Setback (architecture) - Wikipedia

A setback, in the specific sense of a step-back, is a step-like form of a wall or other building frontage, also termed a recession or recessed storey. Setback(architecture) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Step-likerecessioninawall Thisarticleisaboutstep-likerecessionsinwalls.Forminimumdistancesbetweenbuildingsandthelotline,seeSetback(landuse). SetbacksonthePyramidofDjoser,Saqqara,Egypt Asetback,inthespecificsenseofastep-back,isastep-likeformofawallorotherbuildingfrontage,alsotermedarecessionorrecessedstorey.[1]Importantly,oneormorestep-backslowersthebuilding'scenterofmass,makingitmorestable.Asetbackasaminimumone-bayindentacrossallstoreysiscalledarecessedbayorrecessandisthemorecommonexteriorformofanalcove(architecture). Notableupperstoreysformingastep-backmayformabelvedere–andinresidentialuseareconsideredthepenthouse.Ifpartoftheroof,thentheyarealoft. Contents 1History 2Setbacksandurbanplanning 3Seealso 4References 5Furtherreading 6Externallinks History[edit] Setbackswereusedbyancientbuilderstoincreasetheheightofmasonrystructuresbydistributinggravityloadsproducedbybuildingmaterialssuchasclay,stone,orbrick.Thiswasachievedbyregularlyreducingthefootprintofeachlevellocatedsuccessivelyfartherfromtheground.Setbacksalsoallowedthenaturalerosiontooccurwithoutcompromisingthestructuralintegrityofthebuilding.ThemostprominentexampleofasetbacktechniqueisthesteppyramidsofMesopotamiaandAncientEgypt,suchastheTeppeSialkzigguratorthePyramidofDjoser. Forcenturies,setbackswereastructuralnecessityforvirtuallyallmulti-levelload-bearingmasonrybuildingsandstructures.[2]Asarchitectslearnedhowtoturnsetbacksintoanarchitecturalfeature,mostsetbackswerehoweverlesspronouncedthaninsteppyramidsandoftenskillfullymaskedbyrichornamentation. Theintroductionofasteelframestructuralsysteminthelate19thcenturyeliminatedtheneedforstructuralsetbacks.Theuseofaframebuildingtechnologycombinedwithconveniencessuchaselevatorsandmotorizedwaterpumpsinfluencedthephysicalgrowthanddensityofbuildingsinlargecities.Drivenbythedesiretomaximizetheusablefloorarea,somedevelopersavoidedtheuseofsetbacks,creatinginmanyinstancesarangeoffiresafetyandhealthhazards.Thus,the38-story[3]EquitableBuilding,constructedinNewYorkin1915,producedahugeshadow,saidto"castanoondayshadowfourblockslong",[3]whicheffectivelydeprivedneighboringpropertiesofsunlight.Itresultedinthe1916ZoningResolution,whichgaveNewYorkCity'sskyscraperstheirtypicalsetbacksandsoaringdesigns. Graphofthe1916NewYorkCityzoningordinancewithanexampleelevationforan80-footstreetina2½-timesheightdistrict Setbacksandurbanplanning[edit] Todaymanyjurisdictionsrelyonurbanplanningregulations,suchaszoningordinances,whichusesetbackstomakesurethatstreetsandyardsareprovidedmoreopenspaceandadequatelightandair.Forexample,inhighdensitydistricts,suchasManhattaninNewYork,frontwallsofbuildingsatthestreetlinemaybelimitedtoaspecifiedheightornumberofstories.Thisheightisalsocalledbaseheightwhichisonlyrequiredifthebuildingwillexceedmaximumbaseheight.[4]Abovethatheight,thebuildingsarerequiredtosetbackbehindatheoreticalinclinedplane,calledskyexposureplane,whichcannotbepenetratedbythebuilding'sexteriorwall.Forthesamereason,setbacksmayalsobeusedinlowerdensitydistrictstolimittheheightofperimeterwallsabovewhichabuildingmusthaveapitchedrooforbesetbackbeforerisingtothepermittedheight.[5] Inmanycities,buildingsetbacksaddvaluetotheinteriorrealestateadjacenttothesetbackbycreatingusableexteriorspaces.Thesesetbackterracesareprizedfortheaccesstheyprovidetofreshair,skylineviews,andrecreationalusessuchasgardeningandoutdoordining.Inaddition,setbackspromotefiresafetybyspacingbuildingsandtheirprotrudingpartsawayfromeachotherandallowforpassageoffirefightingapparatusbetweenbuildings. IntheUnitedStates,setbackrequirementsvaryamongmunicipalities.Forexample,theabsenceofskyexposureplaneprovisionsinChicago'sZoningCodemakestheChicagoskylinequitedifferentfromtheskylineofNewYorkwhereconstructionoftallbuildingswasguidedbythezoningordinancesince1916.TheNewYorkCityZoningOrdinancealsoprovidedanotherkindofsetbackguideline,onethatwasintendedtoincreasetheamountofpublicspaceinthecity.Thiswasachievedbyincreasingtheminimumsetbackatstreetlevel,creatingineachinstanceanopenspace,oftenreferredtoasplaza,infrontofthebuilding. IncreasingsetbacksmaketheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorktaperwithheight. TheMallochBuildinginSanFranciscoissteppedbackalongthecontourofthesteepsideofTelegraphHill. NewYork'sDailyNewsBuildingfeaturesanumberofsetbacks.ItwasdesignedbyarchitectRaymondHoodin1929.The1916ZoningResolutionofNewYorkledtomanysoaring,setbackedtowers. Seealso[edit] HeightofBuildingsActof1910(WashingtonDC) Urbancanyon References[edit] ^Setback.EncyclopaediaBritannica.2008.p. 1725.ISBN 978-1-59339-492-9.Retrieved3March2020. ^CorneliusSteckner:BaurechtundBauordnung.Architektur,StaatsmedizinundUmweltbeiVitruv,in:HeinerKnell,BurkhardtWesenberg(Hrsg.),Vitruv–Kolloquium1982,TechnischeHochschuleDarmstadt1984,S.259–277. ^abAllen,IrvingLewis(1995)."Skyscrapers".InKennethT.Jackson(ed.).TheEncyclopediaofNewYorkCity.NewHaven,CT&London&NewYork:YaleUniversityPress&TheNew-YorkHistoricalSociety.pp. 1074.ISBN 978-0-300-05536-8. ^"ZoningGlossary-DCP".www1.nyc.gov.Retrieved2020-10-11. ^Ward,David;Zunz,Olivier(1992).LandscapeofModernity:EssaysonNewYorkCity,1900-1940.RussellSageFoundation.p. 63.ISBN 978-1-61044-550-4.Retrieved3March2020. Furtherreading[edit] Alexander,Christopher.APatternLanguage.OxfordUniversityPress,1977. Koolhaas,Rem.DeliriousNewYork.MonacceliPress,reprint1997. Externallinks[edit] NYCZoningHistory Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setback_(architecture)&oldid=1047204782" Categories:ArchitecturalelementsRealpropertylawUrbanstudiesandplanningterminologyHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidata Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages AfrikaansDeutschΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoעברית日本語РусскийSimpleEnglish中文 Editlinks