?".JournalofPalliativeMedicine.16(9):1034–1039.doi:10.1089/jpm.2013.0014.PMID 23901834. ^TangST,ChangWC,ChenJS,WangHM,ShenWC,LiCY,LiaoYC(June2013)."Courseandpredictorsofdepressivesymptomsamongfamilycaregiversofterminallyillcancerpatientsuntiltheirdeath".Psycho-Oncology.22(6):1312–1318.doi:10.1002/pon.3141.PMID 22836818.S2CID 31552330. ^ChungHM,LyckholmLJ,SmithTJ(February2009)."PalliativecareinBMT".BoneMarrowTransplantation.43(4):265–273.doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.436.PMID 19151797. ^"ProvidingPalliativeCaretoFamilyCaregiversThroughouttheBoneMarrowTransplantationTrajectory".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-08-12.Retrieved2014-08-21. ^KnipsL,BergenthalN,StreckmannF,MonsefI,ElterT,SkoetzN(January2019).CochraneHaematologicalMalignanciesGroup(ed.)."Aerobicphysicalexerciseforadultpatientswithhaematologicalmalignancies".TheCochraneDatabaseofSystematicReviews.1(1):CD009075.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009075.pub3.PMC 6354325.PMID 30702150. ^"SEERStatFactSheets:Lymphoma".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-10-10. ^HornerMJ,RiesLG,KrapchoM,NeymanN."SEERCancerStatisticsReview,1975–2006".SurveillanceEpidemiologyandEndResults(SEER).Bethesda,MD:NationalCancerInstitute.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26September2009.Retrieved3November2009.Table1.4:Age-AdjustedSEERIncidenceandU.S.DeathRatesand5-YearRelativeSurvivalRatesByPrimaryCancerSite,SexandTimePeriod ^TranH,NourseJ,HallS,GreenM,GriffithsL,GandhiMK(September2008)."Immunodeficiency-associatedlymphomas".BloodReviews.22(5):261–281.doi:10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.009.PMID 18456377. ^Hellman,Samuel;Mauch,P.M.Ed.(1999)."Chapter1".Hodgkin'sDisease.LippincottWilliams&Wilkins.p. 5.ISBN 0-7817-1502-4. ^"-oma".OnlineEtymologyDictionary. ^"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon2013-01-06.Retrieved2012-10-30.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^"UnderstandingClinicalTrialsforBloodCancers"(PDF).TheLeukemia&LymphomaSociety.LeukemiaandLymphomaSociety.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on5January2011.Retrieved19May2010. Externallinks[edit] LymphomaatCurlie ClassificationDICD-10:C81–C96ICD-9-CM:202.8ICD-O:9590–9999MeSH:D008223ExternalresourcesMedlinePlus:000580 Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries France(data) Israel UnitedStates Latvia CzechRepublic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphoma&oldid=1108763779" Categories:LymphomaAnatomicalpathologyHematologyPediatriccancersHiddencategories:CS1errors:missingperiodicalCS1maint:archivedcopyastitleCS1maint:bot:originalURLstatusunknownArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2021ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromJuly2013Allarticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesArticleswithspecificallymarkedweasel-wordedphrasesfromJuly2013ArticleswithCurlielinksArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithLNBidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersWikipediamedicinearticlesreadytotranslate Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages العربيةঅসমীয়াAsturianuAzərbaycancaБългарскиBosanskiCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschދިވެހިބަސްΕλληνικάEspañolEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어ՀայերենHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaItalianoעבריתКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLietuviųМакедонскиമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNederlandsनेपालभाषा日本語Norskbokmålଓଡ଼ିଆPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenščinaСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаVahcuenghTiếngViệt粵語中文 Editlinks