Urban resilience: introducing this issue and summarizing the ...

Resilience is an issue of increasing importance to city managers and policymakers. The idea first emerged in the scientific world and was then taken up by ... Skiptonavigation –Sitemap FieldActionsScienceReports Thejournaloffieldactions HomeVolumesandIssuesSpecialIssue181.Challengesandrisksspecific...Urbanresilience:introducingthi... Search Contents-Nextdocument SpecialIssue18 | 2018:ResilientCities 1.Challengesandrisksspecifictourbanareas Urbanresilience:introducingthisissueandsummarizingthediscussions MathildeMartin-MoreauandDavidMénascé p.6-11 Abstract |Index |Outline |Text |Notes |References |Abouttheauthors Abstract Resilienceisanissueofincreasingimportancetocitymanagersandpolicymakers.Theideafirstemergedinthescientificworldandwasthentakenupbypsychologistsandecologiststodescribetheabilitytoresistunforeseeneventsandreturntoapre-eventstate.Sincetheturnofthemillennium,manymajorcitiesareincreasinglyadoptingresiliencestrategiestoplanforandmanagearangeofrisks,notonlyenvironmentalbutalsoeconomic,social,foodsecurity,andsoon.Citiesareatthecenteroftheideaofresilienceinsofarastheyaresimultaneouslypartoftheproblem,asthemajorsourceofgreenhousegasemissions,butalsopotentialvictimsofnaturaldisasters–coastalcitiesare,forexample,vulnerabletohurricanesandrisingsealevels.Citiesarealsothesourceoffuturesolutions,via,forinstance,networksofresilientcitiesandtheircapacitytomanageproblemsona“humanscale.”Thereisameasureofdisagreementsurroundingthetermresilience,withsomeencouragedbyitsall-embracingnatureandothersdecryingitassimplyacatch-allconcept.Resilience–assumingthatcertainstrategic,holistic,durabilityandcollaborativeconditionsforachievinglegitimacyhavebeenmet–can,however,provideanarrayofnewtoolstohelpfostertheemergenceofthesustainableandenduringcityoftomorrow. Topofpage Indexterms Keywords :definition,legitimacy,megacities,risksandopportunitiesTopofpage Outline 1.Urbanresiliencehasbecomeapressingissueinthefaceofthemultiplicationofrisks,particularlyenvironmental 2.Cities:decisivecriticalactorsin resilience 2.1.Urbanpollutionistherootoftheenvironmentalcrisis 2.2.Citiesarepotentialvictimsofenvironmentaldisastersandsocialtensions 2.3.Citiesarehotbedsofsolutionsandemergingastheprimemoversforchange 3.Thelimitationsoftoowideaconcept 4.Conditionsforsuccessfulresilience:strategic,holistic,durabilityandcollaborative 4.1.Definestrategyandpriorities 4.2.Towardaholisticapproachtoresilience 4.3.Identifyingbusinessmodelsthatwilldeliverlastingresults 4.4.Collaborativeapproach Conclusion:lookingbeyondriskstoseeopportunitiesofferedbyresilienceTopofpage Fulltext PDF2.9MSendbye-mail ZoomOriginal(jpeg,636k) 1Resiliencehasemergedinrecentdecadesasoneofthecorewordsinthelanguagethatstructuresourera.Justlikeotheroften-usedyetimpreciselydefinednotions–sustainability,smartandinclusivebeingthreegoodexamples–resilienceisanever-changingconceptthatishardtopindown.Thewordfirstgainedcurrencyinscientificliterature,specificallyphysics,asatermusedtodesignatetheresistancetoimpactofamaterial.Thetermwasthenextensivelypickedupbypsychologiststodescribeasimilarphenomenon:thecapacitytorecoverafterindividualorcollectivetrauma.Ecologistsusethetermtodesignateanecosystem’scapacitytorebuilditselfandrestoreitsbalanceafterbeingdisturbed,as,forexample,inthenaturalregenerationofaforestanditsecosystemafterafire.Usedinthisway,resiliencedescribesnotsimplyacapacitytoresist,butalsoanabilitytorecoverafterashockandreturntoapreviousstate.Thenotionisalsousedinthesociotechnicalfield(attheinterfacebetweenengineeringandsocialandhumansciences)todesignateasystem’scapacitytoadjusttounsettlingevents. 2Thepastdecadeandahalfhasseenthetermadoptedoutsidepurelyscientificspheres,whereitisnowusedtodescribecomplexecosystemssuchascities.Resiliencehasbecomeabigdealforcities,especiallysincetheRockefellerFoundationsponsoredtheemergenceofthe100ResilientCitiesnetworkin2013,seekingtoassisttheworld’smajorcitiestoovercomethemultipleshockstheymightincreasinglyhavetoface.MichaelBerkowitz,Presidentofthe100ResilientCitiesprogram,definesresilienceas“thecapacityofacitytothriveinthefaceofshocksandstresses.” 1UnitedNations,WorldUrbanizationProspects,2014 3Urbanresilienceisincreasinglyessentialasthepopulationsoftheworld’scitiescontinuetogrow,with70%oftheglobalpopulationbeingcity-dwellersby2050accordingtotheU.N.,1andcitiesfacinggreaterthreatsfromnaturaldisastersandunprecedentedsocialtensions. 1.Urbanresiliencehasbecomeapressingissueinthefaceofthemultiplicationofrisks,particularlyenvironmental 4Thesuccessofresilienceasaconceptisaboveallamanifestationofgrowingawareness,nottosayadegreeofpessimism,inthefaceofnaturalrisks. 2LucFerry,Lesyndromedugyroscope,InstitutMontaigne,2004 5TheLisbonearthquakeof1755iswidelyseenasaturningpointinthehistoryofEnlightenmentandthewesternworld’sattitudetoscientificprogress.Theearthquakethatdevastatedthecitywasmetwithaunanimousresponse:onlyscientificprogresscouldavoiddisastersofthisnature.AsLucFerryputsit,scienceswould“makeitpossibletopredictand,consequently,preventthesorrowsthattheabsurdityofnatureinflictssocruellyonhumans.Inessence,thescientificmindalliedwithanenterprisingspiritwasgoingtosaveusfromthetyranniesofmaterialsintheraw.”2 6Thiscontrolovertheworldwouldnotonlyfreepeoplefromenslavementtonaturalforcesbutwould,morefundamentally,alsoenablethosesameforcestobeharnessedforprofit:hereinliestheideaofhappiness,whichwasconsidereda“newideainEurope”atthetime. 3HansJonas,TheResponsibilityPrinciple,1979 7Threecenturieslater,wefindourattitudestoscienceandnatureprofoundlyaltered.InthelightofHansJonas’essayTheResponsibilityPrinciple3andtheemergenceoftheprecautionaryprinciple,progressseeksnolongertobecontinuousandtoharnessnature,butsimplytoavoidtheworstcasescenario.Disastersarehenceforthinevitableandunavoidable.Weneedtounderstandhowtocopeandrecover. Mexico,September25,2017.RescueworkinacollapsedbuildingZoomOriginal(jpeg,1.0M) 4MichelJuffé,Resilienceofwhat,forwhatandtowhat?AnnalesdesMines-Responsabilitéetenvir(...) 8AspointedoutbyMichelJuffé,4headofthescientificcounciloftheFrenchAssociationforPreventionofNaturalDisasters,“thesuccessofthewordresilienceintheprevailingdiscourseandthemediaisdoubtlesshighlysymptomaticofourdoubt,perhapsevenourdespair,ofourchancesofachievingabetterworld.ButsuchfatalismisitselfareactiontotheoptimisminherentinarationalityrootedintheEnlightenment,theideathatwithcontinuousscientificprogress,naturalandsocialphenomenawouldultimatelybemasteredandrenderedharmless;itwastobethetriumphofpredictionandprevention.” 9Theprimaryexplanationforthisfatalismisthegrowingnumberofnaturaldisasterscausedbyclimatechange.Itisalsotheproductoftheinternationalcommunity’sinertiainthefaceoftheradicaltransitionsthatarerequired. Fourdefinitionsofresilience SergeTisseron,psychiatristExtractfromhisinterventionatthecolloquiumonResilientCitiesandTerritories,September 2017“Thereisnotonebutseveraldefinitionsofthewordresilience.Thehistoryofthewordbeganinthefieldofpsychology.Itisanintrinsicqualityofindividuals:wespeakofresilientchildrenandresilientpeople.Twoapproachesclaimtoofferanexplanation:geneticoriginandthequalityoftheearlyenvironment.Thisinitialdefinitionbroughtwithittheriskofdividingpeopleintotwocamps:thosewhoareresilientandthosewhoarenot.Aseconddefinitionofresilienceappeared.Whatifitwerearelationship-drivenprocess?Everybodycouldbecomeresilientprovidingtheyweregiventhehelptheyneeded.Butthecollectiveismarginalizedunderthisdefinition,whichfocusesonrelationshipsofduality,leadingtotheemergenceofresilienceteachers.ResilienceteachingwasevenimposedonpeoplewithmentalillnessesinsomehospitalsinCanada.Thiswasalsotheeraofresilience-mongers,andanever-greaternumberofguidebooksandadviceabouthowtobecomeresilient.Thethirdwavesawresiliencedefinedasastrengthpossessedbyall,andthatcanmanifestindifferentways.Resiliencebecameacapacityforreconstructionandrebirthsharedbyalllivingspecies.Thisthirddefinitionopenedconsiderableopportunitiestopsychologyresearchersasitmadeitpossibletoimaginepeople’spsychologicalreconstructionasafunctionoftheirinnatepossibilitiesandenvironment.Thedefinitionbringswithitthenotionofprevention:ifresilienceisastrength,thenitmustbepossibletoensureitisexercisedunderthebestconditions.Tohelpfindawaybetweenthesethreedefinitions,Iproposedusingthreealternatespellings:‘resiliences’todefineindividual’squalities;‘resiliance’withan‘a’todesignatetheprocess;and‘Resilience’withacapital‘R’todesignatethestrength.Wearenowenteringafourthperiod.Resilienceisviewedasbeingcollective;wespeakofsocietalresilience.Thisenablesustoincludethethreemutuallyexclusivedefinitionsabove:theybecomecomplementaryandtogetherparticipateinthedefinitionofresilientsystems,thoseindynamicequilibrium,abletopreparethankstoearlywarningsandforesight,toresist,torecoverandtoreboundbylearning,adaptingandinnovating,andfinally,toevolvetowardanewstateofdynamicequilibriumbymitigatingthephysicalandpsychologicalconsequencesofpreviousunforeseenevents.” Resilienceatthesociotechnicalscale:riskmanagementandresilienceengineering EricRigaud,researchassociate,MinesParisTechPSL,CRCExtractfromhispresentationtothecolloquiumonResilientCitiesandTerritories,September2017“Resilienceisassociatedwithasystem’scapacitytorespondandadapttotheappearanceofsignificantthreatorsevereadversity.Theconceptofresilienceisusedtodenotetheprocesscontributingtoanadaptation,thegrowthpathfollowingthe appearanceofthesourceofadversity,theresultoftheprocessofadaptation,orallofthesecharacteristics.Atthescaleofsociotechnicalsystems,resilienceisdeployedtodiscussthenatureandroleofindividualandcollectivecapacitiestoadaptandensuresafety.Thesafetyofanysystemresidesinasetofprocessesdesignedtoprovidethatsystemwitharrangementstopreventandprotectitfromapotentiallydamagingeventandtoprepareittodealwithandovercomesuchanevent.Thesearrangementscanbephysicalbarrierssuchasfences,guardrailsandembankments,symbolicmeasuressuchaspostersandsignposts,specialtrainingtohelppeopleadoptsafety-firstattitudes,orproceduresandregulationstogovernindividualandcollectivebehavior.Thespecification,designandmaintenanceofsucharrangementsrequire,amongotherthings,identifyingsourcesofadversitywiththepotentialtoimpactthesystem,suchasunforeseenexternalevents,technicalmalfunctions,errors,andsoon,anddraftingasufficientlyprecisedescriptiontomakeitpossibletodeducethespecificationsforarrangementsneededtomanagesafety,andthehumanandfinancialresourcestodeployandmaintainthem.Asystemcanbedeemedsafeifallscenariosforeventsliabletodamageitaretakenintoaccount,iftechnicalbarriersarecorrectlydesignedandscrupulouslymaintained,ifproceduresarecomprehensiveandaccurate,ifoperatorsapplythemandifthetime,humanandmaterialresourcesneededareavailableandsufficient.Systemsafetyischallengedbythetendencyofsociotechnicalsystemstomovetowardgreatercomplexityaswellasprogramstooptimizeresourcesandshrinkbudgets,shortenedproductionlead-times,andthewholearrayofchangesthatorganizationsaresubjectto,suchasdigitaltransitionandenvironmentaltransition.Thismeansthatactorsinasystemareconfrontedwithsituationsofadversitythatthesystemhasanticipated.Theyhavetoadapttheirbehaviortoobeytheproceduresandrulesassociatedwiththesesituations.Theyarealsoconfrontedwithanticipatedsituationswherenobarriershavebeenplanned,orplannedbarriersprovetobeinoperative.Inthisscenario,theyhavetoadapttheirbehaviorbyalteringtheproceduresorimprovising.Lastly,theymaybeconfrontedwithexceptional,extremeandunprecedentedsituations,whentheynotonlyhavetoimprovisebutalsoaltertheirentiremindsettofindasolution.Resilienceengineeringaimstounderstandthedifferentformsofindividualandcollectiveadaptationtothediversityofadversesituationsthatmayarise,andtodesignsolutionstoallowtheseadaptationstodevelop.” 2.Cities:decisivecriticalactorsin resilience 10Citieshaverapidlyemergedaskeytoexploringresilience,astheyareatoncepartlyresponsiblefortheenvironmentalcrisisaswellasbeingpotentialvictimsofdisaster,particularlynaturaldisasters,andtheprimarywellspringsofsolutions. 2.1.Urbanpollutionistherootoftheenvironmentalcrisis 11Bytheyear2050,two-thirdsofhumanitywillliveinacity. 5C40Cities,Consumption-basedGHGemissionsofC40cities,March2018 12Andcitiesareattherootofchangestoourenvironment.Theyconsumetwo-thirdsofworldwideenergyproductionandgenerateover70%ofallgreenhousegasemissions.ThelatestanalysisfromC40,presentedattheMarch2018meetingoftheIPCC,estimatesthatthisproportionisinfactevengreateronceconsumption-basedemissionsareincluded.5Indirectemissionsarerisingintheworld’smostdevelopedcitiessuchasLondon,ParisandNewYork.Mostpollutionincitiesincommodity-producingcountriesofthesouthernhemisphereisgeneratedbyindustryandtheproductionofgoodssubsequentlyexportedtoandconsumedintheUSAandEurope. 2.2.Citiesarepotentialvictimsofenvironmentaldisastersandsocialtensions 13Recentyearshaveseenmanycitiesimpactedbynaturaldisasters:HurricaneMichaelhittingthecoastlineoftheGulfofMexico,thetsunamiinPaluinIndonesia,HurricaneFlorencealongthecoastofSouthCarolinaintheUSA,adevastatingmonsooninKerala,India,StormAlbertoinCuba,andsoon.Highpopulationdensitymeansthatthehumanandmaterialcostofnaturaldisastersinurbanareasisoftenextremelyhigh. 14Closeto90%ofmetropolitanareasworldwidearecoastalandthusatriskfromfloodingandviolentstorms.ClimateCentral,anNGO,estimatesthatalmost275millionpeoplecurrentlyliveinareasatriskofdisappearingunderrisingsealevelsintheeventofa3°Criseinglobaltemperature.Inthisscenario,5.2millionpeoplewouldbeimpactedinOsaka,3millioninAlexandriaand1.8millioninRiodeJaneiro.Waterlevelsrosearound20centimetersduringthe20thcentury,withsomeestimatessayingtheywillrisecloseto1meterby2100.InFrance,recentlossoflifecausedbyrainstormshittingtheAudedepartmentcausedmanytocriticizetheunbridledurbanizationofthepasthalf-centurythathasseensignificantbuildingoccurinflood-riskzones.OneinfourpeopleinFrancecurrentlyliveinanarealiabletoflooding. 6OECD,MakingCitiesWorkforAll,2016 15Citiesarealsohotbedsofsocioeconomicrisksbecauseoftheinequalitiestheyexacerbate.Ontheonehand,citiesinOECDcountriescontributed60%ofalljobcreationandGDPgrowthoverthepast15years,andhouseholdrevenuesareonaverage18%higherincitiesthaninotherareas.6Butwithincitiesthewealthgapcontinuestogrowandthechallengeofimprovingsocialinclusionisnowaworldwideissue.TherecentOECDreportMakingCitiesWorkforAllshowedthatinallOECDcountries,incomeinequalityinmetropolitanareasishigherthanthenationalaverage.Andthebiggerthecity,thegreatertheinequality.Metropolitanareaswithover1.5millioninhabitantsshowhigherGinicoefficientsintermsofoveralldisposablehouseholdincome.Butinequalitiesincitiesgobeyondhouseholdrevenues,impactingalsoaccesstoessentialservices:athirdofcity-dwellersinemergingeconomiesliveininformalsettlements.TheongoingmigrationcrisisalsorepresentsashockofalmostunprecedentedscalethatcitiesinEuropearehavingtograpplewith.TheexampleoftheGermancityofHamburg,presentedinthisissuebyAnselmSprandel,headofHamburg’sCentralCoordinationUnitforRefugees,showshow,from2015,thecityauthoritiesfocusedontwinobjectives:acceptingandhousingrefugeestoavoidleavingpeoplehomelesswhilesimultaneouslytryingtoensureaslittledisruptionaspossibletothedailylivesofthecity’s1.8millionresidents.Insomecitiesdegrowthisalsoattheoriginofgreaterlevelsofinequality,leadingtoafar-reachingreassessmentofurbanplanningpolicies.WhetherinEuropeancities,asdescribedinthearticlebyDanielFlorentin,orinJapanascoveredbyProfessorHidetoshiOhno’sarticle,urban,demographicoreconomicshrinkagebringsachangeofparadigmtocitiesthathavelongbeenviewedthroughtheprismofgrowthandwealthcreation.Thebreakdownofsocialtiesincitiesisafurtherissuethatcannotbeignored. 16Asaresult,theconceptofresiliencehasrecentlybeenexpandedtoincludethesocialdimension,sucharethepotentiallyunsustainablerisksrepresentedbytheyawningwealthgap. 2.3.Citiesarehotbedsofsolutionsandemergingastheprimemoversforchange 17Recentyearshaveseencitiesworldwideassumegreaterresponsibilityfortacklingthesechallenges:gatheredattheParisClimateConference,theyhavesinceformedglobalnetworksandassociations,launchingconcreteinitiativestoacceptrefugeesandprotecttheenvironment.TheU.N.finallyrecognizedthepowerandstrengththatcitiesrepresent.Countriesareadaptingtonewrealitiesandcitymayorsareincreasinglyplayingaroleaslegitimateandactiveleaders,withtheirviewslistenedtoontheinternationalstage. 18ThefirstGlobalClimateActionSummit,heldinmid-SeptemberinSanFrancisco,ishighlysymbolicofthegrowingroleplayedbycitiesaswellasillustratingtheimportanceofallnon-stateactorsinseekingsolutionstoproblemsfacingtheworld.Attendeesatthesummitwere,therefore,generallyinfavorofacity-business-civilsocietygovernancemodel. 19Weareseeinganincreasingnumberofcityalliancesandcoalitionsaddressingtopicsthatrelatetoresilience.TheyincludeC40,foundedin2005andwhosemembersincludeover80majorworldcities,andthe100ResilientCitiesnetworksetupbytheRockefellerFoundation,whichsponsorsanetworkofChiefResilienceOfficers,ahigh-levelcross-functionroleincityhallsdesignedtohelpformulateeachcity’sresiliencestrategy. 7Barcelona,Basel,Berlin,Boston,Chicago,Copenhagen,Heidelberg,London,LosAngeles,Madrid,Mel(...) 20Butthisproactiveroleforcitiescanleadtosomeambiguoussituations.Ontheonehand,forward-thinkingmegacitiesincreasinglyhavetherightstructuresinplaceandcanbedriversforsolutions.AttheSanFranciscosummit,C40emphasizedtheencouragingresultsshownbythestrategiesof27cities7intermsofcombatingglobalwarmingandreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Thesecitieshavemanagedtoachievea2%annualreductioninGHGemissionsbycuttingtheamountoffossilfuelsused,optimizingnew-buildconstructions,encouragingresidentstoleavethecarathome,andcuttingoverallvolumesofwastewhilealsoincreasingtheamountthatgetsrecycled. 21Ontheotherhand,resilienceisnowsomethingthatneedstobeaddressedbysmallertownsandcities.AsMichaelBerkowitzexplainsinaninterviewinthisissue,therootsofthe100 ResilientCitiesinitiativelieinadeterminationtobringtogetherahundredcitieswiththepowertoinspirethousandsofothersofallsizes.ThenetworkcurrentlyincludesmajorworldcitieslikeParis,NewYorkandJakartaaswellasmodesttownslikeVejleinDenmark(50,000residents).Moreworkisneededondifferencesexperiencedbycitiesinemergingnationscomparedtotheirdevelopednationcounterparts,astheyfaceatoxiccocktailofverylimitedresourcesandgreatervulnerability.MarkPelling,principalinvestigatorontheUrbanAfrica:RiskKnowledgeproject,showsinthisissuehowthecitiesofsub-SaharanAfricamustfaceanaccumulationofrisks,meaningthattheslightestalterationinclimatecoupledtoalreadyinadequateinfrastructurecanquicklyleadtodeterioratinglivingconditionsforlocalpeople. 3.Thelimitationsoftoowideaconcept 8MichelJuffé,Resilienceofwhat,forwhatandtowhat?AnnalesdesMines-Responsabilitéetenvir(...) 22Paradoxically,theverysuccessoftheconceptofresilienceriskstoundermineitseffectiveness.MichelJuffésumsupthecurrentsituationlikethis:“’Resilient’istoooftenusedasaqualifierappliedtoanything:tobeconsideredasbeingingoodshape,aperson,institution,regionorfirmmerelyneedstoberesilient.”8 23Thenotionofaresilientcityhasbecomeparticularlydifficulttodefinebecauseithasbecomesomulti-faceted.Therearetwoschoolsofthought:enthusiastswhofeelthattheinclusivenatureofthenotionmakesitmoreuseful,andskepticswhoworryitissimplyacatch-allnotion,ill-definedwithlittlesubstancebeyondgeneralities.Theskepticsfeelthatabetterdefinitionofresilienceisneeded,forurbanresilienceinparticular:doesresiliencehavetobeall-encompassing(thecitymustberesilientinallways)orspecific(resilientinfrastructure,resilienttonaturaldisasters,etc.).Itisalsobecomingnecessarytomeasureresilience;howcanwemeasureacity’sresiliencewithoutlimitingittoonlyquantifiableaspects?MichelJufféprovidesseveralpointers,encouragingpeopletosystematicallyaskthemselvesthreequestions:“resilienceofwhat,forwhatandtowhat?” 4.Conditionsforsuccessfulresilience:strategic,holistic,durabilityandcollaborative 4.1.Definestrategyandpriorities 24Becauseitisanall-embracingnotionthatextendstonumerousfieldsandareasofaction,designingresilienceforacityrequiresaprecisestrategytobedefined,settingoutpriorityactionareas.ThisiswhatcitiesdowhentheyappointaChiefResilienceOfficer.ArnoldoMatusKramer,ChiefResilienceOfficerforMexicoCity,inhisinterviewdescribeshisroleasfollows:“deliveringtheresiliencestrategyofacityandmonitoringandfollowingupitsimplementation.”Thegoalistosetlong-termpriorities.InNewOrleans,VeoliaandtheSwissRereinsurancefirm,facilitatedbytheRockefellerFoundation,signedthefirsteverpublic-privatepartnershipforurbanresilienceaspartofthepost-Katrinaprocess.Inthisissue,LaurentAuguste,amemberofVeolia’sExecutiveCommittee,andIvoMenzingerfromSwissRe,lookbackonthepartnershipandmethodologiesusedtoanalyzerisksandrecommendpriorityactions.AsimilarprocessoccurredinCopenhagen,andthisisdescribedinthesecondsection.Thecityhaschangedprofoundlyinrecentyears,buildingitsresiliencestrategyaroundthethemesofenvironmentallyfriendlyandinclusiveurbandevelopment,focusingonrevitalizationofdecliningneighborhoods,creatingmoreopenspaces,encouragingtheuseofbicyclesandpublictransportation,andsoon. 4.2.Towardaholisticapproachtoresilience 9SergeTisseron,Preface–Résiliences :comments’yretrouver ?inLaRésilience,PUF,Quesais-je,(...) 25Resilienceencompassesfarmorethanjustinfrastructureandpublicservicesoptimization.AsSergeTisseronpointsout,9resilienceiscreatedduringfourkeystages–preparingfortheshock,resisting,recovering,andconsolidatingtherebuiltsituation–whichaimforlong-term,notprecarious,re-establishment.Seenintheseterms,resilienceisacycleratherthanjustthepost-disasterreconstructionphase. Theholisticapproachtoresilienceinvolvesconsideringnotonlyenvironmentalandinfrastructurerisks,butsocialandsocietalriskstoo.InRoubaix,acityhard-hitbydeindustrializationandeconomicdownturn,LaConditionPublique,acreativespacethatispartmuseum,partsocialcenterandpartre-socializationcenter,iscontributingtourbanregenerationinthePileneighborhoodaswellasfosteringencountersandtiesbetweenlocalpeople.Foritsdirector,Jean-ChristopheLevassor,thespacegivesresidentsachancetoengagewithsubjectsofsharedimportance,givingthemavoiceindesigningnewpoliciesforregenerationandurbanresilienceintheirneighborhood. 4.3.Identifyingbusinessmodelsthatwilldeliverlastingresults 26Findingtherighteconomicequationforresilienceisvitaliftheapproachistoprovelasting.Whenacityisstruckbyanaturaldisaster,itusuallyactsasinsureroflastresort,asituationnolongersustainableinaworldcharacterizedbytheincreasingseverityofnaturaldisasters.First,spendingonresilienceisnotaveryattractiveprospectforcities.Itrequiresspendingmoneytopreventaneventthatmayormaynothappen.Theissueofbusinessmodelsalsoimpactstheoverlapbetweendifferenthorizons:shorttermforemergencysituationsandpoliticaltimeframes,andlongertermforriskprevention.Severaleconomicactorsarenowengagedwithstudiesofbusinessmodelsforresilience.Insurancecompaniescertainlyhaveaprimaryroletoplayhere.Innovativefinancialmechanismssuchasresiliencebondsareemerging,asShaliniVaijhalaandJamesRhodesfromre:focuspartnersexplain.Thesebondshavebeendesignedtofinancerisk-reductionprojectsviaaresiliencecreditthattransformsadverseincidentsavoidedintosourcesofrevenue. 4.4.Collaborativeapproach 10HenriVerdier,NicolasColin,L’âgedelamultitude,entreprendreetgouverneraprèslarévolution(...) 27Resilientcitieswereoriginallydrivenbyaverticaltop-downmindset,wherepublicauthoritiesworkingwithICTcompaniesdeliveredcentrallydesignedsmartcitiesviatheintroductionofdigitaltechnologiesintocitypoliciesandinfrastructure.Butresiliencedemandstherapidemergenceofnewwaystolive,workandconsumeinthecity.Therefore,theseearlyapproachesweresoonovertakenbynewmindsetsthatsetouttoenablecitizen-userstosharegoodsandservicesquicklyandsimply.Thisistheplatformmindsetthatallowsthe“multitude”tointeract,asdescribedbyHenriVerdierandNicolasColin.10Nolongeristheresilientcitytheresultofacentralizedstrategydesignedbypublicauthorities;rather,itistheconsequenceofinteractionsbetweencity-dwellerswhonowhavetheabilitytoself-organize.Thecity-as-platformhelpsresidentstogetintouchwitheachotherandhelpstoaccustompeopletoriskandresilience.Theobjectiveistomovefromresilientcitiestoresilientcitizens. 28TheexampleofFacebookgroups,showninthisissue,whichintheUSAhelpedtoorganizeassistanceandmutuallysupporthurricane-affectedpeople,demonstratesthenewmindsetdrivingself-organizationandbuildingbridgesbetweenpublicauthorities–emergencyservicesinthiscase–andresidents.AsimilarexampleisthenonprofitorganizationcalledSINGA,presentedbyitsdirectorGuillaumeCapelle,whichleveragescitizennetworkstohelprefugeesintegrateintonewcities.Later,GaëlMusquetdescribesthefundamentalpre-requisitetothisself-organizationmindset:accustomingpeopletorisk.ThisiswhatledhimtosetupanetworkcalledHackersAgainstNaturalDisastersin2011,helpingpeopletobecomemoreresilient. 29Thistensionbetweenverticalandhorizontalmindsetsliesattheheartoftheconstructionofresilientcities.Neitherseemsufficientwhentakeninisolation:self-organizationrisksbeingsub-optimal,andtop-downprofoundlyunderminescitizenappropriation.Decidinghowbesttocombinethesetwoapproachesisthebiggestsinglechallengecurrentlyfacingpublicandprivateactors. Conclusion:lookingbeyondriskstoseeopportunitiesofferedbyresilience 30Thenotionofresilienceisheardmoreandmorefrequentlyandisnowpartofthecommonparlanceofcitypolicymakersandmanagers.Inaworldcharacterizedbyenvironmental,economicandsocialphenomenaofever-increasingcriticality,riskpreventionandacultureofforwardplanningarekeyfactorsinensuringthatsystemscanresistandcontinue.Relatedtothenotionofrisk,urbanresilienceoftensurroundsissuesofdisasterpreventionandmanagement.Butitshouldbethoughtofintermsofopportunities:toimproveexistinginfrastructure,toinventnewbusinessmodelsandtofindnewwaysofcollaboratingbetweenpublic,privateandcivilsocietyactors,andtopromotesocialtiesincities.Ultimately,urbanresilienceprovidesanarrayofnewtoolstohelpfostertheemergenceofthesustainableandenduringcityoftomorrow. Topofpage Notes 1UnitedNations,WorldUrbanizationProspects,2014 2LucFerry,Lesyndromedugyroscope,InstitutMontaigne,2004 3HansJonas,TheResponsibilityPrinciple,1979 4MichelJuffé,Resilienceofwhat,forwhatandtowhat?AnnalesdesMines-Responsabilitéetenvironnement,2013-14(issue72) 5C40Cities,Consumption-basedGHGemissionsofC40cities,March2018 6OECD,MakingCitiesWorkforAll,2016 7Barcelona,Basel,Berlin,Boston,Chicago,Copenhagen,Heidelberg,London,LosAngeles,Madrid,Melbourne,Milan,Montreal,NewOrleans,NewYork,Oslo,Paris,Philadelphia,Portland,Rome,SanFrancisco,Stockholm,Sydney,Toronto,Vancouver,WarsawandWashington 8MichelJuffé,Resilienceofwhat,forwhatandtowhat?AnnalesdesMines-Responsabilitéetenvironnement,2013/4(issue72) 9SergeTisseron,Preface–Résiliences :comments’yretrouver ?inLaRésilience,PUF,Quesais-je,2014 10HenriVerdier,NicolasColin,L’âgedelamultitude,entreprendreetgouverneraprèslarévolutionnumérique,2012Topofpage Listofillustrations URL http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/docannexe/image/4629/img-1.jpg File image/jpeg,636k Title Mexico,September25,2017.Rescueworkinacollapsedbuilding URL http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/docannexe/image/4629/img-2.jpg File image/jpeg,1.0M Topofpage References Bibliographicalreference MathildeMartin-MoreauandDavidMénascé,« Urbanresilience:introducingthisissueandsummarizingthediscussions »,FieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue18 | 2018,6-11. Electronicreference MathildeMartin-MoreauandDavidMénascé,« Urbanresilience:introducingthisissueandsummarizingthediscussions »,FieldActionsScienceReports[Online],SpecialIssue18 | 2018,Onlinesince15December2018,connectionon19March2022.URL :http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/4629Topofpage Abouttheauthors MathildeMartin-Moreau MathildeMartin-MoreauisseniorconsultantatAZAOConsultingandteachesontheInternationalBusinessMaster’sprogramatSciencesPoParis. Bythisauthor Accesstoessentialservices:keyfiguresandprogressontheAfricancontinent[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 Headingtowards2030:outlookandchallengesforessentialservicesin Africa[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 High-potentialinnovationsforafast-changingcontinent[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 Conditionsneededforscalingupsuccessfully[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 Newagriculturalpurposesinthecity[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue20 | 2019 Thepluralityofurbanagriculturemodels[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue20 | 2019 Alldocuments DavidMénascé DavidMénascéismanagingpartneratAZAOConsulting,specialistsinsocietalstudiesandsocialinnovation.HeisalsoaffiliateprofessorwiththeSocialBusiness,EnterpriseandPovertychairatHEC. Bythisauthor Accesstoessentialservices:keyfiguresandprogressontheAfricancontinent[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 Headingtowards2030:outlookandchallengesforessentialservicesin Africa[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 High-potentialinnovationsforafast-changingcontinent[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 Conditionsneededforscalingupsuccessfully[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue22 | 2020 Newagriculturalpurposesinthecity[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue20 | 2019 Thepluralityofurbanagriculturemodels[Fulltext] PublishedinFieldActionsScienceReports,SpecialIssue20 | 2019 Alldocuments Topofpage Copyright FieldACTionsScienceReportsestmiseàdispositionselonlestermesdelaLicenceCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International.Topofpage Contents-Nextdocument Browse Index Authors Keywords Years Fulltextissues 2021SpecialIssue23 2020SpecialIssue21 |SpecialIssue22 2019SpecialIssue19 |SpecialIssue20 2018SpecialIssue18 2017SpecialIssue16 |SpecialIssue17 2016SpecialIssue14 |Vol.9 |SpecialIssue15 2015SpecialIssue13 |Vol.8 2014SpecialIssue9 |SpecialIssue10 |SpecialIssue11 |SpecialIssue12 |Vol.7 2013SpecialIssue7 |SpecialIssue8 2012Vol.6 |SpecialIssue4 |SpecialIssue5 |SpecialIssue6 2011Vol.5 |SpecialIssue3 2010SpecialIssue1 |Vol.4 |SpecialIssue2 2009Vol.2 |Vol.3 2008Vol.1 Allissues AboutFACTSReports AimsandScope Boards Instructionsforauthors Partenaires EditorialsandCommentaries Editorials Commentaries MeetingReports News CallforPapers Callforpapers-closed FACTSEvents Information Contact Publishingpolicies Logosinstitutionnels Followus RSSfeed Newsletters FACTSNewsletter OpenEditionNewsletter Incollaborationwith ElectronicISSN1867-8521 Readdetailedpresentation  Sitemap –Contact –Syndication PrivacyPolicy –AboutCookies OpenEditionJournalsmember –PublishedwithLodel –Administrationonly SearchOpenEditionSearch YouwillberedirectedtoOpenEditionSearch InAllOpenEdition OnFieldActionsScienceReports Search English Français Share Facebook Twitter Google+ "> Home Catalogueof575journalsOpenEditionSearch AllOpenEdition English FrançaisAdigitalresourcesportalforthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesOpenEditionOurplatformsOpenEditionBooksOpenEditionJournalsHypothesesCalendaLibrariesandinstitutionsOpenEditionFreemiumOurservicesOpenEditionSearchNewsletterFollowus OpenEditionBooks Calenda Hypothèses OpenEditionJournals OpenEdition OpenEditionSearch