Caffeine: Benefits, risks, and effects - Medical News Today

Caffeine's main effect on the body is an increased temporary sense of wakefulness and alertness, but it can also cause uncomfortable symptoms. Consuming over ... HealthConditionsHealthConditionsAlzheimer's&DementiaAnxietyArthritisAsthma&AllergiesBreastCancerCancerCardiovascularHealthCOVID-19Dermatology&SkincareDiabetesEnvironment&SustainabilityExercise&FitnessEyeHealthHeadache&MigraineHealthEquityHIV&AIDSHumanBiologyInflammatoryBowelDiseaseLeukemiaLGBTQIA+Men'sHealthMentalHealthMultipleSclerosis(MS)NutritionParkinson'sDiseasePsoriasisSexualHealthWomen'sHealthDiscoverNewsLatestNewsOriginalSeriesMedicalMythsHonestNutritionThroughMyEyesNewNormalHealthPodcastsWhatisbehindvaccinehesitancy?TheamazingstoryofhepatitisC,fromdiscoverytocureNewdirectionsindementiaresearchCanpsychedelicsrewireadepressed,anxiousbrain?WhyclimatechangemattersforhumanhealthWhatdoesthelatestresearchsayaboutmultiplesclerosis?ToolsGeneralHealthDrugsA-ZHealthHubsHealthToolsBMICalculatorsandChartsBloodPressureChart:RangesandGuideBreastCancer:Self-ExaminationGuideSleepCalculatorHealthProductsAffordableTherapyOptionsBloodPressureMonitorsDiabeticSuppliesFitnessTrackersHomeGymsGreenCleaningProductsHowtoShopforCBDQuizzesRAMythsvsFactsType2Diabetes:ManagingBloodSugarAnkylosingSpondylitisPain:FactorFictionConnectAboutMedicalNewsTodayWhoWeAreOurEditorialProcessContentIntegrityConsciousLanguageNewslettersSignUpFollowUsMedicalNewsTodayHealthConditionsDiscoverToolsConnectSubscribeWhatdoescaffeinedotoyourbody?MedicallyreviewedbyDeborahWeatherspoon,Ph.D.,MSN—ByHannahNicholsonOctober16,2017UsesSourcesBenefitsRisksMythsEnergydrinksOverdoseEffectsTakeawayCaffeineisastimulantandthemostcommonlyuseddrugintheworld.Everyday,millionsconsumeittoincreasewakefulness,alleviatefatigue,andimproveconcentrationandfocus.Amidmythsandcontroversyaboutwhethercaffeineisgoodorbadforus,evidencesuggeststhatmoderatecoffeeconsumptioncanbringbothbenefitsandrisks.However,ahighconsumptionofcaffeinemaynotbehealthful.Inaddition,therecenttrendofaddingcaffeinetodrinksandsnacksthatdonotnaturallycontainithasraisednewconcerns.Thisarticlewilllookatthepotentialhealthbenefitsandrisksofcaffeine,thequestionsofenergydrinks,andthelikelihoodofacaffeineoverdoseoccurring.FastfactsaboutcaffeineCaffeineisastimulantthatoccursnaturallyinsomefoods.TheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)recommendsamaximumintakeof400mgaday,ortwotothreecupsofcoffee.Amoderateintakeofcoffeemayenhanceweightloss,cognitivefunction,andalertness.Caffeinemayhaveanegativeimpactonpregnancy,fertility,glucosecontrol,andotheraspectsofhealth.Energydrinkscancontainhighlevelsofcaffeinebutareunlikelytobehazardousunlessconsumedwithalcohol.Caffeinepowdercanleadtoafataloverdoseandshouldbeavoided.UsesShareonPinterestCoffee,tea,andchocolateallcontaincaffeine.TheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)considercaffeinetobebothadrugandafoodadditive.Theyrecommendamaximumintakeof400mgaday.Inprescriptionandover-the-counter(OTC)medicines,caffeineisusedtotreattirednessanddrowsiness,andtoimprovetheeffectofsomepainrelievers.Itbelongstoagroupofmedicinescalledcentralnervoussystem(CNS)stimulants.Foodscontainingcaffeinecanhelprestorementalalertness.Caffeine’suseasanalertnessaidshouldonlybeoccasional.Itisnotintendedtoreplacesleepandshouldnotregularlybeusedforthispurpose.IntheUnitedStates(U.S.),morethan90percentofadultsusecaffeineregularly,withanaverageconsumptionofmorethan200milligramsofcaffeineperday.Thisismorecaffeinethanintwo6-ouncecupsofcoffeeorfive12-ouncecansofsoftdrink.SourcesCaffeineoccursnaturallyintheleaves,seeds,orfruitofmorethan60plantspecies,including:coffeebeanstealeavesandbudsdolanutscacaobeansguaranaseedsyerbamateleafCaffeineinplantsactsasanaturalpesticide.Itparalyzesandkillsinsectsthatattempttofeedonthem.FoodsourcesCaffeinefeaturesintea,coffee,andchocolate,anditisregularlyaddedtogum,jellybeans,waffles,water,syrup,marshmallows,sunflowerseeds,andothersnacks.TheFDArecommendsthathealthyadultslimittheircaffeineintaketoamaximumof400milligrams(mg)aday,about4or5cupsofcoffee.Thisamountisnotassociatedwithnegativeeffects.Thereisnosetlimitforchildren,buttheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics(AAP)discouragestheconsumptionofcaffeineandotherstimulantsbychildrenandadolescents.Theamountofcaffeineincludedinsomecommonfoodsandbeveragesare:One8-ouncecupofcoffee:95to200mgOne12-ouncecanofcola:35to45mgOne8-ounceenergydrink:70to150mgOne8-ouncecupoftea:14to60mgDecaffeinatedcolaandsoftdrinkscontainnocaffeine,butdecaffeinatedcoffeeisnotcaffeine-free.“Energydrinks”containvaryingamountsofcaffeine.Additionalproductsarenowappearingonthemarket,from“psychedup”oatmealto“wired”waffles.Thesehaveraisedconcerns,especiallyregardingthepotentialimpactonchildrenandadolescents.TheFDAhasquestionedthesafetyofthispractice.BenefitsCaffeinemayhavesomehealthbenefits,butnotallofthesehavebeenconfirmedbyresearch.WeightlossCaffeinemayboostweightlossorpreventweightgain,possiblyby:suppressingtheappetiteandtemporarilyreducingthedesiretoeatstimulatingthermogenesis,sothebodygeneratesmoreheatandenergyfromdigestingfoodWeightlossproductsthataremarketedasthermogenicsmaycontaincaffeineandephedra,orephedrine.Researchhasnotconfirmedlong-termresults.AlertnessA75-mgservingofcaffeinecanincreaseattentionandalertness,anda160to600-mgdosemayimprovementalalertness,speedreasoning,andmemory.However,caffeineisnotasubstituteforsleep.SportsperformanceCaffeinecanimprovephysicalperformanceduringenduranceexercise.TheEuropeanFoodSafetyAgency(EFSA)recognizethatcaffeinecanincreaseenduranceperformance,endurancecapacity,andreductioninperceivedexertion.However,theeffectsonshort-term,high-intensityexerciseremaininconclusive.BrainfunctionCaffeineaffectsadenosinereceptorsinthebrain.Coffeealsocontainspolyphenolantioxidants,andthese,too,actonvariouspathways.Studieshavesuggestedthatdrinkingcoffeemayhelpenhancesomethinkingskillsandslowthementaldeclinethatcomeswithage.However,moreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.Alzheimer’sandParkinson’sdiseaseResearchhasfoundthatlifelongcaffeineconsumptionmayreducetheriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdisease.StudieshavealsoreportedthatpeoplewithahighercoffeeconsumptionhavealowerriskofParkinson’sdisease.MemoryResearchfromJohnsHopkinsUniversitysuggeststhatadoseofcaffeineafteralearningsessionmayhelpboostlong-termmemory.LiverandcolonIthasbeensuggestedthatcaffeineenemasmayhelppreparethecolonforanendoscopyorcolonoscopybysupportingtheexcretionofbilethroughthecolonwall.Proponentsclaimthatacaffeineenemaincreasesthelevelsofglutathione,anantioxidant,andsoitsupportsthenaturalprocessesofdetoxificationintheliver.However,thereislittleevidencetosupportthistheory.CoffeeconsumptionmayhelpdecreasetheriskofcirrhosisandslowtherateofdiseaseprogressioninhepatitisCinfection.Observationalstudieshavefoundthatcoffeemayhaveprotectivebenefitsforpeoplewithhepatocellularcancer.EyelidspasmThereissomeevidencethatcaffeinemayhelpprotectpeoplefromaneyedisorderknownasblepharospasm.Thiscondition,causedbyabnormalbrainfunction,makespeopleblinkincessantlyandcanleavethemfunctionallyblind.CataractsResearchershavefoundthatcaffeinemayhelpprotectthelensoftheeyeagainstdamagethatcouldleadtotheformationofcataracts.SkincancerSomescientistshavesuggestedthatcaffeinemayguardagainstcertainskincancers.Oneteamfoundthatcaffeineapplieddirectlytotheskinofmicehelpedpreventdamagingultraviolet(UV)lightfromcausingskincancer.Othershavelinkedtheconsumptionofthreecupsofcaffeinatedcoffeeadaywitha21percentlowerriskofdevelopingbasalcellcarcinomainwomen,anda10percentlowerriskinmen,comparedwithdrinkinglessthanonecuppermonth.KidneystonesAstudyof217,883participantsanalyzedtheassociationbetweencaffeineintakeandtheriskofdevelopingkidneystones.Thosewhoconsumedmorecaffeinehadalowerriskofdevelopingkidneystones.Mouth,throat,andothercancersInastudyof968,432menandwomen,participantswhodrankthan4cupsofcoffeeadayhada49-percentlowerriskofdeathfromoralcancer,comparedwiththosewhodranknocoffeeatalloronlyanoccasionalcup.Otherpossiblecancer-relatedbenefitsinclude:alowerriskofendometrialcancerareducedriskofprostatecancerprotectionagainstheadandneckcancerprotectionagainsttherecurrenceofbreastcancerStrokeDatafor34,670womeninSwedenwithoutahistoryofcardiovasculardiseaseindicatedthatwomenwhodrankmorethanonecupofcoffeeperdayhada22to25-percentlowerriskofstrokecomparedwithwomenwhodrankless.Lowornocoffeedrinkingappearedtobelinkedtoanincreasedriskofstroke.Type2diabetesOnelongitudinalstudyfoundthatparticipantswhoincreasedtheircoffeeintakebymorethanonecupadayovera4-yearperiodhada1percentlowerriskofdevelopingtype2diabetescomparedwithpeoplewhodidnotchangetheirintake.Peoplewholoweredtheirdailyconsumptionbymorethanonecupofcoffeeshoweda17percenthigherriskfortype2diabetes.AstudypublishedinDiabetesCarein2004linkedahighcoffeeconsumptionoveraperiodof4weekswithincreasedfastinginsulinconcentrations.However,thereasonsforthelinkwereunclear.Itmaybeduetoloweredinsulinsensitivity,meaningthebodydoesnotusetheinsulinproducedefficiently.Theteamcalledformoreinvestigationbeforeassertingthathighcoffeeconsumptionlowersriskfortype2diabetes.RisksMuchofthepublishedresearchaboutcaffeinesuggeststhatitisbeneficial,inmoderation.However,somestudieshighlightthepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofcaffeine.DepressionAhighcaffeineintakemayworsensymptomsofanxietyanddepression.Researchpublishedin2016foundthat,in234middleschoolstudentsinKorea,ahighercaffeineintakewaslinkedtohigherweight,loweracademicachievement,andahigherriskofseveredepression.However,whetherthecaffeineleadstodepressionordepressioncausespeopletoconsumemorecaffeineremainsunclear.BloodsugarPeoplewithtype2diabetesreportthattheirbloodglucoselevelsriseafterconsumingcaffeine.Thereissomeevidencethatcaffeinemayimpairinsulinaction,leadingtoasmallbutdetectableriseinbloodsugarlevels,particularlyaftermeals.PregnancyStudieshavesuggestedthatmorethan300mgadayofcaffeine,ortheamountequaltoaroundthreecupsofcoffee,couldleadto:lossofpregnancydelayedfetalgrowthabnormalfetalheartrhythmAccordingtotheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),theweeksbeforepregnancyalsocount.Researchshowsthatifbothparentsconsumemorethantwocaffeinateddrinksadayintheweeksbeforetheyconceive,alossofpregnancymaybemorelikely.Womenshouldlimittheircaffeineintaketo200mgorlessduringpregnancy.FertilitySomeresearchsuggeststhatcaffeinemayreducemuscleactivityinthefallopiantubes,whichcarryeggsfromtheovariestothewomb.Thiscouldmean,saythestudyauthors,thatcaffeinereducesawoman’schancesofbecomingpregnantbyabout27percent.Breast-feedingCaffeinepassesintobreastmilkinsmallamounts,anditmaybuildupinthenursinginfant.Infantswhosemothersdrinklargeamountsofcaffeinatedbeveragesmaybejitteryandhavetroublesleeping.GoutAnadditionalintakeofcaffeinemaytriggeragoutattackinpeoplewiththecondition.Drinkingsixormorecaffeinatedbeveragesin24hourshasbeenassociatedwithanalmostfour-foldincreaseintheriskofrecurrentgoutattacks.IncontinenceAstudythatlookedat1,356womenfoundthatthosewithanintakeof329mgofcaffeineaday,equivalenttoaboutthreecupsofcoffeeormore,hada70-percenthigherchanceofbladderproblems.InsomniaConsumingcaffeine3andeven6hoursbeforebedtimecansignificantlydisruptsleep.Upto6hoursbeforebedtime,caffeinecanreduceobjectivelymeasuredtotalsleeptimebymorethan1hour.HeadachesApopulation-basedstudyfoundthatdietaryandmedicinalcaffeineconsumptionmaybeamodestriskfactorfortriggeringchronicdailyheadache,regardlessofheadachetype.MenopauseAstudypublishedinthejournalMenopausefoundthatwomenwhoconsumedcaffeineduringmenopauseweremorelikelytohavehotflashesandnightsweats.OtheradverseeffectsCaffeine’smaineffectonthebodyisanincreasedtemporarysenseofwakefulnessandalertness,butitcanalsocauseuncomfortablesymptoms.Consumingover400mgofcaffeineadaycanleadto:ShareonPinterestCaffeinecanincreasefeelingsofagitation.jittersandshakesdisruptedsleepfastorunevenheartbeathighbloodpressureheadachesnervousnessoranxietydizzinessdependencydehydrationirritabilityheartburnstomachupset,diarrhea,andnauseamuscletremorsCaffeineincreasesthereleaseofacidinthestomach,sometimesleadingtoanupsetstomachorheartburn.Caffeinecaninterferewiththesleepcycle.Sleeplossiscumulative,andevensmallnightlydecreasescanaddupanddisturbdaytimealertnessandperformance.DruginteractionsSomemedicinesmayinteractwithcaffeine.Theseincludesome:AntibioticsBronchodilatorsAntipsychotics,suchasclozapineSomeantidepressantsCarbamazepine,ascaffeinecouldincreasetheriskofseizuresCaffeinemayalsointeractwithdiuretics,estrogens,valproate,andsomeothermedications.Anumberofherbsandsupplementscaninteractwithcaffeinetovaryingdegrees:calciumechinaceaephedrakudzumelatoninmagnesiumredcloverMythsAnumberofmythssurroundcaffeineconsumption.Havealookatsomeofthem.1.Iscaffeineaddictive?In2013,theAmericanPsychiatricAssociation(APA)addedcaffeinewithdrawaltothelistofrecognizedconditionsintheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-V).However,notallcaffeineconsumershavewithdrawalsymptomsiftheystopconsumingcaffeine.Peoplewhosuddenlystopdrinkingcoffeemayexperiencesymptomsabout12to24hoursafterquitting.Thesepeakafter20to48hoursbeforedisappearing.Graduallyreducingcaffeineintakeoveraperiodofdaysdoesnottriggerthesesymptoms.Unlikeotherdrugs,caffeinehasnotbeenshowntoactivatethepathwaysinthebrainthatarerelatedtoaddiction.Therefore,caffeineisnotconsideredanaddictivesubstance.2.Iscaffeineadiuretic?Caffeinehasbeenassociatedwithincreasedurinaryvolumeandfrequency,causingthebodytolosewaterandelectrolytessuchaspotassiumandsodium.However,researchershavenotfoundasignificantdifferenceinfluidlossbetweenpeoplewhodrinkordonotdrinkcoffee.Oneteamconcludedthat:“Coffee,whenconsumedinmoderationbycaffeinehabituatedmalesprovidessimilarhydratingqualitiestowater.”Additionalwaterlossmayoccurifapersonconsumesmorethan250mgaday,butthefluidconsumedwiththedrinkislikelytomakeupforanyloss.3.Doescoffeecauseosteoporosis?Caffeinemayaffectthewaythebodyabsorbscalcium,andthishasraisedconcernsthatdrinkingcoffeecanleadtoosteoporosis.However,thishasnotbeenconfirmedbyresearch.ASwedishstudyofdataforover60,000womenfoundthat:“Highcoffeeconsumptionwasassociatedwithasmallreductioninbonedensitythatdidnottranslateintoanincreasedriskoffracture.”Womenwithagoodintakeofcalciumthroughtheirdietareunlikelytobeatriskofosteoporosisasaresultofdrinkingcoffee.4.Doescaffeinesoberyouup?Peoplewhohavedrunktoomuchalcoholoftenturntocoffeeoranenergydrinktosoberthemup.However,caffeinedoesnotsoberapersonupormakethemfittodrive.Itmaymakethemmorealert,butitdoesnotreversethepoorjudgmentandothereffectsassociatedwithalcohol.Infact,itcouldbemoredangerousbecause,withoutthedrowsiness,apersonismorelikelytobelievetheyaresober,whichcouldleadtohazardousactivitiessuchasdrivinghomeorconsumingmorealcohol.EnergydrinksShareonPinterestThecaffeineandsugarcontentinenergydrinkscouldbedetrimentaltohealth.Thereissomecontroversyaroundenergydrinks.Theyhavebeenbannedfromanumberofstudentcampuses,becauseofreportsofhealthproblemsandevenfatalities.Theamountofcaffeineinanenergydrinkdependsonthebrandandtype.Whileone16-ounceAmericanocoffeecancontain225mgofcaffeine,thecaffeinecontentofa16-ouncecanofenergydrinkuntilrecentlyrangedfrom160mgto357mg.Producersofthedrinkthatcontained357mgofcaffeinehavenowloweredtheircaffeinecontentto300mg.Itcarriesahealthwarningthatitshouldnotbeconsumedbychildren,thosewithheartproblems,orthosewhomayhaveanintolerancetocaffeine.Energydrinkscontainnotonlycaffeinebutotherplant-basedstimulants,simplesugarsorartificialsweeteners,andadditives.A16-ounceservingofonewell-knownenergydrinkwouldcontainaround50g,or1.75ounces,or5teaspoonsofsugar.Thesehighconcentrationsofcaffeineandsugarcouldhaveanegativeimpactonthebody.MixingalcoholandenergydrinksWhenalcoholicbeveragesaremixedwithenergydrinks,thecaffeinecanmaskthedepressanteffectsofalcohol.Alcoholalsodecreasesthemetabolismofcaffeine,prolongingitseffects.Drinkerswhoconsumealcoholmixedwithenergydrinksarethreetimesmorelikelytobingedrinkthandrinkerswhodonotreportmixingalcoholwithenergydrinks.Theyarealsotwiceaslikelytoreportexperiencingsexualassault,sexuallyassaultingsomeoneelse,ridingwithadriverwhowasundertheinfluenceofalcohol,beingphysicallyhurtorinjured,andrequiringmedicaltreatment.OverdoseApersonisunlikelytodiefromconsumingtoomuchcaffeineinthediet.Itisestimatedthatitwouldtake149orsocansofcaffeinatedenergydrinktokillanaverageadultmale.Vomitingwouldmostcertainlyoccurbeforeapersonhadachancetoconsumeafataloverdoseofcaffeinefromdietarysources.ShareonPinterestCaffeinepillsarepopularwithyoungpeople,buttheycanbehazardous.However,purecaffeineisapowerfulstimulant,andverysmallamountscanleadtoanaccidentaloverdose.Asingleteaspoonofpurecaffeineisroughlyequivalentto28cupsofcoffee.Inadditiontotheusualadverseeffectsfromtoomuchcaffeine,highdosescanleadto:anxietyheartpalpitationsandrapidheartbeatsweatingnauseaandvomitingcardiacarrestFollowingthedeathsofattwoyoungmenfromanoverdoseofpurecaffeinesoldovertheinternet,theFDAurgespeople“toavoidpure,powderedcaffeine.”Theyalsocallonparentstobeawarethattheseproductsmayattractyoungpeople.EffectsWhetherconsumedasafoodoramedicine,thebloodandbodytissuesabsorbcaffeinewithinaround45minutes.Itreachespeaklevelinthebloodwithin1hourandremainstherefor4to6hours.Whilethere,caffeinechangesthewaythebrainandbodywork.Caffeinehasasimilarstructuretoadenosine,achemicalthatispresentinallhumancells.Inthebrain,adenosineactsasaCNSdepressant.Adenosinepromotessleepandsuppressesarousalbyslowingdownnerveactivity.Adenosinebindingalsocausesbloodvesselsinthebraintodilate,toincreaseoxygenintakeduringsleep.Whenawake,thelevelsofadenosineinthebrainriseeachhour,makingthebrainandthebodylessalert.Toanervecell,caffeinelookslikeadenosine,andcaffeinebindstotheadenosinereceptors.However,unlikeadenosine,itdoesnotdecreasethecell’sactivity.Ascaffeineutilizesallthereceptorsadenosinebindsto,thecellscannolongersenseadenosine.Asaresult,insteadofslowingdownbecauseoftheadenosinelevel,cellularactivityspeedsup.Caffeineblocksadenosine’sabilitytoopenupthebrain’sbloodvessels,causingthemtoconstrict.Thisiswhycaffeineisusedinpainreliefmedicineforheadaches.Iftheheadacheisvascular,reliefcomesasthecaffeinenarrowsthebloodvessels.Theblockingofadenosinecausesexcitatoryneurotransmitterstoincreaseinthebrain.Thepituitaryglandnoticesthisincreasedactivityandreleaseshormonesthattelltheadrenalglandstoproduceepinephrine.TakeawayModerateamountsofcaffeineappearnottobeharmful,andamoderateintakeofcaffeinemaybringhealthbenefits.TheFDArecommendsanintakeofnomorethan400mgaday.However,theimpactwillvaryaccordingtotheamountconsumed,theindividual’ssize,sex,andsensitivitytotheeffects,andanymedicationsorsupplementstheymaybetaking.Purecaffeinecanbedangerous,evenlife-threatening,andshouldbeavoided.Inaddition,thecurrenttrendforaddingcaffeinetofoodssuchasgumandicecream,itemsthatcommonlytargetchildrenremainsamatterofconcern,andinvestigationsareongoing.Anyonewishingtogiveupcaffeineshouldcutdownoverafewdaysratherthanatonce,toavoiduncomfortablesymptoms.LastmedicallyreviewedonOctober16,2017Neurology/NeuroscienceNutrition/DietPediatrics/Children'sHealth40sourcescollapsedMedicalNewsTodayhasstrictsourcingguidelinesanddrawsonlyfrompeer-reviewedstudies,academicresearchinstitutions,andmedicaljournalsandassociations.Weavoidusingtertiaryreferences.Welinkprimarysources—includingstudies,scientificreferences,andstatistics—withineacharticleandalsolistthemintheresourcessectionatthebottomofourarticles.Youcanlearnmoreabouthowweensureourcontentisaccurateandcurrentbyreadingoureditorialpolicy.APA.(2009,December7).Caffeinedoesn'treversethenegativecognitiveimpactofalcohol,studyshowshttp://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2009/12/caffeine-alcohol.aspxAvoidfood-druginteractions.(n.d.)https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../GeneralUseofMedicine/UCM229033.pdfBakken,J.(2010,October7).Caffeineintakelinkedtourinaryincontinencehttps://www.uab.edu/news/focus-on-patient-care/item/262-caffeine-intake-linked-to-urinary-incontinenceBasicreport:141154,Beverages,Energydrink,REDBULL.(2016,May)https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4234?fgcd=&manu=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=50&offset=&sort=default&order=asc&qlookup=red+bull+drink&ds=&qt=&qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing=Bhupathiraju,S.N.,PanA.,Manson,J.E.,Willett,W.C.,vanDam,R.M.,&Hu,F.B.(2014,April26).Changesincoffeeintakeandsubsequentriskoftype2diabetes:threelargecohortsofUSmenandwomen[Abstract].Diabetologia.57(7),1346-54https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771089Caffeine.(n.d.)https://medlineplus.gov/caffeine.htmlCaffeinechart.(n.d.)https://cspinet.org/eating-healthy/ingredients-of-concern/caffeine-chartCaffeinehaspositiveeffectonmemory,JohnsHopkinsresearcherssay.(2014,January12)http://hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/12/caffeine-enhances-memory/Castro,M.R.(2015,March12).Caffeine:Doesitaffectbloodsugar?Retrievedfromhttp://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/expert-answers/blood-sugar/faq-20057941Coffee'couldpreventeyetremor'.(2007,June19)http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6757825.stmCouples'prepregnancycaffeineconsumptionlinkedtomiscarriagerisk.(2016,March24)https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/couples-pre-pregnancy-caffeine-consumption-linked-miscarriage-riskDixon,R.E.,Hwang,S.J.,Britton,F.C.,Sanders,K.M.,&Ward,S.M.(2011,May26).InhibitoryeffectofcaffeineonpacemakeractivityintheoviductismediatedbycAMP-regulatedconductances.BritishJournalofPharmacology,163(4),745–754http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01266.x/fullDrake,C.,Roehrs,T.,Shambroom,J.,&Roth,T.(2013,November).Caffeineeffectsonsleeptaken0,3,or6hoursbeforegoingtobed[Abstract].JournalofClinicalSleepMedicine.15;9(11),1195-200https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24235903Faubion,S.S.,Sood,R.,Thielen,J.M.,Shuster,L.T.(2015,February).Caffeineandmenopausalsymptoms:whatistheassociation?[Abstract].  Menopause,22(2),155-8https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25051286FDAconsumeradviceonpurepowderedcaffeine.(2015,December7)http://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm405787.htmFDAtoinvestigateaddedcaffeine.(2013,May3)http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm350570.htmFerraro,P.M.,Taylor,E.N.,Gambaro,G.,&Curhan,G.C.(2014,December).Caffeineintakeandtheriskofkidneystones.AmericanJournalofClinicalNutrition, 100(6),1596–1603https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4232021/Hallström,H., Byberg,L., Glynn,A., WarensjöLemming,E., Wolk,A.,&Michaëlsson,K.(2013,July23).Long-termcoffeeconsumptioninrelationtofractureriskandbonemineraldensityinwomen.AmericanJournalofEpidemiology,178(6),898-909https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/178/6/898/108688/Long-term-Coffee-Consumption-in-Relation-toHildebrand,J.S.,Patel,A.V.,McCullough,M.L.,Gaudet,M.M.,Chen,A.Y.,Hayes,R.B.,&Gapstur,S.M.(2012,December9).Coffee,tea,andfataloral/pharyngealcancerinalargeprospectiveU.S.cohort[Abstract].EpidemiologicReviewshttp://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/12/09/aje.kws222.abstractJin,M.-J.,Yoon,C.-H.,Ko,H.-J.,Kim,A.-S.,Moon,H.-N.,&Jung,S.-P.(2016,March).Therelationshipofcaffeineintakewithdepression,anxiety,stress,andsleepinKoreanadolescents.KoreanJournalofFamilyMedicine,37(2),111-116https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4826990/Kidsshouldnotconsumeenergydrinks,andrarelyneedsportsdrinkssaysAAP.(2011,May30)https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/kids-should-not-consume-energy-drinks,-and-rarely-need-sports-drinks,-says-aap.aspxKiller,S.,Blannin,A.,&Jeukendrup,A.E.(2014,January9).Noevidenceofdehydrationwithmoderatedailycoffeeintake:Acounterbalancedcross-overstudyinafree-livingpopulation.PLOSonehttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084154Kim,E.S.,Chun,H.J.,Keum,B.,Seo,S.,Jeen,Y.T.,Lee,H.S....Ryu,H.S.(2014,July).Coffeeenemaforpreparationforsmallbowelvideocapsuleendoscopy:Apilotstudy.ClinicalNutritionResearch, 3(2),134–141https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135241/Klein,T.(2015,March13).Energydrinksraiserestingbloodpressure,dramaticinthosenotusedtocaffeinehttp://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/energy-drinks-raise-resting-blood-pressure-with-effect-most-dramatic-in-those-not-used-to-caffeine-m/Larsson,S.C.,Virtamo,J.,&Wolk,A.(2011,April).Coffeeconsumptionandriskofstrokeinwomen[Abstract].Stroke, 42(4),908-12https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221216MaryAnnLiebertInc.(2012,February21).Canconsumingcaffeinewhilebreastfeedingharmyourbaby?[Pressrelease]http://www.liebertpub.com/global/pressrelease/can-consuming-caffeine-while-breastfeeding-harm-your-baby/1006/Medicinesinmyhome:Caffeineandyourbody.(2007,Fall)http://www.fda.gov/downloads/UCM200805.pdfMeredith,S.E.,Juliano,L.M.,Hughes,J.R.,&Griffiths,R.R.(2013,September).Caffeineusedisorder:Acomprehensivereviewandresearchagenda.JournalofCaffeineResearch3(3),114-130https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777290/Neogi,Chen,T.,Chaisson,C.,Hunter,C.,Zhang,D.J.,&Yuqing.(2010,November).Short-termeffectsofcaffeinatedbeverageintakeonriskofrecurrentgoutattacks[Abstract].Arthritis&Rheumatismhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/acrmeeting/abstract.asp?MeetingID=774&id=90009O'Brien,M.C.,McCoy,T.P.,Rhodes,S.D.,Wagoner,A.,&Wolfson,M.(2008,May).Caffeinatedcocktails:energydrinkconsumption,high-riskdrinking,andalcohol-relatedconsequencesamongcollegestudents[Abstract].AcademicEmergencyMedicine, 15(5),453-60https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439201Rutgersstudy:Moreevidencethatcaffeinelowersriskofskincancer.(2011,August15)http://news.rutgers.edu/news-releases/2011/08/rutgers-study-more-e-20110815#.WCNTSOGLRTYSantos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