Caffeine - Uses, Side Effects, And More - WebMD

Caffeine can cause insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, nausea, increased heart rate, and other side effects. Larger doses might cause headache, anxiety, and ... MENUVITAMINS&SUPPLEMENTSCENTERFindaVitaminorSupplementFindaVitaminbyConditionAssessYourVitaminNeedsDRUGSANDMEDICATIONSCENTERFindaDrugMyMedicinePillIdentifierInteractionCheckerLatestDrugNewsFindaVitaminFindaPharmacyFIRSTAIDRESOURCESFirstAidA-ZFirstAidKit&WoundCareFirstAidMobileRELATEDTOVITAMINS&SUPPLEMENTSDrugs&MedicationsPillIdentifierMyMedicineInteractionCheckerDiet&WeightManagementFood&RecipesVitamins&SupplementscaffeineCAFFEINE-Uses,SideEffects,andMoreOTHERNAMES(S):1,3,7-Trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione,1,3,7...ShowMoreOTHERNAME(S):1,3,7-Trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione,1,3,7...ShowMoreOverviewUsesSideEffectsPrecautionsInteractionsDosingReviews(43)OverviewCaffeineisanaturalchemicalwithstimulanteffects.Itisfoundincoffee,tea,cola,cocoa,guarana,yerbamate,andover60otherproducts.Caffeineworksbystimulatingthecentralnervoussystem,heart,muscles,andthecentersthatcontrolbloodpressure.Caffeinecanraisebloodpressure,butmightnothavethiseffectinpeoplewhouseitallthetime.Caffeinecanalsoactlikea"waterpill"thatincreasesurineflow.Peoplemostcommonlyusecaffeineformentalalertness,headache,migraine,athleticperformance,memory,andobesity.Itisalsousedforasthma,gallbladderdisease,ADHD,lowbloodpressure,depression,andmanyotherconditions,butthereisnogoodscientificevidencetosupportmostoftheseotheruses.Caffeineproductssoldinveryconcentratedorpureformsareahealthconcern.Peoplecaneasilytakedosesthataremuchtoohighbymistake.It'sillegalintheUSfortheseproductstobesoldtoconsumersinbulk.Takingcaffeine,withinlimits,isallowedbytheNationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation(NCAA).Urineconcentrationsover15mcg/mLareprohibited.Howdoesitwork?Uses&Effectiveness?EffectiveforMigraine.Takingcaffeinebymouthtogetherwithpainrelieverssuchaspirinandacetaminopheniseffectivefortreatingmigraines.CaffeineisanFDA-approvedproductforusewithpainrelieversfortreatingmigraineheadaches.Pausesinbreathingthatmaybefollowedbylowheartrateandlowoxygenlevelsinnewborns.GivingcaffeinebymouthorbyIVcanimprovebreathinginveryprematureinfants.Caffeinecitrateisapprovedasaprescriptiondrugforthiscondition.IVproductscanonlybegivenbyahealthcareprovider.Headacheaftersurgery.TakingcaffeinebymouthorbyIViseffectiveforpreventingheadachesfollowingsurgery.CaffeineisanFDA-approvedproductforthisuseinpeoplewhoregularlyconsumecaffeine.IVproductscanonlybegivenbyahealthcareprovider.Tensionheadache.Takingcaffeinebymouthincombinationwithpainrelieversiseffectivefortreatingtensionheadaches.ItisFDA-approvedforthisuse.LikelyEffectiveforMentalalertness.Takingcaffeinebymouthimprovesmentalalertness.Butitmightnotbeaseffectiveasgettingenoughsleep.PossiblyEffectiveforAthleticperformance.Takingcaffeinebymouthseemstoincreasephysicalstrengthandenduranceandmightdelayfatigueduringexercise.Buttakingmorethan800mgofcaffeinedaily(6-8cups)canleadtocaffeinelevelsgreaterthanthoseallowedbytheNationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation(NCAA).Alungdiseasethataffectsnewborns(bronchopulmonarydysplasia).GivingcaffeinebymouthorbyIVtoprematureinfantsseemstoreducetheriskforthislungproblem.IVproductscanonlybegivenbyahealthcareprovider.Diabetes.Drinkingbeveragesthatcontaincaffeineislinkedwithalowerriskofdevelopingtype2diabetes.Butit'snotclearifconsumingcaffeinehelpstotreatdiabetes.Memory.Takingcaffeinebymouthseemstoimproveshort-termmemoryincollegestudentsorpeoplewithoutgoingpersonalities.Obesity.Takingcaffeinebymouthtogetherwithephedrineseemstoincreaseweightloss,short-term.Buttherecanbeunwantedsideeffects.Evenincarefullymonitoredandotherwisehealthyadults,caffeine/ephedracombinationscancausechangesinbloodpressureandheartrate.Acutepain.Takingcaffeinebymouthtogetherwithpainkillerssuchasibuprofencanreducepainmorethanpainkillersalone.Headacheafterepiduralanesthesia,spinalanesthesia,orlumbarpuncture.TakingcaffeinebymouthorbyIVseemstohelppreventheadachethatcanoccuraftertheseprocedures.IVproductscanonlybegivenbyahealthcareprovider.PossiblyIneffectiveforIrregularheartbeat(atrialfibrillation).Takingcaffeinebymouthdoesnotreducetheriskforthistypeofirregularheartrhythmfollowingheartsurgery.Attentiondeficit-hyperactivitydisorder(ADHD).Takingcaffeinebymouthdoesn'treduceADHDsymptomsinchildren.Thereisinterestinusingcaffeineforanumberofotherpurposes,butthereisn'tenoughreliableinformationtosaywhetheritmightbehelpful.SideEffectsWhentakenbymouth:Caffeineislikelysafeformosthealthyadultswhenusedindosesupto400mgdaily.Thisisequaltoabout4cupsofcoffee.Caffeineispossiblyunsafewhenusedforalongtimeorindosesover400mgdaily.Caffeinecancauseinsomnia,nervousness,restlessness,nausea,increasedheartrate,andothersideeffects.Largerdosesmightcauseheadache,anxiety,andchestpain.Caffeineislikelyunsafewhenusedinveryhighdoses.Itcancauseirregularheartbeatandevendeath.Productswithveryconcentratedorpurecaffeinehaveahighriskofbeingusedindosesthataretoohigh.Avoidusingtheseproducts.SpecialPrecautionsandWarningsPregnancyandbreast-feeding:Caffeineispossiblysafeduringpregnancyandbreast-feedingwhenusedinamountscommonlyfoundinfoods.Consumingupto300mgofcaffeinedailyappearstobesafe.Thisisabouttheamountin3cupsofcoffee.Consuminglargeramountsduringpregnancyorwhenbreast-feedingispossiblyunsafe.Caffeinemightincreasethechanceofmiscarriageandotherproblems.Caffeinecanalsopassintobreastmilk.Highcaffeineintakewhilenursingcancausesleepingproblems,irritability,andincreasedbowelactivityinbreast-fedinfants.Children:Caffeineispossiblysafewhenusedbychildrenandadolescentsinamountscommonlyfoundinfoods.Anxietydisorders:Caffeinemightmaketheseconditionsworse.Usecaffeinecautiouslyandinlowamountsifyouhaveanxiety.Bipolardisorder:Toomuchcaffeinemightmakethisconditionworse.Usecaffeinecautiouslyandinlowamountsifyouhavebipolardisorder.Bleedingdisorders:Caffeinemightaggravatebleedingdisorders.Usecaffeinecautiouslyifyouhaveableedingdisorder.Heartconditions:Caffeinecancauseirregularheartbeatinsensitivepeople.Usecaffeinewithcaution.Diabetes:Caffeinemightaffectthewaythebodyusessugar.Ifyouhavediabetes,usecaffeinewithcaution.Diarrhea:Caffeine,especiallywhentakeninlargeamounts,mightworsendiarrhea.Epilepsy:Peoplewithepilepsyshouldavoidusingcaffeineinhighdoses.Lowdosesofcaffeineshouldbeusedcautiously.Glaucoma:Caffeineincreasesthepressureinsidetheeye.Theincreaseoccurswithin30minutesandlastsforatleast90minutesafterdrinkingcaffeinatedbeverages.Highbloodpressure:Consumingcaffeinemightincreasebloodpressureinpeoplewithhighbloodpressure.Butthisdoesnotseemtobeamajorconcerninpeoplewhousecaffeineregularly.Lossofbladdercontrol:Caffeinecanmakebladdercontrolworsebyincreasingfrequencyofurinationandtheurgetourinate.Irritablebowelsyndrome(IBS):Caffeine,especiallywhentakeninlargeamounts,mightworsendiarrheainpeoplewithIBS.Weakbones(osteoporosis):Caffeinecanincreasetheamountofcalciumthatisflushedoutintheurine.Ifyouhaveosteoporosisorlowbonedensity,caffeineshouldbelimitedtolessthan300mgdaily(approximately2-3cupsofcoffee).Parkinsondisease:TakingcaffeinewithcreatinemightmakeParkinsondiseaseworsenfaster.IfyouhaveParkinsondiseaseandtakecreatine,usecaffeinewithcaution.Schizophrenia:Caffeinemightworsensymptomsofschizophrenia.Interactions?MajorInteractionDonottakethiscombinationEphedrineinteractswithCAFFEINEStimulantdrugsspeedupthenervoussystem.Caffeineandephedrinearebothstimulantdrugs.Takingcaffeinealongwithephedrinemightcausetoomuchstimulationandsometimesserioussideeffectsandheartproblems.Donottakecaffeine-containingproductsandephedrineatthesametime.ModerateInteractionBecautiouswiththiscombinationAdenosine(Adenocard)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinemightblocktheeffectsofadenosine.Adenosineisoftenusedbydoctorstodoatestontheheartcalledacardiacstresstest.Stopconsumingcaffeine-containingproductsatleast24hoursbeforeacardiacstresstest.Antibiotics(Quinoloneantibiotics)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Someantibioticscandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingthesedrugsalongwithcaffeinemightincreasetheriskofsideeffectsincludingjitteriness,headache,increasedheartrate,andothers.Cimetidine(Tagamet)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Cimetidinecandecreasehowquicklyyourbodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingcimetidinealongwithcaffeinemightincreasethechanceofcaffeinesideeffectsincludingjitteriness,headache,fastheartbeat,andothers.Clozapine(Clozaril)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdownclozapinetogetridofit.Caffeineseemstodecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdownclozapine.Takingcaffeinealongwithclozapinecanincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofclozapine.Dipyridamole(Persantine)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinemightblocktheeffectsofdipyridamole.Dipyridamoleisoftenusedbydoctorstodoatestontheheartcalledacardiacstresstest.Stopconsumingcaffeine-containingproductsatleast24hoursbeforeacardiacstresstest.Disulfiram(Antabuse)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Disulfiramcandecreasehowquicklythebodygetsridofcaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithdisulfirammightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeineincludingjitteriness,hyperactivity,irritability,andothers.EstrogensinteractswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Estrogenscandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithestrogensmightincreasethesideeffectsofcaffeine,includingjitteriness,headache,andfastheartbeat.Fluvoxamine(Luvox)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Fluvoxaminecandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithfluvoxaminemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeine.LithiuminteractswithCAFFEINECaffeinecanincreasehowquicklyyourbodygetsridoflithium.Ifyoutakeproductsthatcontaincaffeineandyoutakelithium,don'tstoptakingcaffeineproductsallatonce.Instead,reduceuseslowly.Stoppingcaffeinetooquicklycanincreasethesideeffectsoflithium.Medicationsfordepression(MAOIs)interactswithCAFFEINEThereissomeconcernthatcaffeinecaninteractwithcertainmedications,calledMAOIs.Ifcaffeineistakenwiththesemedications,itmightincreasetheriskforserioussideeffectsincludingfastheartbeatandveryhighbloodpressure. SomecommonMAOIsincludephenelzine(Nardil),selegiline(Zelapar),andtranylcypromine(Parnate).Medicationsthatslowbloodclotting(Anticoagulant/Antiplateletdrugs)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinemightslowbloodclotting.Takingcaffeinealongwithmedicationsthatalsoslowbloodclottingmightincreasetheriskofbruisingandbleeding.Pentobarbital(Nembutal)interactswithCAFFEINEThestimulanteffectsofcaffeinecanblockthesleep-producingeffectsofpentobarbital.PhenylpropanolamineinteractswithCAFFEINECaffeinecanstimulatethebody.Phenylpropanolaminecanalsostimulatethebody.Takingcaffeinealongwithphenylpropanolaminemightcausetoomuchstimulationandincreaseheartbeat,bloodpressure,andcausenervousness.Riluzole(Rilutek)interactswithCAFFEINETakingcaffeinealongwithriluzolemightdecreasehowfastthebodybreaksdownriluzole.Thismightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofriluzole.StimulantdrugsinteractswithCAFFEINEStimulants,suchasamphetaminesandcocaine,speedupthenervoussystem.Byspeedingupthenervoussystem,stimulantmedicationscanincreasebloodpressureandspeeduptheheartbeat.Caffeinecanalsospeedupthenervoussystem.Takingcaffeinealongwithstimulantdrugsmightcauseseriousproblemsincludingincreasedheartrateandhighbloodpressure.TheophyllineinteractswithCAFFEINECaffeineworkssimilarlytotheophylline.Caffeinecanalsodecreasehowquicklythebodygetsridoftheophylline.Takingtheophyllinealongwithcaffeinemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsoftheophylline.Verapamil(Calan,others)interactswithCAFFEINEVerapamilcandecreasehowquicklythebodygetsridofcaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithverapamilcanincreasetheriskofcaffeinesideeffectsincludingjitteriness,headache,andanincreasedheartbeat.Medicationsforasthma(Beta-adrenergicagonists)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinecanstimulatetheheart.Somemedicationsforasthmacanalsostimulatetheheart.Takingcaffeinewithsomemedicationsforasthmamightcausetoomuchstimulationandcauseheartproblems.Carbamazepine(Tegretol)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinemightlowertheeffectsofcarbamazepine.Takingcaffeinewithcarbamazepinecanreduceitseffectsandincreasetheriskofseizuresinsomepeople.Ethosuximide(Zarontin)interactswithCAFFEINEEthosuximideisusedtocontrolcertaintypesofseizures.Caffeinemightlowertheeffectsofethosuximide.Takingcaffeinewithethosuximidemightreduceitseffectsandincreasetheriskofseizures.Felbamate(Felbatol)interactswithCAFFEINEFelbamateisusedtocontrolcertaintypesofseizures.Caffeinemightlowertheeffectsoffelbamate.Takingcaffeinewithfelbamatemightreduceitseffectsandincreasetheriskofseizures.Flutamide(Eulexin)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdownflutamidetogetridofit.Caffeinemightdecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdownflutamide.Takingcaffeinealongwithflutamidemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofflutamide.Phenobarbital(Luminal)interactswithCAFFEINEPhenobarbitalisusedtocontrolsometypesofseizures.Caffeinemightlowertheeffectsofphenobarbitalandincreasetheriskofseizuresinsomepatients.Phenytoin(Dilantin)interactswithCAFFEINEPhenytoinisusedtocontrolsometypesofseizures.Caffeinemightlowertheeffectsofphenytoin.Takingcaffeinewithphenytoinmightreduceitseffectsandincreasetheriskofseizures.ValproateinteractswithCAFFEINEValproateisusedtocontrolsometypesofseizures.Caffeinemightlowertheeffectsofvalproateandincreasetheriskofseizuresinsomepatients.Waterpills(Diureticdrugs)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinecandecreasepotassiumlevels."Waterpills"canalsodecreasepotassiumlevels.Takingcaffeinealongwith"waterpills"mightmakepotassiumlevelsdroptoolow.NicotineinteractswithCAFFEINETakingcaffeinealongwithnicotinemightincreasetheriskforrapidheartrateandhighbloodpressure.MinorInteractionBewatchfulwiththiscombinationAlcohol(Ethanol)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Alcoholcandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithalcoholmightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeine,includingjitteriness,headache,andfastheartbeat.Birthcontrolpills(Contraceptivedrugs)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Birthcontrolpillscandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithbirthcontrolpillscancausejitteriness,headache,fastheartbeat,andothersideeffects.Fluconazole(Diflucan)interactswithCAFFEINEThebodybreaksdowncaffeinetogetridofit.Fluconazolemightdecreasehowquicklythebodygetsridofcaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithfluconazolemightcausecaffeinetostayinthebodytoolongandincreasetheriskofsideeffectssuchasnervousness,anxiety,andinsomnia.Medicationsfordiabetes(Antidiabetesdrugs)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeinecaneitherincreaseordecreasebloodsugar.Diabetesmedicationsareusedtolowerbloodsugar.Takingsomemedicationsfordiabetesalongwithcaffeinemightchangetheeffectsofthediabetesmedications.Monitoryourbloodsugarclosely.Thedoseofyourdiabetesmedicationmightneedtobechanged.Mexiletine(Mexitil)interactswithCAFFEINEMexiletinecandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.TakingMexiletinealongwithcaffeinemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeine.Terbinafine(Lamisil)interactswithCAFFEINETerbinafinecandecreasehowfastthebodygetsridofcaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithterbinafinecanincreasetheriskofcaffeinesideeffectsincludingjitteriness,headache,andincreasedheartbeat.Medicationsthatdecreasebreakdownofothermedicationsbytheliver(CytochromeP450CYP1A2(CYP1A2)inhibitors)interactswithCAFFEINECaffeineischangedandbrokendownbytheliver.Somedrugsdecreasehowquicklytheliverchangesandbreaksdowncaffeine.Thiscouldchangetheeffectsandsideeffectsof[topic].Metformin(Glucophage)interactswithCAFFEINEMetformincandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingmetforminalongwithcaffeinemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeine.Methoxsalen(Oxsoralen)interactswithCAFFEINEMethoxsalencandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingmethoxsalenalongwithcaffeinemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeine.PhenothiazinesinteractswithCAFFEINEPhenothiazinescandecreasehowquicklythebodybreaksdowncaffeine.Takingphenothiazinesalongwithcaffeinemightincreasetheeffectsandsideeffectsofcaffeine.Tiagabine(Gabitril)interactswithCAFFEINETiagabineisusedtocontrolsometypesofseizures.Caffeinedoesnotseemtoinfluencetheeffectsoftiagabine.Butlong-termcaffeineusemightincreasebloodlevelsoftiagbine.Ticlopidine(Ticlid)interactswithCAFFEINETiclopidinecandecreasehowfastthebodygetsridofcaffeine.Takingcaffeinealongwithticlopidinecanincreasetheriskofcaffeinesideeffects.DosingCaffeineisfoundinmanyfoodsandbeverages,includingcoffee,teas,chocolate,andmanysportsandenergydrinks.Coffeecontains95-200mgofcaffeinepercup.Blackteacontains25-110mgofcaffeinepercup.Greenteacontains30-50mgofcaffeinepercup.Caffeineproductssoldinveryconcentratedorpureformsareahealthconcern.Peoplecaneasilytakedosesthataremuchtoohighbymistake.Avoidtheseproducts.Asmedicine,caffeinehasmostoftenbeenusedbyadultsindosesof50-260mgbymouthdaily.Speakwithahealthcareprovidertofindoutwhattypeofproductanddosemightbebestforaspecificcondition.ViewReferencesREFERENCES:Boggs,D.A.,Palmer,J.R.,Stampfer,M.J.,Spiegelman,D.,Adams-Campbell,L.L.,andRosenberg,L.TeaandcoffeeintakeinrelationtoriskofbreastcancerintheBlackWomen'sHealthStudy.CancerCausesControl2010;21(11):1941-1948.Viewabstract.BoltonandSanford,G.N.Caffeine:PhsychologicalEffects,UseandAbuse.OthomolecularPsychiatry1981;10(3):202-211.Boos,C.J.,White,S.H.,Bland,S.A.,andMcAllister,P.D.Dietarysupplementsandmilitaryoperations:cautionisadvised.JR.ArmyMedCorps2010;156(1):41-43.Viewabstract.Borel,J.F.,Deschaumes,C.,Devoize,L.,Huard,C.,Orliaguet,T.,Dubray,C.,Baudet-Pommel,M.,andDallel,R.[Treatingpainafterdentalsurgery:arandomised,controlled,double-blindtrialtoassessanewformulationofparacetamol,opiumpowderandcaffeineversustramadolorplacebo].PresseMed2010;39(5):e103-e111.Viewabstract.Botton,P.H.,Costa,M.S.,Ardais,A.P.,Mioranzza,S.,Souza,D.O.,daRocha,J.B.,andPorciuncula,L.O.Caffeinepreventsdisruptionofmemoryconsolidationintheinhibitoryavoidanceandnovelobjectrecognitiontasksbyscopolamineinadultmice.BehavBrainRes12-25-2010;214(2):254-259.Viewabstract.Bracesco,N.,Sanchez,A.G.,Contreras,V.,Menini,T.,andGugliucci,A.RecentadvancesonIlexparaguariensisresearch:Minireview.JEthnopharmacol.6-26-2010;Viewabstract.Brice,C.andSmith,A.Theeffectsofcaffeineonsimulateddriving,subjectivealertnessandsustainedattention.HumPsychopharmacol.2001;16(7):523-531.Viewabstract.Brick,C.A.,Seely,D.L.,andPalermo,T.M.Associationbetweensleephygieneandsleepqualityinmedicalstudents.BehavSleepMed2010;8(2):113-121.Viewabstract.Broe,G.A.,Henderson,A.S.,Creasey,H.,McCusker,E.,Korten,A.E.,Jorm,A.F.,Longley,W.,andAnthony,J.C.Acase-controlstudyofAlzheimer'sdiseaseinAustralia.Neurology1990;40(11):1698-1707.Viewabstract.Brothers,H.M.,Marchalant,Y.,andWenk,G.L.Caffeineattenuateslipopolysaccharide-inducedneuroinflammation.Neurosci.Lett.8-16-2010;480(2):97-100.Viewabstract.Brouard,C.,Moriette,G.,Murat,I.,Flouvat,B.,Pajot,N.,Walti,H.,deGamarra,E.,andRelier,J.P.Comparativeefficacyoftheophyllineandcaffeineinthetreatmentofidiopathicapneainprematureinfants.Am.J.Dis.Child1985;139(7):698-700.Viewabstract.Brown,S.L.,Salive,M.E.,Pahor,M.,Foley,D.J.,Corti,M.C.,Langlois,J.A.,Wallace,R.B.,andHarris,T.B.Occultcaffeineasasourceofsleepproblemsinanolderpopulation.J.Am.Geriatr.Soc.1995;43(8):860-864.Viewabstract.Bruce,C.R.,Anderson,M.E.,Fraser,S.F.,Stepto,N.K.,Klein,R.,Hopkins,W.G.,andHawley,J.A.Enhancementof2000-mrowingperformanceaftercaffeineingestion.Med.Sci.SportsExerc.2000;32(11):1958-1963.Viewabstract.Brunye,T.T.,Mahoney,C.R.,Lieberman,H.R.,Giles,G.E.,andTaylor,H.A.Acutecaffeineconsumptionenhancestheexecutivecontrolofvisualattentioninhabitualconsumers.BrainCogn2010;74(3):186-192.Viewabstract.Bryant,C.M.,Dowell,C.J.,andFairbrother,G.Caffeinereductioneducationtoimproveurinarysymptoms.Br.J.Nurs.4-25-2002;11(8):560-565.Viewabstract.Bucher,H.U.andDuc,G.Doescaffeinepreventhypoxaemicepisodesinprematureinfants?Arandomizedcontrolledtrial.Eur.J.Pediatr.1988;147(3):288-291.Viewabstract.Bukowskyj,M.andNakatsu,K.Thebronchodilatoreffectofcaffeineinadultasthmatics.Am.Rev.Respir.Dis1987;135(1):173-175.Viewabstract.Buscemi,S.,Verga,S.,Batsis,J.A.,Donatelli,M.,Tranchina,M.R.,Belmonte,S.,Mattina,A.,Re,A.,andCerasola,G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