Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment - OECD

Compact cities lessen the impact on the environment, with shorter intra-urban distances and less automobile dependency. They play a part in the economy by ... 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Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Venezuela BosniaandHerzegovina Botswana Brazil BritishVirginIslands BruneiDarussalam Bulgaria BurkinaFaso Burundi CaboVerde Cambodia Cameroon Canada CaymanIslands CentralAfricanRepublic Chad Chile ChineseTaipei^Taipei Colombia Comoros CookIslands CostaRica Côted'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus CzechRepublic DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo Denmark Djibouti Dominica DominicanRepublic Ecuador Egypt ElSalvador EquatorialGuinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia EuropeanUnion FaroeIslands Micronesia Fiji Finland RepublicofNorthMacedonia France FrenchGuiana Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras HongKong(China) Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Iran IsleofMan Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau(China) Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta MarshallIslands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands NewZealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Oman Pakistan Palau PalestinianAuthority Panama PapuaNewGuinea Paraguay China(People’sRepublicof) Peru Philippines Bolivia Poland Portugal PuertoRico Qatar Moldova Congo Romania Russia Rwanda SaintHelena SaintKittsandNevis SaintLucia SaintVincentandtheGrenadines Samoa SanMarino SaoTomeandPrincipe SaudiArabia Senegal Serbia SerbiaandMontenegro(pre-June2006) Seychelles SierraLeone Singapore SlovakRepublic Slovenia SolomonIslands Somalia SouthAfrica SouthSudan Spain SriLanka Sudan Suriname Eswatini Sweden Switzerland SyrianArabRepublic Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga TrinidadandTobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan TurksandCaicosIslands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine UnitedArabEmirates UnitedKingdom Tanzania UnitedStates UnitedStatesVirginIslands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu VietNam WallisandFutuna WesternSahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Curaçao Bonaire Saba Topics AgricultureandfisheriesChemicalsafetyandbiosafetyCompetitionCorporategovernanceCorruptionandintegrityDevelopmentDigitalEconomyEducationEmploymentEnvironmentFinanceGreengrowthandsustainabledevelopmentHealthIndustryandentrepreneurshipInnovationInsuranceandpensionsInvestmentMigrationPublicgovernanceRegional,ruralandurbandevelopmentRegulatoryreformScienceandtechnologySkillsSocialandwelfareissuesTaxTrade Coronavirus(COVID-19) Français OECDHome Regional,ruralandurbandevelopmentGreeningcities,regionsandcommunitiesCompactCityPolicies:AComparativeAssessment Greeningcities,regionsandcommunities CompactCityPolicies:AComparativeAssessment   KeyFacts | KeyPolicyissues | Recommendations Tableofcontents | Howtoobtainthisbook ‌ ISBNNumber:9789264167841            Thisreportoffersacomprehensiveunderstandingofthecompactcityconcept,itsroleintoday’surbancontexts,andthepotentialoutcomesofcompactcitypolicies.ItexaminescompactcitypoliciesacrosstheOECDinrelationtogreengrowthobjectivesandtheroleofindicatorsintrackingpolicyperformance.Itproposescompactcitystrategiesandideasforachievingbetteroutcomesandhighlightsgovernancechallengesforimplementingpracticalcompactcitystrategies.Importantly,ithighlightshowurbanspatialpoliciescanhelpfostereconomicgrowthanddevelopmentwhilepreventingenvironmentaldegradationandclimatechange.ThereportthusaddressesacentralconcernoftheOECDGreenGrowthStrategy,and providesanimportantcontributiontoit.    Downloadthepolicybrief   Keyfacts Thereisaglobal trendtowardurbanisationthathasenvironmentalandeconomicimpacts.By2050,70%oftheworld'spopulation-and86%inOECDcountries-willliveinurbanareas. Thecontinuinggrowthofurbanpopulationscallsforapolicyresponsethatoptimiseslandresources.Landconsumptionforbuilt-upareaswillincreasemorerapidlythanthepopulationin30outof34OECDcountries. Demographicshavechanged.Forexample,theelderlypopulationhasdoubledoverthepast60yearsinOECDcountriesandtripledworldwide.Urbanpolicieswillneedtobetailoredtothespecificneedsofthepopulation. The impactsof globalwarmingand increasingenergypricesrequirenewresponses. Therecenteconomiccrisishasexacerbatedtheproblem byreducinggovernments'abilitiestoinvestinsolutionssuchasnewinfrastructure.   Keypolicyissues Whatarecompactcitiesandhowdotheycontributetourbansustainability? Howcanweevaluatecompactcitypolicyoutcomes? Howcanwetailorthepolicyresponsetodifferentlocalcircumstances? What arethemetropolitangovernancechallengesindevelopingandimplementingcompactcitypolicies? Recommendations Compactcitieshavedenseandproximatedevelopmentpatterns,arelinkedbypublictransportsystems,and maintainaccessibilitytolocalservicesandjobs.Assuch,theyplayasignificantroleinrespondingtotheneedsofurbanareas. Compactcitieslessenthe impacton theenvironment,withshorterintra-urbandistancesandlessautomobiledependency. They playapartintheeconomybyincreasingtheefficiencyofinfrastructureinvestmentandbygivingresidentseasieraccesstoservices,jobs,andsocialnetworking. Twotypesofindicators areusedto measurecompactcitypolicyoutcomes: thosethatrepresent"compactness"(density,proximity,publictransportsystemsandaccessibilitytolocalservicesandjobs),andthosethatmeasureacompactcity'sperformanceinrelationtoothercities. Thisreportexaminesdifferencesinpolicypracticeinfivecasestudyareas,andunderscorestheneedfortailoringpoliciestospecificneeds.Forexample,fast-growingregionswherethereispressurefordevelopment,regulatorytoolsareimportanttopreventuncontrolledurbanexpansion. Recommendationsforcompactcitypolicystrategies:setexplicitcompactcitygoals;encouragedenseandcontiguousdevelopmentaturbanfringes;retrofitexistingbuilt-upareas;enhancediversityandqualityoflifeinurbancentres;minimiseadversenegativeeffects.                                                          Tableofcontents ExecutiveSummary   Chapter1.Thecompactcityconceptintoday’surbancontexts Thischapterdiscussesthemeaningofthecompactcityconceptandtheimplicationsofcompactcitypoliciesincurrenturbancontexts.Itisdividedintothreemainsections.Thefirstdiscussesthedefinitionofcompactcity.Thesecondillustrateskeyurbantrendsthatarerelevanttotheconceptandtotheneedforcompactcities.Thethirdreviewsthehistoryandevolutionofthecompactcityconcept. Chapter2. Howcancompactcitypoliciescontributetourbansustainabilityandgreengrowth? Thischapterdealswiththeoutcomesofcompactcitypolicies.Itexploreshowacompactcitycancontributetourbansustainabilitygoals.Aparticularfocusisthelinkbetweenenvironmentalandeconomicoutcomes:howthecompactcitycanhelptosupportandfostereconomicgrowthwhileaddressingenvironmentalconcerns.ThisisacentralconcernoftheOECD’sGreenGrowthStrategy.Thischapteralsoaddressesconcernsabouttheoutcomesofcompactcitypoliciesandpresentswaysforpolicymakerstohandlethiscomplexissue. Chapter3.Measuringtheperformanceofacompactcity Thischapterdealswithindicatorsformonitoringandevaluatingtheperformanceofacompactcity.First,itreviewspreviousattemptstomeasurecompactcityperformanceanddiscussestherelevanceandavailabilityoftheindicators.Basedonthereview,thechapterproposes18indicatorsascorecompactcityindicators.ItthenappliestheproposedindicatorstoOECDmetropolitanareas,discusseseffectivewaysofusingthem,andidentifieschallengesandareasforfurtherresearch.Sevenindicatorsareexaminedusing3-Dmapsandothergeographicinformationsystem(GIS)tools:i)populationandurbanlandgrowth;ii)populationdensityonurbanland;iii)tripdistance;iv)urbanlandcover;v)tripsusingpublictransport;vi)proximitytopublictransport;andvii)matchinglocalservicesandhomes.   Chapter4.CurrentcompactcitypracticesinOECDcountries ThischapterlooksatcurrentcompactcitypolicypracticesinOECDcountries.First,itdescribesmajorpolicyinstrumentsinOECDcountriesbasedontheresultsoftheOECDsurveyandaliteraturereview.Next,ittakesacloserlookatpolicypracticesinthefivecasestudymetropolitanareas:Melbourne(Australia),Vancouver(Canada),Paris(France),Toyama(Japan)andPortland(UnitedStates).Finally,itpresentsacomparativeassessmentfromthreeperspectives:first,howpolicygoalsandstrategiesrespondtodifferentlocalcircumstances;then,whetherappropriatepolicyinstrumentsareutilisedtoaddressmultiplepolicyobjectives,includingenvironmentalandeconomicsustainability;andfinally,howcurrentpolicypracticesincorporatecomplementarystrategiestominimisethepotentialadverseeffectsofcompactcities.   Chapter5.Keycompactcitypolicystrategies Thischapter,basedonthefindingsandassessmentsofcurrentcompactcitypoliciesinChapter4,proposesfivekeycompactcitypolicystrategiestobesharedamongOECDmembercountries:i)setexplicitcompactcitygoals;ii)encouragedenseandproximatedevelopment;iii)retrofitexistingbuilt-upareas;iv)enhancediversityandqualityoflife;andv)minimiseadversenegativeeffects.Underthefivestrategies,20sub-strategiesarealsopresented.   Chapter6.Keycompactcitygovernancestrategies Thischapterdrawsonthecasestudiestodiscussmetropolitangovernanceforcompactcityoutcomes.Itlooksattheissueofhorizontalco-ordinationofmunicipalitiesintoasinglefunctionalmetropolitanareaforpolicydesignandprogrammedeliverypurposesaswellasco-ordinationwithinlocalgovernmentstructuresinviewoftheintegrated,multi-sectornatureofthecompactcitypolicymodel.Itthenturnstoverticalcoherenceamonglevelsofgovernmentwithinasinglemetropolitanarea.Thechapteralsotakesstockofarrangementstofosterongoingcitizenparticipationinthedevelopmentandimplementationofcompactcitypolicies.Itconsidersfiscalissues,particularlyinrelationtoinvestmenttofundcoreinfrastructuretoachievecompactcityoutcomes.Finally,issuesrelatedtotransparency,measuringperformance,accountabilityandreportingarediscussed.   AnnexA.Compactcitypolicies:countryprofiles   Howtoobtainthisbook  Readerscanaccessthefullversionof OECDGreenGrowthStudies:CompactCityPolicies:AComparativeAssessment bychoosingfromthefollowingoptions: Subscribersandreadersatsubscribinginstitutionscanaccesstheonlineeditionvia iLibrary,ouronlinelibrary. Non-subscriberscanbrowsethefulltextonlineandpurchasethePDFe-bookand/orpapercopyviaour OnlineBookshop. Orderfromyour localdistributor. Governmentofficialswithaccounts(subscribe)cangotothe"Books"tabonOLIS. Accessbypasswordforaccreditedjournalists.   RelatedDocuments RedefiningUrban:anewwaytomeasuremetropolitanareas OECDRegionalOutlook Greengrowthandsustainabledevelopment RegionalDevelopment RegionalDevelopmentPolicy