Embarrassment - Wikipedia

Embarrassment or awkwardness is an emotional state that is associated with mild to severe levels of discomfort, and which is usually experienced when ... Embarrassment FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Emotionalstatethatisassociatedwithmildtoseverelevelsofdiscomfort Forotheruses,seeEmbarrassment(disambiguation). Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) Thisarticleneedsadditionalcitationsforverification.Pleasehelpimprovethisarticlebyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.Findsources: "Embarrassment" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(November2012)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Thisarticlepossiblycontainsoriginalresearch.Pleaseimproveitbyverifyingtheclaimsmadeandaddinginlinecitations.Statementsconsistingonlyoforiginalresearchshouldberemoved.(June2016)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Afatherexpressingembarrassmentordismayashissontakesabadlytimedbathroombreak PartofaseriesonEmotions Affect Classification Inanimals Emotionalintelligence Mood Regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Elevation Embarrassment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Faith Fear Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love Lust Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness Self-pity Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Suffering Surprise Suspicion Trust Wonder Worry vte Embarrassmentorawkwardnessisanemotionalstatethatisassociatedwithmildtoseverelevelsofdiscomfort,andwhichisusuallyexperiencedwhensomeonecommitsasociallyunacceptableorfrowned-uponactthatiswitnessedbyorrevealedtoothers.Frequentlygroupedwithshameandguilt,embarrassmentisconsidereda“self-consciousemotion,”anditcanhaveaprofoundlynegativeimpactonaperson’sthoughtsorbehavior.[1] Usually,someperceptionoflossofhonorordignity(orotherhigh-valueideals)isinvolved,buttheembarrassmentlevelandthetypedependsonthesituation. Contents 1Causes 1.1Professionalembarrassment 1.2Vicariousembarrassment 1.3Typesinsocialpsychology 2Etymology 3InJudaism 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks Causes[edit] Embarrassmentcanbepersonal,causedbyunwantedattentiontoprivatemattersorpersonalflawsormishapsorshyness.Somecausesofembarrassmentstemfrompersonalactions,suchasbeingcaughtinalieorinmakingamistake.Inmanycultures,beingseennudeorinappropriatelydressedisaparticularlystressfulformofembarrassment(seemodesty).Personalembarrassmentcanalsostemfromtheactionsofotherswhoplacetheembarrassedpersoninasociallyawkwardsituation—suchasaparentshowingone'sbabypicturestofriends,havingsomeonemakeaderogatorycommentaboutone'sappearanceorbehavior,discoveringoneisthevictimofgossip,beingrejectedbyanotherperson(seealsohumiliation),beingmadethefocusofattention(e.g.,birthdaycelebrants,newlyweds),orevenwitnessingsomeoneelse'sembarrassment. Personalembarrassmentisusuallyaccompaniedbysomecombinationofblushing,sweating,nervousness,stammering,andfidgeting.Sometimestheembarrassedpersontriestomaskembarrassmentwithsmilesornervouslaughter,especiallyinetiquettesituations.Sucharesponseismorecommonincertaincultures,whichmayleadtomisunderstanding.Theremayalsobefeelingsofangerdependingontheperceivedseriousnessofthesituation,especiallyiftheindividualthinksanotherpersonisintentionallycausingtheembarrassment.Thereisarangeofresponses,withthemostminorbeingaperceptionoftheembarrassingactasinconsequentialorevenhumorous,tointenseapprehensionorfear. TheideathatembarrassmentservesanapologyorappeasementfunctionoriginatedwithGoffmanwhoarguedtheembarrassedindividual"demonstratesthathe/sheisatleastdisturbedbythefactandmayproveworthyatanothertime".[2]SeminandMansteaddemonstratedsocialfunctionsofembarrassmentwherebytheperpetratorofknockingoverasalesdisplay(the"badact")wasdeemedmorelikablebyothersifhe/sheappearedembarrassedthanifhe/sheappearedunconcerned–regardlessofrestitutionbehavior(rebuildingthedisplay).[3]Thecapacitytoexperienceembarrassmentcanalsobeseenasfunctionalforthegrouporculture.Ithasbeendemonstratedthatthosewhoarenotpronetoembarrassmentaremorelikelytoengageinantisocialbehavior–forexample,adolescentboyswhodisplayedmoreembarrassmentwerefoundlesslikelytoengageinaggressive/delinquentbehaviors.Similarly,embarrassmentexhibitedbyboysmorelikelytoengageinaggressive/delinquentbehaviorwaslessthanone-thirdofthatexhibitedbynon-aggressiveboys.[4]Thuspronenesstoembarrassment(i.e.,aconcernforhowoneisevaluatedbyothers)canactasabrakeonbehaviorthatwouldbedysfunctionalforagrouporculture. Professionalembarrassment[edit] Embarrassmentcanalsobeprofessionalorofficial,especiallyafterstatementsexpressingconfidenceinastatedcourseofaction,orwillfuldisregardforevidence.Embarrassmentincreasesgreatlyininstancesinvolvingofficialdutiesorworkplacefacilities,largeamountsofmoneyormaterials,orlossofhumanlife.Examplesofcausesincludeagovernment'sfailedpublicpolicy,exposureofcorruptpracticesorunethicalbehavior,[5]acelebritywhosepersonalhabitsreceivepublicscrutinyorfacelegalaction,orofficialscaughtinseriouspersonallyembarrassingsituations.Evensmallerrorsormiscalculationscanleadtosignificantlygreaterofficialembarrassmentifitisdiscoveredthattherewaswillfuldisregardforevidenceordirectivesinvolved(e.g.,seeSpaceShuttleChallenger). Notallofficialfailuresresultinofficialembarrassment,evenifthecircumstancesleadtosomeslightpersonalembarrassmentforthepeopleinvolved.Forexample,losingaclosepoliticalelectionmightcausesomepersonalembarrassmentforthecandidatebutgenerallywouldbeconsideredanhonorablelossintheprofessionandthusnotnecessarilyleadtoprofessionalembarrassment.Similarly,ascientistmightbepersonallydisappointedandembarrassedifoneofhishypotheseswasprovenwrong,butwouldnotnormallysufferprofessionalembarrassmentasaresult.Bycontrast,exposureoffalsifieddatasupportingascientificclaim(e.g.,seeHwangWoo-Suk)wouldlikelyleadtoprofessionalembarrassmentinthescientificcommunity.Professionalorofficialembarrassmentisoftenaccompaniedbypublicexpressionsofanger,denialofinvolvement,orattemptstominimizetheconsequences.Sometimestheembarrassedentityissuespressstatements,removesordistancesthemselvesfromsub-levelemployees,attemptstocarryonasifnothinghappened,suffersincomeloss,emigrates,orvanishesfrompublicview. Vicariousembarrassment[edit] Mainarticle:Vicariousembarrassment Vicariousembarrassmentisanembarrassedfeelingfromobservingtheembarrassingactionsofanotherperson.[6]Peoplewhoratethemselvesasmoreempathicaremorelikelytoexperiencevicariousembarrassment.[7]Theeffectispresentwhetherornottheobservedpartyisawareoftheembarrassingnatureoftheiractions,althoughawarenessgenerallyincreasesthestrengthofthefeltvicariousembarrassment,asdoesanaccidental(asopposedtointentional)action.[8] Typesinsocialpsychology[edit] AnembarrassingproposalbyAntoineWatteau OnetypologyofembarrassmentisdescribedbySharkeyandStafford.Therearesixtypesofembarrassment:[9] Privacyviolations–forexamplewhereapartofthebodyisaccidentallyexposed,orthereisaninvasionofspace,property,orinformationthatmaybewarrantedtoprivacy, Lackofknowledgeandskill–forexampleforgetfulness,orexperiencingfailurewhileperformingarelativelyeasytask Criticismandrejection–isanothercauseofembarrassment,aswellasbeingmadethecenterofattentionpositivelyornegatively Awkwardacts–refertosocialsituations,forexample,inappropriateconversations,clumsinessorungracefulactions(suchasanemotionaloutbreaklikespeakingoutunintentionally)thatcantriggerembarrassment Appropriateimage–referstomoreofapersonalreflectionofembarrassment,likebodyimage,clothingapparel,andpersonalpossessions(forexampleowninganoldermobilephonecomparedtothelatestmodel) Environment–canalsohavetheeffectofprovokingembarrassment,aswhenanindividualinamovietheatrewithhisorherparents,otherfamily,co-workers,ormixed-companypeersismadeuncomfortablebyanunexpectedoccurrenceofnudityinthefilmthatthegroupiswatching. Anothertypology,byCupachandMetts,discussesthedimensionsofintended-unintendedandappropriate-inappropriatebehavior,andfourbasictypesofembarrassingcircumstances: Fauxpas(sociallyawkwardacts) Accidents Mistakes Failuretoperformadutyormoralobligation. Basedonthesetypes,CupachandMettsclassifytwobasicembarrassmentsituations:theactorresponsibleandtheobserverresponsible.Actorresponsiblesituationsareembarrassingwhenapersonexecutesanactthatiseitherinappropriatetoapointofproficiencymatchingsocialnormsandexpectations,inconsistentwithroleexpectations,orisout-of-syncwithasocialidentity.Theobserverresponsiblecategoriesareembarrassingwhenanindividualbecomesthefocusofattentionthrough: Recognition,praise,criticism,correction,orteasing Becomesinitializedthroughbeingtrippedorbumped,whichisthenassociatedwithsomeoneactinginappropriately Hasinformationrevealedpubliclytoanotherindividualorpeergroup Etymology[edit] ThefirstknownwrittenoccurrenceofembarrassinEnglishwasin1664bySamuelPepysinhisdiary.ThewordderivesfromtheFrenchwordembarrasser,"toblock"or"obstruct",[10]whosefirstrecordedusagewasbyMicheldeMontaignein1580.TheFrenchwordwasderivedfromtheSpanishembarazar,whosefirstrecordedusagewasin1460inCancionerodeStúñiga(SongbookofStúñiga)byÁlvarodeLuna.[11]TheSpanishwordcomesfromthePortugueseembaraçar,whichisacombinationoftheprefixem-(fromLatinim-for"in-")withbaraçoorbaraça,"anoose"or"rope".[12]BaraçaoriginatedbeforetheRomansbegantheirconquestoftheIberianPeninsulain218BC.[11]Thus,baraçacouldberelatedtotheCelticwordbarr,"tuft".(CelticpeopleactuallysettledmuchofSpainandPortugalbeginninginthe8thcenturyBC)[13]However,itcertainlyisnotdirectlyderivedfromit,asthesubstitutionofrforrrinIbero-Romanticlanguageswasnotaknownoccurrence. TheSpanishwordmaycomefromtheItalianimbarazzare,fromimbarazzo,"obstacle"or"obstruction".Thatwordcamefromimbarrare,"toblock"or"bar",whichisacombinationofin-,"in"withbarra,"bar"(fromtheVulgarLatinbarra,whichisofunknownorigin).[11]TheproblemwiththistheoryisthatthefirstknownusageofthewordinItalianwasbyBernardoDavanzati(1529–1606),longafterthewordhadenteredSpanish.[14] InJudaism[edit] EmbarrassinganotherpersonisconsideredtobeaserioussininJudaism.RabbisquotedintheBabylonianTalmudstatethatembarrassinganotherpersoninpublicisakintomurder(literally"spillingblood").RabbiNaḥmanbarYitzḥakrespondsbynotinghowtheanalogyof"spillingblood"isaptsince,whenapersonisembarrassed,theirfacebecomeslessflushedandmorepale(aftertheinitialflush).[15] Seealso[edit] Blushing Criterionofembarrassment Face(socialconcept) Guilt Humiliation Modesty Moralemotions Shame References[edit] Notes ^"Embarrassment".PsychologyToday.Retrieved21January2022. ^Goffman1067.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFGoffman1067(help) ^Semin&Manstead1982.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFSeminManstead1982(help) ^Ketlneretal1995.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFKetlner_et_al1995(help) ^BoardofCommissioner,DistrictofColumbia.(1902)."ReportoftheCommissionersoftheDistrictofColumbia".ReportoftheCommissionersoftheDistrictofColumbia.U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice:201. ^AhmetUysal,GülçinAkbas,ElifHelvacı,andIremMetin,Validationandcorrelatesofthevicariousembarrassmentscale,PersonalityandIndividualDifferences60(2014),pp.48–53 ^EurekAlert!,Yourflawsaremypain,13April2011 ^SörenKrach,JanChristopherCohrs,NicoleCruzdeEcheverríaLoebell,TiloKircher,JensSommer,AndreasJansen,andFriederMichelPaulus,YourFlawsAreMyPain:LinkingEmpathyToVicariousEmbarrassment,PLoSONE,13April2011 ^Withers,Lesley;Sherblom,John."Embarrassment:TheCommunicationofanAwkwardActorAnticipatingaNegativeEvaluation".HumanCommunication.11(2):237–254. ^embarrass.TheOxfordEnglishDictionary.1989.RetrievedFebruary15,2006. ^abcJoanCorominasandJoséPacual,"embarazar,"Diccionariocríticoetimológicocastellanoehispánico,(Gredos,1980)Vol.II,p. 555-556. ^embarrass.Webster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionary,Unabridged.2002.RetrievedFebruary15,2006. ^Iberian.EncyclopædiaBritannica.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonAugust30,2006.RetrievedFebruary15,2006. ^embarrass.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.2000.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonApril11,2001.RetrievedFebruary15,2006. ^BavaMetzia.pp. 58b–59a. Sources Tangney,JP;MillerFlickerBarlow(1996)."Areshame,guilt,andembarrassmentdistinctemotions?".JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.70(6):1256–69.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256.PMID 8667166. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoEmbarrassment. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Embarrassment LookupembarrassmentinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. BibliographyofEmbarrassmentResearch EmbarrassmentResearchInformation vteEmotions(list)Emotions Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence Lust Mononoaware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder Worry Worldviews Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Related Affect consciousness ineducation measures inpsychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appealtoemotion Emotion andart andmemory andmusic andsex classification evolution expressed functionalaccounts group homeostatic inanimals perception recognition inconversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression intelligence andbullying intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security selection symbiosis well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions andculture history indecision-making intheworkplace invirtualcommunication moral self-conscious social socialsharing sociology Feeling Genderandemotionalexpression Groupaffectivetone Interactionsbetweentheemotionalandexecutivebrainsystems Jealousyinart Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Socialemotionaldevelopment Stoicpassions Theory affect appraisal constructedemotion discreteemotion somaticmarker Italicsindicateemotionnamesinforeignlanguages vteBullyingTypes Abusivesupervision Cyberbullying Disabilitybullying Doxing Gaybashing Hazing Militarybullying Mobbing Parentalbullyingofchildren Peervictimization Prisonbullying Relationalaggression Schoolbullying Highereducation Sexualbullying Workplacebullying Academia Informationtechnology Legalaspects Legalprofession Medicine Nursing Teaching Toxicleader Elements Betrayal Blacklisting Bullyingandemotionalintelligence Cancelculture Characterassassination Coercion Cultureoffear Defamation Destabilisation Discrediting Embarrassment Falseaccusation Gaslighting Gossip Harassment Humiliation Incivility Intimidation Isolation Kissupkickdown Mindgames Movingthegoalposts Nagging Namecalling Personalattacks Physicalabuse Psychologicalabuse Rudeness Sarcasm Screaming Smearcampaign Socialexclusion Socialundermining Taunting Workplaceincivility Verbalabuse Organizations ActAgainstBullying BanBossy BullyingUK BystanderRevolution CanadianCentreforGenderandSexualDiversity DitchtheLabel GRINCampaign ItGetsBetterProject Kidscape SocietyAgainstViolenceinEducation ExpertsAcademics AnnaCostanzaBaldry WendyCraig DorothyEspelage DavidP.Farrington ShelleyHymel HeinzLeymann GaryNamie JamesO'HigginsNorman DanOlweus DebraPepler ChristinaSalmivalli KennethWesthues Activists AndreaAdams LouiseBurfitt-Dons TimField SuEllenFried LiamHackett LizzieVelásquez Actions Anti-BullyingDay Anti-BullyingWeek Anti-bullyinglegislation InternationalDayofPink InternationalStandUptoBullyingDay ThinkBeforeYouSpeak Notablesuicides(List) WilliamArthurGibbs(1877) KellyYeomans(1997) HamedNastoh(2000) Dawn-MarieWesley(2000) NicolaAnnRaphael(2001) RyanHalligan(2003) MeganMeier(2006) SladjanaVidovic(2008) PhoebePrince(2010) TylerClementi(2010) JameyRodemeyer(2011) JamieHubley(2011) KennethWeishuhn(2012) AudriePott(2012) AmandaTodd(2012) JadinBell(2013) RehtaehParsons(2013) RebeccaAnnSedwick(2013) LeelahAlcorn(2014) ConradRoy(2014) TyroneUnsworth(2016) Murder–suicides(incidents) EricHarrisandDylanKlebold Columbine,1999 JeffWeise RedLake,2005 Seung-HuiCho VirginiaTech,2007 Pekka-EricAuvinen JokelaHighSchool,2007 Relatedtopics Emotionalblackmail Just-worldhypothesis ListofLGBT-relatedsuicides Machiavellianismintheworkplace Narcissismintheworkplace Personalboundaries Personalitydisorders Psychopathyintheworkplace Scapegoating Self-esteem Socialdominanceorientation SuicideamongLGBTyouth Victimblaming Victimplaying Victimisation Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embarrassment&oldid=1072494731" 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